Social Work Library: How to Research Public Transportation as a Civil Rights Issue

How to Research Public Transportation
as a Civil Rights Issue

Scope note: This web page presents strategies and resources for students in SW530, SW560 and other courses that cover policy issues in an historical context. Within the structured approach to information literacy competencies taught at the School of Social Work, this web page represent the 3rd or Policy Researcher competencies. If you have questions about the content of this presentation, please contact Social Work Library Staff at social.work.library@umich.edu.

Define the need Initiate the search strategy

Locate the resources Interpret the information Evaluate the sources

1. Defining the need:

To identify a research topic and the disciplines that study the issue, e.g.

TRANSPORTATION AS A CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUE

When we think of the Civil Rights Movement, buses figure prominently. Rosa Parks, 'first lady of civil rights' and the 'mother of the freedom movement' was arrested on a Montgomery city bus; freedom riders challenged state segregation laws on interstate buses; and courts desegregated schools with school buses. Why are transportation, education and civil rights so intertwined in our history? How does this history relate to Detroit, one of the most segregated cities in the country today?

What do you already know about public transportation and the political climate in Metro Detroit?

Can you take a bus to Detroit Metro Airport? to downtown Detroit? Can you commute to work on Amtrak? Get around the city and suburbs on a mass transit system? In contrast, think about the number of highways in and around Detroit and the amount of time news channels spend on traffic reports.

Do you agree with Dr. Robert Bullard, a sociologist from Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Ga., and a leading national expert on race and the environment that "'The nation's transportation system is a kind of apartheid...It was set up to create racial, economic, social and geographical barriers in our communities.'" (Bonfiglio, O. (2002). Addressing Urban Sprawl. America: The National Catholic Weekly, Nov. 4: 14.)

What socioeconomic characteristics of Metro Detroit might explain the lack of public transportation?

Think about the "big three" principle employers in "Motor City" and America's love affair with the automobile. Where the nation's first expressways were built and how they disregarded neighborhood boundaries. Think about school busing, "white flight" and how the media perpetuates fear. (Data for for all states, for all counties, for all metropolitan areas and for all cities of 100,000 or more using information from the Census of 2000 is available at Professor Ren Farley's Racial Residential Segregation Measurement Project.) For a comprehensive historical overview of these issues and more, see also Professor Farley's Detroit: The History and Future of the Motor City. Another good historical overview is The Death of Public Transit in Metro Detroit (Motown Tranzit). Did you know that "The region lost out on $600 million in 1976 because political leaders couldn't come to a consensus on how to use the money to improve mass transit" (Gray, K. May 22, 2003***)

Detroit Free Press, May 22, 2003) due to the perennial battle between Detroit and the suburbs?

How does this history impact people living in Detroit today?

Think about "Urban sprawl...the consequence of federal, state and local land-use policies that have resulted in an epidemic of unplanned growth, the voracious consumption of land and gross inequality among people in a region". (Bonfiglio, O. (2002). Addressing Urban Sprawl. America: The National Catholic Weekly, Nov. 4: 12.)

See Sprawl City, a website to help the public make more ready use of federal data on sprawl and rural land loss.

Think about the politics of welfare reform, the cost of owning an automobile, where the jobs are, and where the working poor live.

Note also the minimal impact of soup kitchens, clothing drives, and holiday baskets on poverty in a "faith-based initiative" era. These band-aid approaches do not ameliorate structural, institutional and political decline.
(Bonfiglio, O. (2002). Addressing Urban Sprawl. America: The National Catholic Weekly, Nov. 4: 12.)

How has equity in education funding in Michigan compared with other states? What has been the Funding Gap for Michigan's low-income and minority children?

2. Initiating the search strategy

To access the information, you need to select the most appropriate subject database and identify keywords, synonyms, and related terms for your search.

Possible Search Strategies for understanding transportation as a civil rights issue* in Detroit:

To construct a search strategy, you need Boolean operators, truncation and proximity for search engines.

What new leads have you found? other causes to consider? important laws and court decisions?

