IRAQI WAR DEBATE - 2002/2007

Iraq War Debate - 2002/2007

Documents in the News Special
and
Political Science 498
Dr. Raymond Tanter

(UMich Only) following a link means it is only available to people accessing it on the University of Michigan's Ann Arbor campus or to registered University of Michigan users.

Last updated on January 24, 2008

Books and Articles

Comprehensive Sites

Government Views on Iraq (CUNY)
- Extensive analysis of speeches and documents on the Iraq War issued by the federal government or United Nations
- Ranges from statements on the Bush doctrine to debaathification
War on Terrorism: Saddam Hussein and Iraq (East Carolina University)
- Covers news, government documents, human rights, military options, weapons inspection, and the impact of sanctions
- Quality links and brief annotations
Terrorism and Proliferation (Ray Tanter)
- Course notes and readings on dealing with terrorists
- Competing political theories for combatting terrorism
- Aspects of the war with Iraq
- Includes excerpts from Dr. Tanter's Rogue Regimes

This webmaster gratefully thanks Dr. Raymond Tanter and Mr. David Durant for their inspiration and well-chosen sources

Books and Research Studies

MIRLYN-Web for books and research reports within the University of Michigan Library system
SUBJECT Searching uses controlled vocabulary. Sample headings:

Boolean Logic

Keyword Searching in MIRLYN-Web

Illustration	MIRLYN-Classic	MIRLYN-Web	Universe Products	ProQuest	OCLC/PAIS	IPSA
PHRASE	k=security adj council	security w council	security council	"security council"	security w council	security council
AND	k=weapons adj inspections and iraq	weapons w inspections and iraq	weapons inspections and iraq	"weapons inspections" and iraq	weapons w inspections and iraq	weapons inspections and iraq
OR	k=myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma
NOT	k=yugoslavia not serbia	yugoslavia not serbia	yugoslavia and not serbia	yugoslavia and not serbia	yugoslavia not serbia	yugoslavia not serbia
NESTED SEARCHING	k=war adj crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war w crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	"war crimes" and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war w crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)
TRUNCATION	k=crim?	crim?	crim!	crim?	crim?	crim*

TIP: No one can remember this. Quotation marks (") usually work for phrases and asterisks (*) for truncation. You can always do the search and read the directions if you don't like the results. There's a more complete guide at http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/training/boolean.pdf

Periodical Indexes - Indexes Only

Use SFX button to link to the online journal text OR
University of Michigan catalog for the paper copy call number OR
Inter-Library Loan

International Political Science Abstracts, 1989+ (UMich Only)
- Index to scholarly political science journal articles in Western European languages
- Choose IPSA from the menu first; go to the next screen before searching
- Sample search: Iraq near economic sanctions
- Searches may be recombined
- Data includes author, title, journal, and abstract in English if the article is in English
- If the article is in another language, the title is translated into English but the abstract is in French
PsycInfo (UMich Only)
- Indexes articles in scholarly psychological journals since 1888
- Does not provide full text
- Access through MIRLYN-Web/Indexes
Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin (UMich Only)
- Subject index to books, articles, and government documents on politics and economics since 1972 in Western European languages
- Government documents include United States, United Nations, League of Nations, and State Governments
- Good for very current concepts, like suicide bombers
  - Sample Keyword Search: suicide w bomb?
- There are also paper versions (English, 1915+, Z 7163 .P98 and foreign, 1968+, Z 7164 .E2 P96)
Social Sciences Citation Index 1956- (UMich Only)
- Indexes current periodical articles by author, title/keyword, journal, and author's affiliation
- Indexes cited authors by name, abbreviated title of book/journal and year
- Results provide cross references between the cited author, the citating author, and related items
- Data base also includes the Arts and Humanities and Sciences Citation Indexes
- Consider using an EASY SEARCH/Person/Articles by and then search tanter r*; look for articles that cite his previous articles
- Connect to MIRLYN-Web, to identify library location and call number of book or article
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (UMich Only)
- Citations, abstracts, and indexing of the international serials literature since 1975
- Political science and complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration/policy
- Indexes foreign language journals and translates the title into English
- Use the Thesaurus to identify subject descriptors and related terms, particularly under Rational Choice and Political Science Theories

Periodicals - Full Text [Web]

COMPREHENSIVE SOURCES

Columbia International Affairs Online (UMich Only)
- Search engine indexes current world politics journals, books, conference proceedings, and think tank working papers
- Full text primarily of working papers
- Good source for multiple deterrence options
- Search engine includes keywords as well as broad headings such as Conflict Resolution
JSTOR (UMich Only)
- Full text of major 20th Century historical and economic periodicals as well as the American Political Science Review, American Journal of International Law, International Organization, Journal of Conflict Resolution, and World Politics
- Most periodicals available from 1900 to within the last five years
- Index approaches by keyword, author, title, periodical
- Printing and downloading requires Adobe Acrobat or JPRINT
- Keyword searching uses highly theoretical concepts; e.g. deterrence or conflict resolution [full text] in political science and middle east journals lists only 6 articles
ProQuest (UMich Only)
- Indexes some 2500 journal articles in all fields since the 1980s and provides the full text of many since the late 1990s
- Includes popular and scholarly titles, such as Comparative Politics, Governing, International Political Science Review, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, and World Politics
- Journals indexed by author, title, keyword, periodical, and date
- Articles may be marked for downloading
- Text in HTML and image formats
- NOTE: this is a great source for current events, such as the psychology of suicide bombers; limiting articles of periodicals provides higher quality information
  - SAMPLE SEARCH: suicide bomb? and periodicals only
Psych Articles (UMich Only)
- Full text of 50 leading psychological journals published in the United States
- Searchable by keyword, author, journal, population group

INDIVIDUAL JOURNAL TITLES

American Journal of International Law, 1907+ (UMich Only)
- Articles on international legal disputes and human rights
- Articles on rules of warfare
American Political Science Review
- American Political Science Review, 1906-98 (UMich Only)
  - Full text of the periodical digitized at UMich through a Mellon grant
  - Searchable by keyword and field or browsable by issue
  - Printing and downloading requires Adobe Acrobat or JPRINT
- American Political Science Review, 1988+ (UMich Only)
  - Premier periodical of the American Political Science Association
  - Full text available through ProQuest subscription
Congressional Quarterly (UMich Only)
- Weekly publication with non-partisan political analysis of Congress
- Identifies major legislation, the issues, and players
- Roll call votes
- Political party and election analysis
- Web coverage begins in 1983 and is searchable
Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations)
- Summaries of articles in current issue and full text of lead article
- Contents searchable by author, subject, and issue since 1988 but full text not provided
- The printed copy of the periodical is located in the Graduate Library stacks (JX 1 .F78) with current issues in Serials Services
- Issues for 1923-1990 available through PCI Full Text (UMich Only) and 1986 to present in ProQuest (UMich Only)
Foreign Policy, 1994+ (UMich Only)
- Short articles on foreign policy issues; some anonymous
International Organization, 1997+ (UMich Only)
- Subjects include international agencies and treaty negotiations
- Issues for 1947-96 available through Jstor (UMich Only)
International Studies Quarterly, 1997+ (UMich Only)
- Scholarly journal of the International Studies Association
- Issues for 1967-1996 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
International Security 1999+ (UMich Only)
- Military and peace issues
- 1976-1997 issues available through Jstor (UMich Only)
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1998+ (UMich Only)
- War and conflict management between nations
- Issues for 1957-98 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
Journal of Peace Research, 1998+ (UMich Only)
- Mediation, conflict resolution, war, democratic peace
- Issues for 1967-98 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
Middle East Report (1996+)
- Selected articles on countries in the Middle East and Central Asia
- Includes reports on Iraq
- Issues for 1988-96 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA)
- Journal provides numerous articles on Middle East issues and current contents lists from other journals
- U.S. Middle East Policy Database provides extensive annual summaries of U.S. foreign policy, 1980+
- Links to news, facts, and countries in the Middle East as well as a global calendar of events
National Journal (UMich Only)
- Extensive coverage of the Executive Branch and Presidency with reference to Congressional issues
- Index and full text of this weekly magazine since 1977
Online Middle East Assessment Reports (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
- Short reports on demographic, economic and military trends within various regions of the Middle East
- Full text in pdf format
Political Science Quarterly, 1996+ (UMich Only)
- Articles on a variety of U.S., foreign, and international relations topics
- Issues for 1886-1996 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
World Politics
- World Politics, 1948-95 (UMich Only)
  - Political theory in international relationships
  - Full text converted by the JSTOR project
  - Searchable by author, title, and keyword
  - Full text can be printed or downloaded using Adobe Acrobat or tifflist
- World Politics, April 1996+ (UMich Only)
  - Full text of periodical with search engine
  - Part of University of Michigan networked subscription to Project Muse

