The Granaries of
Karanis
Footnotes
Note: Due to difficulties
with the display of foreign characters, certain umlauts and accents
cannot be displayed.
1. Aristide Calderini, YH%AUROI (Milano 1924). Stuidi della Scuola papirologica, 4.
2. See A. E. R. Boak and E. E. Peterson, Karanis, Topographical and Architectural Report of the Excavations during the Seasons 1924-28 (Ann Arbor, 1931). Three granaries from the B level of occupation, B1, B2, and B115, are described on pp. 9-23 and 64-65. A brief acount is also given of the large granary, C65, which at that time had not been fully cleared.
3. That data on which this study of the granaries is based are drawn largely from the material in the excavation reports, as yet unpublished, of Dr. E. E. Peterson, Director of the Museum of Archaeology at the University of Michigan, who conducted the firled work at Karanis from 1926-35. Dr. Peterson generously put these reports at my disposal, and in addition shared with me unstintingly his intimate knowledge of every phase of the excavations.
4. See M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (Oxford 1926) 427-440.
5. For a discussion of the granaries of the Pharonic period, with illustrations from tomb paintings and models, see A. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt (London 1894) 433-4.
6. The models of granaries from the Egyptian tombs are described by J. H. Breasted, Jr., in his Egyptian Servant Statuettes (Washington 1948) 10-15; many of them are reproduced in the excellent plates that accompany that volume.
7. P Lond. 2.216 (p. 186/7) =W192
8. This papyrus, published by G. Baillet in Memoires de la Mission archeologique francaise au Caire 9.1 (1892) 1-89, contains mathematical problems, of which several concern the calculation of the contents in artabas of granaries in both rectangular and circular form.
9. See F. Luckhard, Das Privathaus in ptolemaeischen und romischen Agypten (Gissen 1914) 81-3.
10. See A. E. R. Boak, Karanis, the Temples, Coin Hoards, Botanical and Zoological Reports, Seasons 1924-31 (Ann Arbor 1933) 26 and Plan 4 for the granary adjacent to the southern temple.
11. Metropolitan Museum, 20.3.11 Breasted (above, note 6) plate 11b.
12. Breasted(above, note 6) plates 13a-b, 14b.
13. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, and D. G. Hogarth, Fayum Towns and their Papyri (London 1900) 40, 44.
14. In general only those papyri are cited here which were published subsequently to Calderini's study of the granaries (above, note 1).
15. U. Wilcken, Griechische Ostraka (Leipzig and Berlin 1899) 1.651
16. Luckhard (above, note 9) 83.
17. Calderini (above, note 1) 42.
19. A. C. Johnson, Roman Egypt (Baltimore 1936) 270. The referee to whom this paper was submitted has called my attention to another possible occurrence of this word in Plugdbat. V (P. Brux. Inv. E7616) xii, 10, where it has the form NOUB. No light is thrown, however, on its interpretation.
20. Johnson (above, note 19) 566. Cf. the term ABOLO% (ABVLO%) applied to grain frequently in papyri, Preisigke, Worterbuch, s.v.
21. Three piles of bread were found in a room of a building adjacent to the granary B173, but it is uncertain whether the two had any connection. BGU 4.1067 and P Bacch. 13 illustrate the connection between bakeries and granaries.
22. Calderini (above, note 1) 18-22 Cf. also P Mich. 5.295 and 298.
23. H. Zilliacus, Vierzehn Berliner griechsiche Papyri (Helsingfors 1941). Societas Scientiae Fennica, Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 11.4.
24. See P Mich. 8.472.16 and note.
25. See J. Lesquier, L'armee romaine d'Egypte d'Auguste a Diocletien (Cairo 1918) 350-68.
26. Wilcken, Grundzuge, 395, 413 and Johnson (above, note 19) 491, 670.
27. Calderini (above, note 1) 41-5. See also P Mich. 2.121 Recto, III, xiii, 1, and IV, ii, 1, P Mich. 6.396 and P Princ. 3.117.
28. Johnson (above, note 19) 346-7.
29. W. Otto, Priester und Tempel im hellenistischen Agypten (Leipzig und Berlin 1905-8) 2.123-8, and Calderini (above, note 1) 45. 111.
30. A granary of the OU%IA of Livia Augusta occurs in PSI 9.1028, and the unpublished papyrus from Tebtunis, P. Mich. Inv. 735 mentions a granary of Julia Augusta ... and the children of Germanicus. A granary on the Vespasian estate is leased in BGU 7.1646.
31. Johnson (above, note 19) 393. Cf. also the ordinance of the association of tenants on imperial estates. P Mich 5.244.
32. In view of the connection of a number of DHMO%IOI GEVRGOI with C123, it is not impossible that it may have been built for the use of such an association of farmer of state lands.
33. Boak and Peterson (above, note 2) 26-7.
34. Calderini (above, note 1) 86-88.
35. Johnson (above, note 19) 505-6.
36. Gremfell, Hunt, and Hogarth (above, note 13) plate XVI shows two such stamps from Umm et 'Atl. See also Zaki Aly, "Sitologia in Roman Egypt," Journal of Juristic Papyrology 5 (1950) 295-6 and plate 4 and 6. His explanation of the use of these stamps makes no distinction between those which are cut in reverse and those which are not.