1971 Judge Stephen Roth (federal district court) ordered extensive cross-district busing to achieve desegregation for the Detroit Public Schools. Nonblack parents accelerated their exodus from Detroit and suburban Warren because of their opposition to busing. (Riddle, R.D. 2000. Race and Reaction in Warren, Michigan, 1971-1974: Bradley v. Milliken and the cross-district busing controversy. Michigan Historical Review 26(2): 1-49)

1974 Supreme Court Decision Milliken v. Bradley reversed Roth's order and altered desegregation history. Blacks subsequently demanded control of their schools and Detroit became "the most segregated metropolitan area in the nation." The controversy over cross-district busing not only shaped Michigan politics but was a death knell for busing in the United States. (Riddle, R.D. 2000. Race and Reaction in Warren, Michigan, 1971-1974: Bradley v. Milliken and the cross-district busing controversy. Michigan Historical Review 26(2): 1-49)

Note the field Documentation in the full entry display of America: History and Life. Why is this notation important to historical researchers? Can you find primary sources in Mirlyn ? Are microfilmed archival collections and the Bentley Historical Library collections catalogued in Mirlyn? How might you find primary sources, other than newspaper articles, at the University of Michigan? (That is, how can you qualify a general topic to locate papers or records, for example?)

Research tip: To find secondary sources such as history books in Mirlyn, we may need to think about going beyond our 21st century vocabulary. For example, the keyword "poor" works much better than "poverty" when searching for colonial or Civil War sources. Why? Because the language until social work was invented in the 1890s was more likely to refer to poor laws and poor people than to the concept we know as poverty. Poverty is a social construct that may be less judgmental than how the poor were viewed historically. Also, language itself changes. For example, to find histories on African Americans, you may need to use the terms of the period, such as Negro or Colored or Afro-Americans.

Compare secondary, scholarly sources (in American History and Life) with primary sources in

ProQuest Historical Newspapers NYTimes Digitized images of the original printed pages back to 1851, that are "rolling backfiles". The historical New York Times is always between one and two years behind, with one year added each year. Currently the run is September 18, 1851 - December 31, 2001.

American Indian History and Culture provides access to more than 5,000 years of culture, history, and leaders. More than 320 Native American groups are presented through subject entries, biographies, primary source documents, maps and charts, and photographs.

American Women's History provides biographies, historical and topical subject entries, speeches and other documents, maps and charts, photographs, and timelines that cover the broad spectrum of American women's history over the past 500 years.

Landmark Documents in American History provides the full text of more than 1600 primary source documents, including charters, speeches, statutes, court decisions, treaties, reports, and presidential documents.

100 Milestone Documents compiled by the National Archives and Records Administration, and drawn primarily from its nationwide holdings. The documents chronicle United States history from 1776 to 1965.

You may also want to use the Selected Resources for Historical Research on Social Justice Issues. The resources are listed in 3 parts: general library sources, subject specific databases and archival collections. For example, in regard to the topic of school busing, one can use the Carmen A. Roberts papers, 1972-1981 and the Shirley Wohlfield papers, 1972. Roberts was a member of the Detroit school board and a leader of the anti-busing movement in Detroit. Correspondence, speeches, clippings, legal brief, organizational miscellanea, and collected pro- and anti-busing materials; also photographs and motion picture film). The finding aid is online at the Bentley Historical Library. Wohlfield was also an anti-busing activists and the finding aid for her collection is online at Bentley Historical Library.

Summarize the main ideas and don't forget to manage the information and its sources:
Record all pertinent citation information for future reference [in APA style]. From such a search, you might conceptualize your research topic as a civil rights issue and discuss relevant court cases below:

One hundred years of race on trial**
Transportation	What's the connection?	Education
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) Separate but equal segregation of railway cars, applied to schools and other accommodations	Why Resegregation in American Schools today? (The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University in PDF Format)	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) Outlawed intentional segregation in the south.
The Supreme Court affirmed 1956 Browder v. Gayle, 142 F.Supp. 707 (1956), declaring segregation of the Montgomery bus system illegal.	When we rule against the metropolitan area remedy we take a step that will likely put the problems of the blacks and our society back to the period that antedated the "separate but equal" regime of Plessy v. Ferguson. The reason is simple. (Justice William O. Douglas, 1974, dissenting opinion in Milliken v.Bradley I, 418 U.S. 717)	Milliken v. Bradley I, 418 U.S. 717 (1974) Eliminated school desegregation in Detroit with cross-district busing encompassing the three-county metropolitan area. Milliken v. Bradley II, 433 U.S. 267 (1977) Provided for separate but equal segregation with funding/programs to make up for the history of discrimination. Grutter v. Bollinger 2002 FED App. 0170P (6th Cir.) Upheld the University of Michigan's Affirmative Action Policies.

For an example of the pendulum swinging back and forth on another racial issue, see The USA Patriot Act: Resources for debate and history, especially the table entitled "Selected immigration laws, regulations, and policies to contextualize the USA Patriot Act".