News Sources

Comprehensive News Summaries of Iraqi Situation

BBC Overview
- Description of U.S. position on Iraq
- Stories on European opinion and conflicting opinions between Middle East countries and Iraqi Refugees
- Texts of pre-war documents
- Coverage of post-war controversy
Electronic Iraq
- News from an antiwar perspective
Iraq and the War on Terrorism (Washington Post)
- Questions and answers about a potential war with Iraq, including who supports the war, Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, and its involvement in 9/11
- Answers include links to previous Post articles
- Supplements its September 11th special, America at War
Showdown Iraq (CNN)
- Sections on the Gulf War, weapons inspections, military plans, maps showing support for war
- Current news items as events occur
Showdown with Iraq (ABC News)
- Archived articles on politics and military plans
- Biographies of key players
War Report (Center for Defense Alternatives)
- Selected newspaper and journal articles analyzing the war

Foreign News

Comprehensive Lists

Academic Universe/Lexis (UMich Only)
- Full text of newspapers from around the world in English translation for last several years
- Choose News/Guided News Search from main screen
  - Then choose World News and a region of the world; you can click on sources to determine what is covered for each region
- Sample Search

Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1975-96 (UMich Only)

Indexes foreign radio broadcasts and newswires translated into English
Approach by keyword, title, subject, and region
Once the translations are identified, you can find the text in the Serials/Microforms Room
Guide to FBIS
Continued by the World News Connection


 INDEX CODE   SERIES NAME               FICHE #        YEARS COVERED 
                                        Call Number # 
 
 AAP  *       Asia and the Pacific      Micro-F X211   1974-87
 AFR  **      Africa (Sub-Sahara)       Micro-F X212   1987-96
                                         DT348.A24U529  current
 EAS  *       East Asia                 Micro-F X211   1987-96
                                         DS1.U59A39     current
 EEU          Eastern Europe            Micro-F X209   1974-96
                                         DR1.U58A239    current
 LAT          Latin America             Micro-F X213   1974-96
 MEA  **      Middle East and Africa    Micro-F X212   1974-87
 NES  **      Near East and South Asia  Micro-F X212A  1987-96
                                         DS41.D14       current
 PRC          China                     Micro-F X208   1974-96
                                         DS701.U529     current
 SOA  ***     South Asia                Micro-F X215   1980-87
 SOV  ***     Soviet Union              Micro-F X210   1974-91
              Central Eurasia           Micro-F X210   1991-present
 USR  ****    Central Eurasia           Micro-F X210   1993-94
 WEU          Western Europe            Micro-F X214   1974-96
 
 ______________________
 *      In 1987 AAP (Asia and Pacific) series became EAS (East Asia)
 **     In 1987, MEA (Middle East & Africa) dropped  Mid East & became
        AFR (Sub-Saharan Africa).  South Asia added it, becoming
        NES (Near East & South Asia).
 ***    In 1991, the Soviet Union Daily Report became the Central 
Eurasian
        Daily Report.  The mnemonic remains SOV.
 ****   In 1991, the index began covering JPRS reports on Political 
Affairs
        of the CIS, citing them as the Central Eurasian Report (USR).

Foreign News Sources (Yahoo)
- Extensive list arranged by country
International Broadcasting (VOA)
- Links to foreign broadcasting web sites
International Network Information Centers (University of Texas) [Web]
- Sections on Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Russia/Eastern Europe
- Considerable background information on individual countries
- Includes references to discussion and newsgroups
Middle East Research Institute Special Dispatch
- Selective translations of the Middle East news media on current events, including the war with Iraq
- Series focused on major current events since 1998
Ultimate News Links
- Lists 3,700 newspaper web sites from around the world
- Arranged by continent/country/state or province
- Includes foreign language newspapers
World News Connection (UMich Only)
- Full text of foreign news broadcasts and press releases translated into English beginning November 1994
- Searchable by keyword, region and subject, or Boolean logic and modified by date
- Available to University of Michigan IP addresses
- Continues the Foreign Broadcast Information Service

INDIVIDUAL SOURCES

Abu Dhabi
- Current gulf news covered by the United Arab Emirates
Al-Jazeera (English Version)
- Television network to the Arab world from Qatar
- Al-Jazeera (Arabic); use Tarjim to translate to English
Arab Net
- Overview, history, business, cultural, government, and tour information for each Arab country
- Government information includes summaries of the national structure, foreign policy, education, health, and the military
- News in Arabic and links to related web sites
Arabic Media Internet Network
- Extensive links to on-line news media from Arab countries
- Texts in English or Arabic
Arabic Press
- Links to internet versions of Middle Eastern newspapers
- Arabic and English
British Broadcasting Corporation
- Text of news, culture, science, and children's programs, primarily beginning 1996
- News screen only lists current programs; use the SEARCH key to access the archives
Cairo Press Review
- Daily headlines and editorials from Cairo newspapers translated into English
Debkafile
- Dubbed the "Drudge Report of the Middle East"
- Anti-terrorism news
Inside China Today
- News, business, culture, and travel information
- News service archived to December 1, 1996
Iran Weekly Press Digest
- Internal, economic, and foreign affairs news summary
- Current selected articles available without a subscription
Iraq Net
- Current news stories in English from an American perspective
- Web logs
Iraq Press
- Current news of troop movements, speeches
- Obvious bias toward the internal Iraqi opposition
Iraq-Report
- Weekly news summary about Iraqi politics since 1998
- Reporting appears to be objective
- Issued by Radio Free Europe, a U.S. government project
Jerusalem Post (Internet Edition)
- Full text of current edition
Jordan Times
- Last week of political and economic news
- Covering the Iraq situation
Saudi Arabia Information Service
- Daily news translated into English
- Includes Prince Saud's statements and terrorism and previous expulsion of Osama bin Laden
Russia Today
- News, business, culture, and travel information for Russia and CIS countries
- News service archived to December 2, 1996
Turkish Daily News
- News, opinions, and letters to the editor in English
- Coverage of Iraq and Palestinian situations
- Searchable archive from 1996
Sky News
- U.K. coverage of war featuring reporters in the field

United States

Academic Universe/Lexis (UMich Only)
- Full text of newspapers from major U.S. cities and well as those from around the world
- Choose Guided News Search from main screen
  - May choose General News/Major Papers (major world newspapers, including New York Times), U.S. News/Region (locally recognized newspapers), World News (international newspapers in English), or News Transcripts/broadcaster (talking heads)
- Sample Search
Cable News Network (CNN)
- News stories on current political issues, often with the full-text of relevant documents
- Recent material and election coverage archived in subject groups
- Summaries or full text of recent CNN political programs
Christian Science Monitor
- Daily newspaper with the full text of lead articles (U.S., international, cultural, crossword)
- Archive back to 1980 searchable by subject and available from pulldown menu
MSNBC
- Current news, weather, and sports
- Features real-time and multimedia presentations
- Use "Find" button in lefthand frames to search archive
- Maximized for Microsoft Internet Explorer
New York Times
- Full text of today's New York Times and a searchable archive
- Initial registration required
- Registration currently free in the U.S. but organization reserves the right to charge
Washington Post
- Full text of current issue and searchable archive
- International section has news and web links to individual countries

Think Tanks [Web]

Columbia International Affairs Online (UMich Only)
- Search engine indexes current world politics journals, books, conference proceedings, and think tank working papers
- Full text primarily of working papers
Brookings Institution
- Private, non-profit, independent institute analyzing U.S. government policy and international relations
- Summaries of position papers on "hot topics" and selected Congressional testimony
- Table of contents for the Brookings Review and selected articles
- Publications catalog and information about the organization
Center for Defense Information
- Arms Trade Data Base provides the text of news articles on arms trade, arranged by country
- Weekly Defense Monitor includes position papers
- U.S. military spending clock
- Eye on Iraq includes several policy assessments
Center for International and Strategic Studies
- Organizations conducts numerous projects around the world
- Use search engine to identify policy papers on Iraq
Center for Public Integrity
- Its Iraq War Card, released in 2008 documents 935 false or misleading statements about Iraq in the two years following the World Trade Center bombing
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Reports, working papers, and analyses of news articles on the conflict with Iraq
Council on Foreign Affairs
- Summaries of articles from its journal, Foreign Affairs
- Confronting Iraq
  - Special issue of Foreign Affairs magazine devoted to Iraq
  - Five scholarly articles from 1990 and 2000-2002
  - Articles analyze the Gulf War, Saddam's ability to survive, and a call for war after failed containment
Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace
- Description of programs, research, and archival holdings
- Text of press releases
- Search Iraq for the text of articles and transcripts
Rand Corporation
- Non-profit research organization
- "Research Areas" includes a subject bibliography of RAND publications since 1985 with abstracts of the reports and articles in the RAND Research Review since 1994
- "Hot Topics" has the full-text of current policy papers
- Use search engine for reports and op-ed pieces on Iraq
Saban Center for Middle East Policy
- Offshoot of the Brookings Institution
- Biweekly memoes and articles analyzing Iraqi and U.S. policy
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Promotes international disarmament
- Summaries of the SIPRI Yearbook, beginning 1993, cover major armed conflicts, military spending, and disarmament developments
- Describes SIPRI research areas, such as its Chemical and Biological Disarmament program
- Its Iraq and Arms Control is a summary of articles from the SIPRI Yearbook on Iraq for the past ten years
United States Institute of Peace
- Promotes the resolution of international conflict without violence
- Describes the organization's work, internships and grants
- Bibliography of free printed publications
- Its Iraq Web Links primarily cover material through 1998 but include a smattering of Bush Administration documents
Washington Institute for Near East Policy
- Leading think tank analyzing options for U.S. policy with the Palestinian/Israel Conflict and Iraq
- Numerous reports and working papers
- Its Publications page is browsable by subject; some publications can be downloaded
- Its Peacewatch page has numerous working papers for downloading
- Numerous articles on Iraq are linked from Professor Ray Tanter's Course Syllabus

Humor

Iraq War Cartoons
- Cartoons of Saddam regime, Bush administration, and journalists
These Weapons of Mass Destruction Cannot Be Displayed
- British web site designed as a web error message

THREAT ASSESSMENTS

Chemical/Biological Warfare

Chemical and Biological Warfare (SIPRI and Bradford) [http://projects.sipri.se/cbw/cbw-sipri-bradford.html]
- Full text of Fourth Review Conference Documents (1996) and historic treaties
- Working papers, conference papers, and briefs
- Excellent links to web sites on chemical and biological weapons disarmament
Combatting Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Congressional Commission Report [http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/pdf/deutch.pdf]
- Outlines potential dangers from weapons by other countries, including old Russian stockpiles and Iraq's anthrax
- Recommends changes in U.S. policy
- Deutch report, 1999
Harvard-Sussex on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation [http://fas-www.harvard.edu/~hsp/]
- Text and signatories of the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, and 1925 Geneva Protocol
- Publications catalog of the program
Monterey Institute Chemical and Biological Weapons Resource Page
- Numerous articles and fact sheets on chemical and biological weapons
- A chart of countries which own them
- Timelines on the use of chemical and biological weapons
- Assessments of weapons in the Middle East by country
- Consider current data on terrorism