For current political climate in Detroit, try the Internet search engine Google, Advanced Search

"with all of the words" Detroit
"with the exact phrase": Southeast Michigan
"with at least one of the words": DARTA Intelligent Transportation Systems SpeedLink

Authoritative results can be obtained automatically when you limit searches to government web sites, e.g. " return results from the site or domain": .gov

Is there a political will to improve regional transportation services? Who are the stakeholders?

Southeast Michigan Council of Governments
Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Wayne Counties and the political subdivisions within those counties
Southeast Michigan Regional Intelligent Transportation Systems Architecture stakeholders includes traffic, transit, public safety, customs, and many other operating agencies at local, county, state, and national levels. It includes both public and private sectors and spans the organizations that manage, support, or are impacted by the surface transportation system in Southeast Michigan.
Detroit Regional Chamber Regional Transportation
Michigan Land Use Institute Key Issues
Levin and Stabenow Announce Over $5 Million To The Michigan Department of Transportation (July 31, 2003)
U.S. Representative Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick
U.S. Representative John Conyers
Mayor Kwame M. Kilpatrick
Detroit Free Press Article: "Only politics stands in the way of a step toward regional transit improvement" 11/18/02
Metro leaders to form transit agency: Fed up, they'll bypass Lansing to end stalling (Detroit Free Press, May 22, 2003) An agreement executed by the City of Detroit, Wayne, Oakland and Macomb Counties, and SMART creates DARTA.
Next steps?
1. Create the Regional Transportation Authority that DARTA legislation enables
2. Approve local taxes so the region can pay for its share of costs of building and operating a transit system
3. Apply to TEA-3 once that federal legislation is passed (visit TEA-3 or TEA-3)
  (Gutterman, S. (2003). TEA for '03. Moving Forward, 2(1):3-4)

Do grassroots organizations create change in such a complex political climate?

Transportation Riders United Inc. (TRU) A coalition to improve public transportation in metropolitan Detroit.

Public Interest Research Group in Michigan (PIRGIM)

Archdiocese of Detroit

The Archdiocese, which has 1.5 million members in southeast Michigan, wants Michigan to invest considerably more in public transit and to repair existing roads instead of building new highways. With a major focus on building a regional rapid transit system in metropolitan Detroit to slow sprawl and revitalize urban areas, the church’s new initiative could prove decisive to the Smart Growth movement in Michigan. (Michigan Land Use Institute)

Metropolitan Organizing Strategy for Enabling Strength (M.O.S.E.S),

Ecumenical and interfaith community organization composed of 53 churches, two hospitals, and one university that operate in Detroit and seven suburbs. Across its numerous activities and programs, MOSES helps congregations and citizens gain greater influence in public policy debates. MOSES actively supports increasing funds for public transit, encouraging economic renewal, combating urban sprawl, and promoting affordable housing. (Michigan Land Use Institute)

Detroit Branch NAACP

Alliance for a New Transportation Charter

The Alliance focuses on spurring investments in world-class public transit, developing more options for biking and walking, and ensuring new roads fit with community growth plans. The Alliance’s work will significantly affect the next six-year federal transportation law, scheduled for reauthorization in 2003. The effort is directed by the Surface Transportation Policy Project in Washington, D.C. Their goal is to ensure that transportation policy and investments help conserve energy, protect environmental and aesthetic quality, strengthen the economy, promote social equity, and make communities more livable. They emphasize the needs of people, rather than vehicles, in assuring access to jobs, services, and recreational opportunities.

Michigan Association of Railroad Passengers

Purpose of this thirty year old organization is to improve intercity rail and bus passenger service; to improve local transit service; to encourage the preservation of historic railroad stations.

3. Locating the Resources

To find social science research articles, use Urban Planning Databases. It lists many indexing and abstracting services relevant to your assignments, such as

Family & Society Studies Worldwide
Access via web: http://biblioline.nisc.com/scripts/login.dll?BiblioLine&dbname=QFSD
1970- (Updated monthly)
Guide to Searching Biblioline Databases
The web version of the CD-ROM database Family Studies Database. A "comprehensive, systematic, and non-evaluative resource of research, policy, and practice literature in the fields of Family Science, Human Ecology, Human Development and Social Welfare. FSSW provides over 455,000 abstracts and bibliographic records drawn from over two thousand professional journals, books, popular literature, conference papers, government reports, and other sources." (Last Verified: 6/19/03)