Intelligence Problems

Ahmed Chalabi
- Dr. Ahmed Chalabi (Iraqi News)
  - Brief biography
- Chalabi's Baghdad Compound Raided (CNN, May 20, 2004)
- Chalabi Suspected of Giving U.S. Secrets to Iran (CNN, May 21, 2004)
- Chalabi Denies Accusations of Passing U.S. Intelligence to Iran (Washington Post, May 23, 2004)
- Iran Acknowledges Close Contacts with Chalabi (CNN, May 23, 2004)
- Manipulator (New Yorker, June 6, 2004)
Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Believes miscalculation on Iraq's WMD due to biased intelligence analysis, lack of information sharing, and absence of strong leadership
- Known as the Robb-Silberman Report
- Presented to President Bush on the March 31, 2005
Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had no secret cache of Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Saddam's capacity to create them weakened after 1991
- Written by Charles Duelfer of the Iraq Survey Group
- Available in HTML and PDF formats
- Originally osted to the web on October 6, 2004 but too large to be usable until December 2004
- Summary (readable)
- Prepared Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Oct. 26, 2004
- University of Michigan Copy of Duelfer Report
  - Volume 1 (52.5 MB)
    - Transmittal, Acknowledgements, Scope Note (1.59 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent (2.2 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent Annexes (2.34 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 1-71 (11.6 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 72-141 (8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes A (4.8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes B-C (12.5 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes D-H (9.56 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes I-L (3.97 KB)
  - Volume 2 (74.2 MB)
    - Delivery Systems (14.1 MB)
    - Delivery Systems Annexes (8.12 MB)
    - Nuclear (12.6 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes A-B (7.32 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes C-D (3.87 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex E (64 KB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 1-5 (12.4 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 6-10 (14.7 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex G (2.2 MB)
  - Volume 3 (71.6 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons (8.7 mb)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex A (7.95 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex B (8.8 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annexex C-F (10.3 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex G (15.2 MB)
    - Biological Weapons (10.5 MB)
    - Biological Weapons Annexes (9.11 MB)
    - Glossary (94 KB)
David Kay
- Interim Report
  - Interim progress report by the Iraq Survey Group
  - Excerpted testimony in closed hearings held by House and Senate Intelligence Committees on October 2, 2003
  - No WMD found in Iraq though some evidence of dual facilities
  - Iraqi scientists have provided no useful information
  - Another copy
- Iraq Arms Inspector Casts Doubt on WMD Claims
  - Tape of National Public Radio Interview aired on January 25, 2004
  - David Kay resigned from WMD hunt
  - No war-ready WMD found although there may have been some movement of weapons to Syria
  - Audio for Real Player or Windows Media Player
  - For transcript, University of Michigan affiliates should use Academic Universe; Guided News Search/News Transcripts/NPR; then search for Kay and Iraq in headline on Jan. 25, 2004
- His testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee on Jan. 28, 2004 is only available electronically through C-Span using RealPlayer
Committee Established to Review Intelligence on WMD (GtBrit)
- Statement by British foreign minister Jack Straw to Parliament on February 3, 2004
- Outlines mission, timetable, and members of commission to review Iraq's WMD intelligence
- Review of Intelligence on on Weapons of Mass Destruction (Butler Report)
  - Report says MI6 did not check its sources well and a 45-minute strike at Britain was an unfounded claim
  - Released July 2004
  - Another copy and analysis through BBC
Executive Order Creating Intelligence Commission
- Order by President Bush on February 6, 2004
- Intelligence Commission on WMD to report on March 31, 2005
- Co-chairs are Senator Chuck Robb and Judge Laurence Silberman
- Additional members: Senator John McCain; Lloyd Cutler, former White House Counsel to Presidents Carter and Clinton; Rick Levin, the President of Yale University; Admiral Bill Studeman, the former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency; Judge Pat Wald, a former judge on the D.C. Court of Appeals
Levin Says Newly Declassified Information Indicates Bush Administration's Use of Pre-War Intelligence Was Misleading
- Press release from Senator Carl Levin on November 6, 2005
- Indicates discrepancy between Administration's WMD claims, Hussein/al-Qaeda relationship, and Hussein religious ties and statements given by the Defense Intelligence Agency
Postwar Findings about Iraq's WMD Program and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with PreWar Assessments
- Report evaluates CIA prewar assessments of Iraq's WMD capability and its links to terrorism
- Released by the Senate Intelligence Committee on September 8, 2006
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments of Iraq
- Report faults CIA for group think in assuming Iraq had weapons of mass destruction
- Released July 2004
- Full report is 521 pages in pdf format
- Conclusions is a 30 page summary
Tenet Address on WMD Intelligence
- Speech by CIA Director George Tenet on February 5, 2004
- Defends CIA's pre-war intelligence on Iraq's WMD
Tenet Resignation
- Resignation Speech to CIA Staff (June 3, 2004)
- CIA Boss Tenet Resigns (CBS, June 3, 2004)
- CIA Director George Tenet Resigns (ABC, June 3, 2004)
- Tenet Resigns as CIA Director (CNN, June 3, 2004)
The Unknown: CIA and the Pentagon Take Another Look at Iraq and Al-Qaeda
- Article by Jeffrey Goldberg appearing in the New Yorker on Feb. 3, 2003
Use by the Intelligence Community of Information Provided by the Iraqi National Congress
- Explores role of Ahmed Chalabi and inaccurate information supplied by anti-Saddam forces
- Released by the Senate Intelligence Committee on September 8, 2006

Iraqi WMD Threat

Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had no secret cache of Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Saddam's capacity to create them weakened after 1991
- Written by Charles Duelfer of the Iraq Survey Group
- Posted to the web on October 6, 2004 but too large to be usable
- Summary (readable)
- Prepared Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Oct. 26, 2004
- University of Michigan Copy of Duelfer Report
  - Volume 1 (52.5 MB)
    - Transmittal, Acknowledgements, Scope Note (1.59 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent (2.2 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent Annexes (2.34 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 1-71 (11.6 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 72-141 (8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes A (4.8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes B-C (12.5 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes D-H (9.56 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes I-L (3.97 KB)
  - Volume 2 (74.2 MB)
    - Delivery Systems (14.1 MB)
    - Delivery Systems Annexes (8.12 MB)
    - Nuclear (12.6 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes A-B (7.32 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes C-D (3.87 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex E (64 KB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 1-5 (12.4 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 6-10 (14.7 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex G (2.2 MB)
  - Volume 3 (71.6 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons (8.7 mb)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex A (7.95 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex B (8.8 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annexex C-F (10.3 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex G (15.2 MB)
    - Biological Weapons (10.5 MB)
    - Biological Weapons Annexes (9.11 MB)
    - Glossary (94 KB)
Congressional Hearings in Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
- Search CIS Index, 1970+ by subject to identify numerous hearings on the U.S. assessment of Iraq
- Selected testimony available on line; full text in Documents Center in paper and/or microfiche
- Non-UMich readers should go directly to the key committee web sites:
  - Senate Armed Services
  - Senate Foreign Relations
  - Senate Intelligence
  - House Armed Services
  - House Intelligence
  - House International Relations
Defense Intelligence Agency Report (CNN)
- Excerpts of one-page unclassified summary of classified DIA report issued September 2002
- Report finds no specific locations for chemical or biological weapons in Iraq but says Iraq could have biological material ready to weaponize
- Released on June 6, 2003
International Institute of Strategic Studies
- British think tank
- Report issued on September 9 reviewing Iraq's WMD program since the UN inspectors left in 1998
- Concludes that Iraq could make nuclear weapons if had foreign assistance
- Report not on web site and must be purchased
- However, web site links to considerable newspaper coverage
Iraq and Arms Control (SIPRI)
- Assessment of weapons inspections and WMD in Iraq is a summary of articles from the SIPRI Yearbook on Iraq for the past ten years
Iraqgate: Saddam Hussein, U.S. Policy and the Prelude to the Persian Gulf War, 1980-1994 (UMich Only)
- About 1900 declassified government documents on the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro scandal, the secret arming of Saddam Hussein's army, and Iraqi economics
- Full text searchable by subject, date, and type of material
Iraqi Special Weapons Guide (Global Security)
- Extensive descriptions of Iraq's chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs
- List of suspected chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons sites in Iraq, including geographic coordinates
- Iraqi intelligence and deception activities
- Links to United Nations resolutions and weapons inspection reports
Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had reconstituted chemical and biological weapons facilities
- Iraq is one to five years away from having nuclear capability
- Lists previous UN Security Council Resolutions and Iraq's actions
- Lists chemical agents and previous use on Iranians and Kurds
- Maps of chemical, biological, nuclear and ballistic facilities
Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessment by the British Government
- Fifty-five page report (pdf) presented by Prime Minister Tony Blair on September 24, 2002
- Claims Iraq can launch WPM within 45 minutes of Saddam Hussein's order
- David Kelly Suicide (BBC)
  - Claimed to Parliament on July 15, 2003 that British report on Iraq's WMD had been "sexed up"
  - Committed suicide on July 17, 2003
  - Article includes his testimony to the House of Commons Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, links to the committee's previous report on the investigation, a family statement, and a biography of Kelly
- The Hutton Report of the Inquiry into the Circumstances Surrounding the Death of Dr. David Kelly
  - Results of investigation by Lord Hutton
  - Concludes David Kelly was solely responsible for his own suicide
  - Text of correspondence, transcripts of telephone messages, and discussion of BBC role
Niger Uranium
- State of the Union Message
  - President Bush's message to Congress on January 28, 2003
  - Use "find" key and the keyword "uranium" to find the passage on Hussein's attempt to buy uranium from Africa
- CIA Mea Culpa
  - Press release by George Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, on July 11, 2003
  - Takes blame for approving statement of Iraq's uranium purchase bid appearing in the State of the Union message
  - Another Copy
- Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessment by the British Government
  - Fifty-five page report (pdf)
  - Source for claim that Iraq was trying to purchase uranium from Niger
- Fake Iraq Documents 'Embarrassing' to U.S. (CNN)
  - News story published on March 14, 2003
  - Outlines reasons by the International Atomic Energy Agency determined the Iraqi documents showing a purchase agreement of uranium from Niger were forged
- Bush Adviser Apologizes Over Iraq Claim (ABC)
  - Stephen Hadley, deputy National Security adviser, apologized to President Bush on July 21, 2003
  - Found memoes from George Tenet, dated October 2002, warning against the use of the Niger uranium claim in a speech
- CIA Leak Investigation
  - Fmr. Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV
    - Investigated Niger uranium claim in 2002 for the State Department and believed it unlikely
    - His Op-Ed article appeared in the New York Times, Sunday, July 6, 2003, Section 4, p. 9, Column 1
      - Title: What I Didn't Find in Africa
      - University of Michigan users should access Academic Universe
      - Search for New York Times under Sources; then limit author to Wilson and date to 7/6/03
  - Office of the Special Counsel
    - Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald investigated who leaked the name of Valerie Plame, Joseph Wilson's wife, as a CIA operative to the press
    - indicted Scooter Libby, Vice President Cheney's Chief of Staff, for obstruction of justice on October 28, 2005
    - Web site has indictment
  - CNN Special Report on CIA Leak
  - Robert Novak Editorial appeared in the Chicago Sun-Times on July 14, 2003, p. 31 and is available in LEXIS-NEXIS Academic (UMich Only) under Guided News Search/General News/Major Papers with Novak as author and Plame in full text
- Libby Statement to Grand Jury
  - Statement released on April 5, 2006 suggests President Bush directly authorized release of previously-secret national security estimates
National Intelligence Estimate Excerpts
- Eight pages of the 90-page document were released by the White House on July 18, 2003
- Text via the Federation of American Scientists
- Excerpts of Forged Documents (ABC)
- Articles concerning the documents
  - White House
  - CNN
  - MSNBC
  - ABC
President Bush's Case for Iraqi Invasion
- President's Speech before the United Nations
  - Speech outlining case and asking for UN support
  - Dated September 12, 2002
- Decade of Deception and Defiance
  - Report to the United Nations outlining the threat posed by Saddam Hussein
  - Includes weapons of mass destruction, support of international terrorism, repression of Iraqi people, refusal to obey UN sanctions
  - Available in HTML and pdf
  - Another Copy
- President Bush's Address to the Nation
  - Address made in Cincinnati on October 7, 2002
  - Outlines reasons for pursuing Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and the war powers resolution before Congress
  - Another copy
- National Security Strategy Document - 2002
  - Chapters on championing human dignity, defeating terrorism, preventing threats from weapons of mass destruction, encouraging free markets and open societies, and transforming national security institutions
  - Greatest danger is the intersection of radicalism with technology
  - Calls for pre-emptive strikes
  - Dated September 17 and released September 20, 2002
  - Another copy
- National Security Strategy 2006
- Senate Foreign Relations Hearing
  - Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq a post-Saddam Iraq
  - Text version (downloaded from GPO web site) includes prepared statements and full text of testimony
  - PDF Version (4.2 MB)
- United States Information Agency
  - Bush Administration policy on Iraq
  - Documents back to 1999 archiving Iraqi abuses, including the oil-for-food program

Iraqi Human Rights

Amnesty International Report on Iraq
- Brief report on murder, torture, and political arrests for 2001
Iraq: Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2001 (State Dept)
- Annual report on human rights violations with examples and statistics
- Includes state murder, exile, women's rights, freedom of religion
Iraq Ministry of Foreign Affairs No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
- Saddam's statements on United Nations sanctions and U.S. aggression
- Outlines United States war crimes
- Discussion of human rights situation in Iraq
- Archived web page from July 18, 2002
Iraq Research and Documentation Project (Harvard/FAS)
- English translations of selected secret Iraqi documents on human rights abuses
- Includes Iraq, Northern Iraq, and Kuwait
Saddam Hussein: Crimes and Human Rights Abuses (British Foreign Office)
- Twelve-page pamphlet outlining alleged abuses of women, prisoners, Kurds, Shia Community, Kuwait, and citizens
- Released on December 2, 2002

North Korea Threat

State Department Announcement
- Announcement by State Department Representative Richard Boucher of October 16, 2002
- North Korea admitted it had violate 1994 nuclear ban
Agreed Framework (FAS)
- Text of Geneva agreement between the U.S. and North Korea limiting nuclear development
- Dated October 21, 1994
- Another Copy
Academic Universe (UMich)
- Best source for current assessments of the comparative threat of Iraq and North Korea
- Use Advanced News Search
- Access General News or News Transcripts
- iraq w/s north korea w/s threat and date after 10-16-2002
Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States through 2015 (CIA)
- CIA report from 1999 outlining the possible threats from Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Russia and China
International Atomic Energy Agency
- Current press releases on weapons inspection program
- Links to archived UN documents and think tank web sites
North Korea Special Weapons Guide (FAS)
- Comprehensive guide to North Korean nuclear, chemical and biological weapons
- Explanation and organization of its defense and intelligence capabilities
- Details of the 1994 agreement and contemporary articles
- Updated assessments
Political Information
- Index to political web sites, including parties, research organizations, lobbyists, and government
- Search: iraq and north korea and threat
- Numerous links predating 2002

Suicide Bombers

ProQuest (UMich Only)
- Indexes some 2500 journal articles in all fields since the 1980s and provides the full text of many since the late 1990s
- Best source for information on suicide bombers
Rational Fanatics, by Ehud Sprinzak (UMich Only)
- See Foreign Policy, September/October 2000
Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why? (CRS)
- Congressional Research Service report issued in September 1999 analyzing the characteristics of terrorists
- Includes overall psychology and an analysis of previous terrorists
- Widely discussed in mid-May 2002 for predicting the possibility of hijacking planes to hit the Pentagon, etc.
- Another Copy (HTML)
- Another Copy (text)
Terrorism and Proliferation: PS498 (Tanter)
- Course notes describe motivation behind suicide terrorism
- Links to articles

Terrorism

Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Known as the Gilmore Commission
- Second annual report in December 2000
- Recommendations include executive and legislative offices of terrorism and coordinating government agency responses
Attack on America: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban and Terrorism (East Carolina University)
- Annotated bibliography of U.S. government and private research reports on terrorism
- Includes hearings and Congressional Research Service reports
Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response (CDC)
- 26 pages in pdf format dated April 2000
Combating Terrorism: FEMA Continues to Make Progress (GAO)
- FEMA's activities, including terrorism training courses
- States that have a response plan
- Dated March 2001
Defense Intelligence Agency: Moving Toward the 21st Century
- Brief program goals, including sound leadership, freedom from politics
- Written by the DIA in 1996 and made available through the Federation of American Scientists
Government Documents on Terrorism (U Md)
- List of recent federal hearings, reports, and remarks on terrorism
International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism
- List of international terrorist organizations and data base of terrorist attacks since 1990
- Daily news and weekly articles
- Searchable index to both data and articles
National Commission on Terrorism Report (Bremer Commission)
- Full text of report in HTML format
- Electronic text made available through the private Terrorism Research Center
- Copy from the Federation of American Scientists
On-Line Middle East Net Assessment Reports (CSIS)
- Analytic reports on Middle East strategic issues: arms, economics, energy, demographics
- Studies arranged by region and country
- Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format
Patterns of Global Terrorism (State Dept)
- Summary of terrorist acts by continent and country for 1995
- Appendix provides a chronology of terrorist acts and a description of the terrorist groups
U.S. Commission on National Security/21
- Known as the Hart-Rudman Commission
- New World Coming
  - Phase I report issued in October 1999
  - Recommends a cabinet-level position for protection of the homeland
  - Another Copy (University of North Texas)
  - Full text also available in paper copy in the Graduate Library under the title New World Coming (UA 23 .N471 1999)
  - Summary available from the USIA
- Seeking a National Strategy: A Concert for Preserving Security and Freedom (UNT)
  - Phase II report issued in April 2000
- Roadmap for National Security: Imperative for Change (UNT)
  - Phase III report issued in February 2001
  - Changes needed in federal government organization
- Hart-Rudman Commission and the Homeland Defense (Army)
  - Research report challenging the four basic assumptions of the report