For statistics use

LexisNexis Statistical
Access via web: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/statuniv
Coverage varies.
Guide to searching LexisNexis Statistical.
Indexes and abstracts federal statistical publications since 1974, business and state government publications since 1980, and international agency publications since 1983. Provides links to the full text of 15% of federal publications. Formerly known as Statistical Universe. (Last Verified: 6/19/03)

American FactFinder
Access via web: http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/BasicFactsServletis
American Factfinder is the Census Bureau's data delivery system. Census data on race, sex, household relationship, group quarters, and owner v. renter occupied housing units is available from American FactFinder for all geographic levels: nation, state, MSA, county, place, MCD, tract, block group, block, three-digit zip, five digit-zip, and Congressional District. Michigan socioeconomic data (sample data) for 2000 was released September 10, 2002. Of special interest to transporation planners is the Journey to Work subject variable from the sample data. Click here for an extensive tutorial on using American Factfinder.

For number of employess and businesses in an area, see the Economic Census, also available on American FactFinder.
Tracking STATE current or recent legislation and its effect on society involves complex, multifaceted search techniques. You must understand the given contemporary political climate and the underlying process of how a bill becomes a law. For a description of how a bill becomes law in Michigan, see http://www.michigan.gov/som/0,1607,7-192-29701_29704-2836--,00.html For a description on how a bill becomes law in Ohio, see http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/process.cfm. It is important to understand the legislative process in order to conduct effective searches. See also MICHIGAN GOVERNMENT Laws, Regulations, and Court System (U of M Documents Center) and the links to individual laws.

Michigan State Legislation

Use the Bill Full Text Search to find recent and pending legislation on transportation authority

2002 Legislature:

An Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) is an essential first step to attracting serious federal capital dollars and developing local funding to create a regional rapid transit system. Passing House Bill 5467 (Sub 5) was necessary to position SE Michigan for getting its fair share of transit funding. House Bills 5467 and 5468 (passed) - This legislation would have created a regional authority not only to collect funds and pass them through to the existing transit agencies DDOT and SMART, but also create an entity with the authority to build and operate new transit systems such as Speedlink bus rapid transit or commuter rail.

DARTA (HB5476) passed in the senate December 13th, 2002. Passage of this legislation is the essential next step to getting southeast Michigan ready to build, fund and operate a regional transportation system. Passage was urgent so that the new Authority is up and running to catch the next funding cycle in 2003. If we miss that opportunity, we could have to wait for the next 6 year cycle of federal funding in 2009.

"Under TEA-21's "New Starts" program, the Feds matched local project dollars four-to-one, meaning that local transit authorities only had to come up with 20% of total costs to buld a new rail line...places that had comprehensive transit plans including rail projects already in the development pipeline--like Portland, Oregon and Altanta--got the funds to make those projects a reality." (Gutterman, S. (2003). TEA for '03. Moving Forward, 2(1):3-4)

House Bill 5651 - Transportation Budget - The House passed version contained positive gains for public transportation funding, including a $10 million increase in local bus operating and $1 million for the Lansing to Detroit Rail study.

Governor John Engler vetoed the Detroit Area Regional Transportation Authority bill (DARTA), the product of 18 months of legislative negotiations, on December 30, 2002. (Holtz, D., Kendrick-Hands, K., and Gutterman, S. (2003). DARTA and Beyond. Moving Forward, 2(1):1)

2003 Legislature:

"Governor Jennifer Granholm, days into her administration, announced that passage of DARTA was the number one item on her legislative agenda." (Holtz, D., Kendrick-Hands, K., and Gutterman, S. (2003). DARTA and Beyond. Moving Forward, 2(1):1)

Senator Leland introduced Senate Bill No. 100, entitled "A bill to create the Detroit area regional transportation authority; to transfer certain powers of authorities to the Detroit area regional transportation authority; to provide regional transportation for senior citizens, citizens with disabilities, citizens without the economic means to provide their own personal transportation, and all other citizens; to continue the suburban mobility authority for regional transportation; to prescribe certain powers and duties of the authorities; to provide for the addition and withdrawal of certain local entities from the authority; to provide for the powers and duties of certain state agencies with respect to the authority; to provide for the issuance of bonds and notes; to provide for the state to guarantee payment of certain claims against the authority and give the state a lien in satisfaction of payment; to protect the rights of employees of existing public transportation systems; to provide for the pledge of taxes, revenues, assessments, tax levies, and other funds for bond and note payments; to authorize certain local entities to levy property taxes and make special assessments to fulfill their obligations under certain contracts with the authority; and to repeal acts and parts of acts."