MILITARY BACKGROUND

Operation Desert Fox

CNN Special
- On-going coverage, including biographies, timelines, description of weapons, background on biological and chemical weapons
Crisis in Iraq (State Department)
- Description of weapons of mass destruction
- Links to human rights reports, travel advisories
Operation Desert Fox (U.S. Defense Dept)
- Brief chronology of Desert Fox, December 1998 - January 1999
- Press releases and Defense Department briefings on the operation
President Clinton's Address of the Nation
- Address announcing missile attack on Iraq
- Given at 6 p.m., December 16, 1998
President's Statement Ending Operation Desert Fox
- Statement made at 6p.m. on December 19
UNSCOM
- Reports of UN inspection team in Iraq
- As of December 16, does not include Richard Butler's December 15th report citing non-cooperation
Washington Post Coverage
- U.S. military equipment and bombing targets
- Description of Richard Butler's December 15th report describing Iraq's non-cooperation
Russian President (December 17, 1998)
Saddam Hussein's Address of the Nation (December 17, 1998)
US Reaction
- Arab-American Groups Condemn Attack; Public Reaction Mixed (CNN)
- House Resolution 612 (full text)
  - Expresses Congressional support for troops in Iraq in 1998
  - Roll Call Vote
- Public Opinion Poll (CNN/USA Today/Gallup, 12/16/98)

Gulf War

Desert Storm
- Superb web site by Scott O'Hara
- Chronology of the war and troop/equipment contributions by country
- Names of casualties, POWs and MIAs by state
- "Missing" documents describing the Gulf War Syndrome
Gulflink
- Official Defense Department site on Gulf War illnesses
- Describes chemical weapons used and has some declassified documents
Maps of the Gulf War (PBS)
- Maps of various troop positions during the war
Operation Desert Storm (Federation of American Scientists)
- Extensive links to official government reports on the war and General Accounting Office studies
- Military analyses

Iran-Iraq War

Chemical Warfare in the Iraq-Iran War
- Allegations and evidence of chemical agents used in the war
- Fact sheet written by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in 1984
Iran-Iraq War (Federation of American Scientists)
- Fifteen-page history and analysis of the war
Iraq: A Country Study
- Includes coverage of the Iran-Iraq War
- Searchable and browsable
- Army Area Handbook dated 1988
Iraqgate: Saddam Hussein, U.S. Policy and the Prelude to the Persian Gulf War, 1980-1994 (UMich Only)
- About 1900 declassified government documents on the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro scandal, the secret arming of Saddam Hussein's army, and Iraqi economics
- Full text searchable by subject, date, and type of material
Operation Earnest Will (Federation of American Scientists)
- U.S. efforts to reflag Kuwaiti tankers and run them through the Persian Gulf during the Iran/Iraq War

Military Assessments

Estimated Costs of a Potential War with Iraq (CBO)
- Congressional Budget Office report released on September 30, 2002
- Estimates a monthly cost of $6-$9 billion per month for a war with Iraq
- Provides troop assumptions
First Strike Guidelines: The Case of Iraq (Project on Defense Alternatives)
- Detailed analysis by Charles Wright on the pre-emptive strike guidelines written by Barry Schneider in his 1995 paper Radical Responses to Radical Regimes
- Extensive footnotes and links to related articles
Iraq: Former and Recent Military Confrontations with the United States (CRS)
- Short history of confrontations, primarily over the no-fly zone since the Gulf War
- Military forces in middle eastern countries
- Written in September 2002
Iraqi Special Weapons Guide (Global Security)
- Extensive descriptions of Iraq's chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs
- List of suspected chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons sites in Iraq, including geographic coordinates
- Iraqi intelligence and deception activities
- Links to United Nations resolutions and weapons inspection reports
SIPRI Yearbook [Web and Library]
- Lengthy annual summaries of international military affairs, conflicts, and disarments
- Includes statistics and signatories to major treaties
- Paper copy: UA 17 .S12 with current in Doc.Cen.--Doc.Ref.
- See also its Iraq and Arms Control for a special report on weapons inspections and WMD for the past ten years
Strategic Intelligence (Loyola)
- Links to U.S. intelligence and military intelligence web pages as well as selected web pages of foreign countries
- Selected declassified documents and journal articles from Covert Action Quarterly
Target Iraq (Global Security)
- History of U.S. relations with Iraq
- Concise explanations of U.S. military power, order of battle, and military options
- Iraqi military strength
- Previous wars with Iraq
- Extensive links to key U.S. documents and to the anti-war movement
UN Peace-Keeping Operations
- World map identifies current and completed peacekeeping missions since 1948
- Data for each mission includes a description, dates, military strength, and the name of the primary military observer
- Separate sections of the web site include fatalities by type and mission, numbers of peacekeeping forces contributed by country, lessons learned from past missions, and the most current annual report
World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (ACDA)
- Military expenditures, armed forces, GNP, and population for 172 countries, 1984-
- Arms transfers by supplier and recipient
- Summary of world military forces and arms transfers for various years, 1961 to present
- United States policy on arms control and export
- Issues for 1996-1998 available at the State Department Web Archives

War Powers - Bush/Congress

Congressional Resolution - 2002
- Daschle Hopes to Limit Iraq Resolution (CNN)
  - Senate Majority Tom Daschle wants to limit war powers to eliminating Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction
  - Believes broader resolution sets a precedent for other countries
  - Article also describes Ted Kennedy's views
  - Based on interviews conducted October 6, 2002
- H.J.R. 114 - BILL PASSED BY CONGRESS
  - Bill agreement between Dennis Hastert, Dick Gephardt, and President Bush
- S. J. Res 45
  - Resolution authorizing the President's use of force in Iraq
  - Introduced by Tom Daschle and Trent Lott on September 26, 2002
- S. J. Res. 46
  - Introduced by Carl Levin
- Senate Debate
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 4, 2002, pp. 9933-9938)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 7, 2002, pp. S60006-S60031)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 8, 2002, pp. S60007-S60107)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 9, 2002, pp. S60145-S60217)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, pp. S60233-60272)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, p. 60342)
  - Senate Roll Call Vote on HJR 114
    - Vote conducted in the wee hours of October 11, 2002, 77-23
    - Arranged by Senator, yea or nay, and state
- House Debate
  - House Committee Report 107-721)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 8, 2002. pp. H7189-7301)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 9, 2002, pp. 7309-7735)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, pp. H7739-H7799)
  - House Roll Call Vote on HJR 114
    - Vote passed House on October 10, 2002, 296 to 133
    - Arranged by yea and nay
Iraq Liberation Act - 1998
- Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
- H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
Laws Covering War Declaration
- Anti- Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (PL 104-132)
- Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978
- War Powers Resolution (Title 50, Chapter 33, United States Code)
- National Emergencies Act (Title 50, Chapter 34, United States Code)
Presidential Balance of Power
- Power Shift to President May Stick
  - Brief history of the balance of power between the Executive and Legislative Branch since President Nixon
  - Christian Science Monitor article of October 3, 2002
- Proquest (UMich Only)
  - Proquest's Research Library indexes articles appearing in Presidential Studies Quarterly since 1994 and provides the full text
  - Journal is primarily focused on presidential-legislative relations

War Preparations - Iraq

Hussein Interview with Dan Rather (CBS)
- Full text and video excerpts of one hour interview aired on February 26, 2003
- Hussein claims Iraq will fight, will not accept exile, will not torch Iraq's infrastructure
- Challenges President Bush to a satellite debate
Iraq Ordered Nerve Gas Antidote (CNN)
- Report that Iraq has attempted to buy massive doses of atropine and obidoxime chloride from Turkey
- Story dated November 13, 2002
Saddam's Deadly Subway Scheming
- 60 Minutes interview with Hussein Shahristani aired on February 23, 2003
- Saddam has subway tunnels under Baghdad
- Can be used for a chemical warfare ring around the city or for Saddam's escape in case of a nuclear attack

War Preparations - United States

Downing Street Memo (London Times)
- Secret British memo dated July 23, 2002
- Assumes President Bush had already decided to go to war with Iraq
- Printed in the Sunday Times of London on May 1, 2005
- See the Downing Street Memo web site for elated documents
War Plan for Iraq is Ready, Officials Say (Washington Post)
- War plan includes severe bombing on outskirts followed by quick invasion and psychological warfare
- Aim is to foster internal rebellion against Hussein
- Article by Thomas Ricks appears on p. 1 of Washington Post, November 10, 2002

CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES

War Preparations - Iraq

Iraq Ordered Nerve Gas Antidote (CNN)
- Report that Iraq has attempted to buy massive doses of atropine and obidoxime chloride from Turkey
- Story dated November 13, 2002

Comprehensive U.S. Policy

National Security Strategy Document
- Chapters on championing human dignity, defeating terrorism, preventing threats from weapons of mass destruction, encouraging free markets and open societies, and transforming national security institutions
- Greatest danger is the intersection of radicalism with technology
- Calls for pre-emptive strikes
- Dated September 17 and released September 20, 2002
- Another copy
National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Bush policy includes interdiction, aggressive pursuit of an international nonproliferation policy, and dealing with the consequences of an attack
- Pamphlet released in pdf format on December 11, 2002
- Another copy
- The classified version of this report is known as National Security Presidential Directive 17 (NSPD 17) and Homeland Security Presidential Directive 4, signed May 2002
- The complete report is described in an article by Mike Allen and Barton Gellman in the Washington Post on Dec. 11, 2002, p. A1

Economic Sanctions

United Nations Security Council Instructions
- S/Res.687 (1991)
  - Establishes use of economic sanctions against Iraq
- Goods Review List
  - Prohibited goods for import into Iraq
  - Revised May 2002
- UN Working Group on Sanctions
  - Overview of sanctions policies beginning 1999
Iraq Mission to UNESCO
- Effects of sanctions on Iraq's health and education
- Pictures and statistics
Iraq Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future (Global Policy)
- Paper written by several NGOs and Christian organizations on the effect of economic sanctions
- Describes the origin of the sanctions in the Iraq-Iran and Gulf Wars
- Oil-for-food and smart sanctions policies
- Concludes that sanctions hurt individual civilians
Oil-for-Food Programme (UN)
Sanctions (American Friends Service Committee)
- Series of articles describing the health effects of various sanctions