"Language of S100 tracks the language of bill that Engler vetoed, to prevent destructive opt-outs by local communities". ( (Holtz, D., Kendrick-Hands, K., and Gutterman, S. (2003). DARTA and Beyond. Moving Forward, 2(1):1)

House Bill 4072 A bill to create the Detroit area regional transportation authority; to transfer certain powers of authorities to the Detroit area regional transportation authority; to provide regional transportation for senior citizens, citizens with disabilities, citizens without the economic means to provide their own personal transportation, and all other citizens; to continue the suburban mobility authority for regional transportation...

The bill was read a first and second time by title and referred to the Committee on Commerce and Labor.

"Language of HR 4072 would allow opt-outs by local communities and would primarily serve transit-dependent, undermining the comprehensive regional plan to serve all." (Holtz, D., Kendrick-Hands, K., and Gutterman, S. (2003). DARTA and Beyond. Moving Forward, 2(1):1)

LexisNexis State Capital

Provides the full-text of state statutes, laws, and constitutions; Provides the full-text of proposed and enacted regulations, and bills
Searches across all 50 states in a single search
Checks the status of a bill or search bill text
Searches state statutes or find summaries of state laws
Finds summaries or the full text of state regulations
Searches publications for articles about issues affecting states
Locates information about state legislators, their staffs and state office

Tracking FEDERAL current or recent legislation and its effect on society involves complex, multifaceted search techniques. Just as with state legislation, you must understand the given contemporary political climate and understand the underlying process of How a Bill Becomes Law.

LexisNexis Academic

Provides the full text of court decisions, regulations, codes, etc. at the federal level.
Has the capability to search state case law (court decisions) of individual states.
(For a complete search of state legislative information, LexisNexis State Capital is the recommended source).

LexisNexis Congressional

Of all the legislative history databases within LexisNexis Congressional, the United States Code (see Laws) best organizes federal legislation in force with its historic antecedents and court challenges. The search for "schools and busing" reveals various angles on the current anti-busing position, within the context of U.S. Code titles and chapters, such as TITLE 20. EDUCATION CHAPTER 37. ASSIGNMENT OR TRANSPORTATION OF STUDENTS. Within this section Lexis-Nexis has added a RESEARCH GUIDE and INTERPRETIVE NOTES AND DECISIONS with links to court decisions. The search for "freedom riders" or "Rosa Parks" reveals the importance of a few Black activists in the history of Transportation as a Civil Rights Issue, as documented in the U.S. Code.

108th Congress Bills

Transportation Equity Act 2003 (TEA-3)

TEA-3 "governs federal funding to states for almost all transportation projects, from roads to rail to buses and bike paths, to transportation-related environmental protections. TEA-3 will authorize over 2000 billion in federal dollars to be spent on transportation projects by states and communities through 2008." (Gutterman, S. (2003). TEA for '03. Moving Forward, 2(1):3-4)

FAIRNESS: The Civil Rights Act of 2004.
For forty years the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has attempted to level the playing field in job opportunities, education, housing, voting and other areas. On February 11, 2004 civil rights leaders and Democrats introduced a multi-year initiative before Congress in an attempt to pass a sweeping update of the nation's laws barring discrimination.
http://www.civilrights.org/campaigns/civil_rights_act/act_now.html

Tracking Local Governments

Index to current urban documents. DOCUMENTS CTR. (GL) Call No: Z 7165 .U5 I38 Library has: 1-28 1972/1973-1999

Indexes municipal, county and regional documents in the U.S. and Canada since 1999
Searchable by keyword, broad subject (recommended), city and/or state
Reference to microfiche copy of publication (inter-library loan may be required)
You can also use the general city web link under the entry to search for a copy of the document on the web

Urban documents microfiche collection (Michigan only) [microform] DOCUMENTS CTR. (GL) MICRO-F DoX20

4. Interpreting the Information

So far we have thought about Transportation as a Civil Rights Issue in Detroit; we've looked at an indexing and abstracting service for historical articles that might explain the disparity we see between the city and the suburbs; we've explored a full text data base for primary sources from the New York Times. Does M-CAT have records for primary, archival sources housed in the Bentley Historical Library? To find out, try a subject search for Detroit Mich.--History--20th century and look for BENTLEY HISTORICAL LIBRARY. Why is it important to have an historical perspective on an issue?