Iraqi Weapons Inspection - 2002

United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC)
- Body replaced UNSCOM in 1999 and is involved with 2002 inspection negotiations
- Web site includes quarterly reports and historic documents
- Iraqi Weapons Inspection: Report to the Security Council
  - Report by chief weapons inspector Hans Blix on January 27, 2003
  - Iraq has provided access but not necessarily cooperated
- Iraqi Weapons Inspection: Report to the Security Council
  - Report by Hans Blix on February 14, 2003
  - UNMOVIC has not found weapons of mass destruction but they can't be ruled out
  - No signs that Iraq had advance knowledge of inspection sites
- Iraqi Weapons Inspection - Report to the Security Council
  - Report by Hans Blix on March 7, 2003
  - Iraq is cooperating a little but not providing the expected documentation
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)
- Mandate and membership
- General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
- Various reports on weapons inspection
- Latest semi-annual report
- Replaced by UNMOVIC
International Atomic Energy Agency
- Responsible for the nuclear component in the Iraqi weapons inspections
- Results of the October meeting in Vienna for renewed inspections
- Previous inspection activities
- Report to the Security Council by Mohammed ElBaradei
  - Report dated March 7, 2003
  - No evidence of aluminum tubes for nuclear weapons
  - Iraq's industrial capacity weakened
Iraq's Response
- Hussein Interview with Dan Rather (CBS)
  - Full text and video excerpts of one hour interview aired on February 26, 2003
  - Hussein claims Iraq will fight, will not accept exile, will not torch Iraq's infrastructure
  - Challenges President Bush to a satellite debate
- Hussein Interview with Tony Benn (CNN)
  - Transcript of Saddam Hussein's interview with peace activist and former parliamentary member Tony Benn
  - Denies links to Al Qaeda or weapons of mass destruction
  - Aired on British television, February 4, 2003
- Iraq Info No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Letters written by Saddam Hussein on the Palestinian crisis, weapons inspections, and potential war
  - English and Arabic
  - Archived web page from June 2002
- Mission to the United Nations No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Speeches and press releases by Saddam Hussein and UN Ambassador
  - Letters regarding weapons inspections
  - Statistics on the effect of sanctions
  - Web site requires a high level browser
- Saddam Defiant on Missiles (CBS)
  - Description of Dan Rather's interview with Saddam Hussein
  - Refuses to destroy al-Samoud missiles and challenges President Bush to a debate
  - Full interviewed aired on February 26, 2003
- Saddam's Letter to the General Assembly No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Naji Sabri read letter of Saddam Hussein to UN General Assembly on September 19, 2002
  - States that there are no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and President Bush simply wants Iraqi oil
  - Full text not available from UN web site free but issued as UN Document A/57/PV. 16
- Ten Concessions
  - Ten concessions made by UNMOVIC and Iraq about the inspection process
  - Includes admissions of Iraqi cooperation and Iraqi promises of further cooperation, including national legislation and encouraging scientists to meet with inspectors
  - Made on January 20, 2003
Iraq Weapons Declaration
- Iraq Weapons Declaration (CNN)
  - Table of contents for the 12,000 page report translated into English
  - Report submitted to UNMOVIC on December 7
- Hans Blix' Notes
  - Notes for Security Council briefing on December 19, 2002 by UN Chief Weapons Inspector Hans Blix
Bush Administration's Case for Iraqi Invasion
- President's Speech before the United Nations
  - Speech outlining case and asking for UN support
  - Dated September 12, 2002
- President's Press Conference on Iraq (March 7, 2003)
  - Outlined current intelligence that Saddam is not complying with disarmament resolution
  - Will call for UN resolution on Iraq even if resolution fails
- Appartus of Lies (White House)
  - Saddam's use of tragedy, suffering, Islam, and historical revisionism to promote deception per the White House
- Decade of Deception and Defiance
  - Report to the United Nations outlining the threat posed by Saddam Hussein
  - Includes weapons of mass destruction, support of international terrorism, repression of Iraqi people, refusal to obey UN sanctions
  - Available in HTML and pdf
  - Another Copy
- Secretary of State Powell
  - Secretary Powell's Presentation to the UN Security Council
    - Presentation made on February 5, 2003
    - State Department Version
      - Includes all slides and videos as well as transcripts
    - White House Version of Transcript
    - Running Transcript (CNN)
    - Key points (CNN)
  - Iraq: Still Failing to Disarm
    - Speech made to the Center for Strategic and International Studies on March 5, 2003
- State Department Press Releases
  - Press releases by Colin Powell beginning in 2002 on Iraq situation
  - Includes comments made at World Economic Forum and statement after the Hans Blix report
- State of the Union Address - 2003
  - Speech delivered by President Bush to Congress and the nation on January 28, 2003
  - Outlines the weapons Iraq has not destroyed and their possible impact on terrorism
  - Proposed tax cuts, Medicare reform, AIDS assistance, energy reduction programs, mentoring for children of prisoners
- What Does Disarmament Look Like? (pdf)
  - White House release of January 2003
  - Cites examples of successful disarmament programs and clues of Iraqi non-cooperation
- Why We Know Iraq is Lying
  - New York Times Op Ed piece by Condoleeza Rice, published on January 23, 2003
Security Council Resolution (S/RES/1441)
- Inspection Resolution
  - Resolution negotiated by United States to inspect Iraq
  - Calls for immediate, unimpeded, unconditional, and unrestricted access
  - RECALLS, in that context, that the council has repeatedly warned Iraq that it will face serious consequences as a result of its continued violations of its obligations
  - Passed unanimously by the Security Council on November 8, 2002
  - UN Version of S. 1441
Second Resolution Authorizing War
- U.S./U.K./Spanish Resolution
  - Claims Saddam has failed to meet obligations
  - Considered go-ahead for immediate war
  - Circulated on Feb. 24, 2003
- British Resolution Extending Time to March 17
  - Gives Iraq until March 17, 2003 for full compliance
  - Must yield completely to UNMOVIC and IAEA
- Six Tests (UK)
  - Draft amendment to UN resolution submitted by Tony Blair and Jack Straw on March 12, 2003
  - Proposes six disarmament tests that Iraq must meet to avoid war
- Jacques Chirac (French President)
  - Chirac Makes His Case on Iraq
    - Christiane Amanpour's interview with French President on reasons for opposing resolution authorizing force
    - Aired on 60 Minutes on March 16, 2003
  - Paris: We May Help in Chemical War (CNN)
    - Article posted by CNN on March 18, 2003
    - According to French ambassador, Saddam's use of chemical or biological weapons would change French position on war
- French/German/Russian Memo
  - Calls for war as last resort
  - Circulated on Feb. 24, 2003
- Azores Summit Press Conference
  - Summit between Spain, Britain, and U.S. held on March 16, 2003
  - Transcript of President Bush's statements on Iraq and calling March 17 the world's "Moment of Truth"
  - Statements by President Aznar on the Atlantic alliance and Prime Minister Blair on Iraq
  - Questions and answers
  - Clear indication that war with Iraq likely the week of March 17
Woodward's Plan of Attack
- Sixty Minutes Interview (CBS)
  - Extensive experts and videos of CBS interview with Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward on April 18, 2004
  - His book, Plan of Attack, says the Bush Administration began planning for the Iraq War shortly after 9/11/2001
  - Cheney's idea, Bush's Christian mission, Colin Powell not told, deal with Saudi Arabia to reduce gas prices in Fall 2004
- Rumsfeld Interview with Woodward
  - Redacted transcript of Secy. of Defense Rumsfeld's interview with Bob Woodward on October 23, 2003
  - Released on April 19, 2004 to modify claims in Woodward book
  - Another copy

Iraqi Weapons Inspection - 1998

News Coverage
- BBC News
  - British analysis of military options
  - Issue dated February 13, 1998
- MSNBC News: The Persian Gulf Balance of Power
  - Map of U.S. forces
  - Archive of news articles
- One World
  - News articles opposed to U.S. action against Iraq
- PBS Online NewsHour
  - Interview with UN Ambassador Bill Richardson on November 12, 1997
- Washington Post International Special Report
  - Review of U.S. military strength and Iraqi germ missile sites
Iraq
- Ba'th Arab Socialist Party
  - Speech by Saddam Hussein on Arab Unity in September 1997
- Iraq's Army Organization (CNN)
  - Description of army organization, forces, and equipment
  - U.S. and British military assets in the region
  - Data from Jane's World Armies
- Mission to the United Nations No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Speeches and press releases by Saddam Hussein and UN Ambassador
  - Letters regarding weapons inspections
  - Statistics on the effect of sanctions
  - Web site requires a high level browser
Iraqi National Congress
- Web site supporting Iraqi opposition forces
- Lists suspected locations for weapons of mass destruction and names the countries which contributed to them
- Pictures of suspected palaces
- News and cultural information
United Nations
- Diplomatic Agreement
  - Memorandum of Understanding
    - Memorandum of understanding between the United Nations and Iraq on weapons inspection dated February 23, 1998
  - Press Conference (Annan/Aziz)
    - Unofficial transcript of press conference with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Iraq Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz on Memorandum of Understanding
    - Press conference on February 23, 1998
- Secretary General
  - Secretary General's Mission to Iraq
    - Includes items in this section and additional news
  - Security Council Resolution 1154
    - Resolution affirms Secretary General's Memorandum of Understanding
    - Promises severest consequences if Saddam Hussein does not comply with inspection agreement
    - Passed on March 2, 1998
  - UN News Story
    - Press release dated February 22, 1998 about diplomatic agreement between Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein on weapons inspection
- Security Council
  - Security Council
    - Security Council resolutions since 1974 with searchable interface since 1994
  - Security Council Resolution 1134
    - Resolution insisting Iraq allow its Special Commission to investigate nuclear sites
    - Resolution dated October 23, 1997
  - Security Council Resolution 1137
    - Condemns Iraq's continuing refusal to allow U.S. weapons inspectors
    - Dated November 12, 1997
- United Nations Web Site
  - For additional coverage
  - Search as iraq weapons inspection and specify the field as all words
- United Nations Special Commission
  - Mandate and membership
  - General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
  - Various reports on weapons inspection
  - Latest semi-annual report
United States
- Congressional Research Service
  - April 1998 report on current Iraqi chemical and biological weapons capability
  - Includes intelligence reports and discrepancies of information
- State Department Press Briefing
  - Press briefing by James Rubin on October 29 about the seriousness of the situation
- United States Military Plans - February 1998
  - CNN Coverage of Town Meeting
    - Officials explain Iraq policy at Ohio State University on February 18
    - Audio coverage of questions and answers
    - News story and reaction
  - Congressional Bills
    - H.R. 3208 (Paul) against using Defense Department appropriations for attack
    - H.Con.Res. 226 (Bartlett) prohibits attack unless authorized by law
    - S.Con.Res. 71 (Lott) condemns Iraq for threatening peace
    - H.Res. 322 (Lantos) expresses sense of Congress that U.S. should act
    - S.Con.Res. 76 (Murkowski) enforces embargo
    - S. Res. 179 (Specter) condemns Saddam Hussein as a war criminal
    - Iraq Liberation Act
      - Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government