We've also surfed the WWW for current developments. We've learned about some failures of the past to integrate the region and we've identified some pending legislation to find a "metropolitan area remedy" for some of the disparities. In your opinion is this a social work issue? Can you apply this tutorial to your own topics that may be more grounded in social work literature? What good is a search engine on the WWW?

5. Evaluating the Sources on the Web

Electronic journals on social issues, research reports on urban trends, from think tanks, from philanthropic foundations, and advocacy organizations are great sources of information. Advocacy organizations are especially helpful for policy issues. Their primary goal is to affect social change in the direction of their values. They want to persuade YOU! You will need to determine their legitimacy, authority and perhaps funding. If you see inconsistencies (site appears to be academic but the evidence is not forthcoming or references are vague) be suspicious. Look for prejudice, deception and manipulation. Useful features of legitimate web sites are identifying coalitions and other stakeholders involved in an issue, tracking pending legislation relevant to their interests, and fostering political debate. They often make it convenient for you to write your public officials. For more criteria, see How to Recognize an Advocacy Web Page (Widener University).

Some general Web sites that can help you track progressive issues in Congress and the Michigan Legislature are

Handsnet
Michigan Social Issues
Progressive Secretary

Some Web sites for specific legislation and/or issues are

The Civil Rights Projects (Harvard University). Committed to generating and synthesizing research on key civil rights and equal opportunity policies that have been neglected or overlooked, The Transportation Equity project works on issues of metropolitan and regional inequalities, examining the effect of transportation policies on minority communities. See also Moving to Equity: Addressing Inequitable Effects of Transportation Policies on Minorities.

Environmental Justice & Transportation: A Citizen's Handbook By Shannon Cairns, Jessica Greig, and Martin Wachs 32 pp., January 2003.

Urban and Regional Development The Institute of Urban and Regional Development (IURD) serves faculty and students of the University of California, Berkeley, conducting research into processes of urban and regional growth and decline, and effects of governing policies on the patterns and processes of development. Focus includes sustainable development, inner city inequality, evolving patterns of suburbanization and transportation alternatives.

Welfare Information Network Congress must reauthorize the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program by September 30, 2002. This is a comprehensive site for recent reauthorization-related research, especially TANF Reauthorization links.

Perspectives on Urban Education (University of Pennsylvania School of Education online journal) "The purpose of an electronic journal format is to provide a vehicle for fostering conversations about the complexities of urban education among practitioners, researchers, policy makers and graduate students, groups who often work in isolation from each other."

Rethinking Schools: Current Issue Emphasizes problems facing urban schools, particularly issues of race. Throughout its history, "Rethinking Schools" has tried to balance classroom practice and educational theory. It is an activist publication, with articles written by and for teachers, parents, and students. Yet it also addresses key policy issues, such as vouchers and marketplace-oriented reforms, funding equity, and school-to-work. A LIBRARIAN AT EVERY TABLE November 21, 2002. No.123. Sources and Sites for librarians building community. http://www.cas.usf.edu/lis/a-librarian-at-every-table/

Web sites on American History by the History Net (with primary and secondary sources), Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare (NASW), and achievements of individual advocates:

Colonial America Daily life and history of Colonial America and the thirteen original colonies
Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare 1750 BC to 1700s AD
Chart of the Thirteen Original Colonies

18th Century in American History
Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare 1750 BC to 1700s AD

19th Century America's adolescence, from learning to fight, to fighting themselves, to a world power
Social Work Milestones: 1800s

20th Century The most amazing century, from Twain to Clinton
Social Work Milestones: 1900 to 1949

In Search of Clara Swieczkowska (1892-1986) Detroit Social Worker and Community Activist

The Truth about Helen Keller (Did you know Helen Keller was a tireless advocate of the poor and disenfranchised?)

Social Work Milestones: 1950 to Present
And much more

Web sites with visual images from America's past

American Memory Photo & Print Images

Sources used for this workshop:

*Bullard, R. D. and Johnson, G. S. (1997). Just Transportation: Dismantling race & class barriers to mobility. Stony Creek, CT: New Society Publishers.

**Davis, T. J. (2002). Race, Identity and the Law: Plessy v. Ferguson. In A. Gorson-Reed, Ed., Race on Trial: Law and Justice in American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

*** Gray, K. (2003) Metro Leaders to Form Transit Agency - Fed Up They'll Bypass Lansing to End Stalling. Detroit Free Press, May 22, 2003, p. 1A.

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