Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Oct 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-121 From Set 118): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 exp Tooth demineralization/ 22628 2 demineralization.mp. 1620 3 caries.mp. 15295 4 caires.mp. 1 5 craies.mp. 0 6 careis.mp. 4 7 carise.mp. 0 8 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 422 9 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 217 10 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 276 11 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 254 12 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 182 13 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 374 14 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 321 15 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 250 16 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 12 17 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 20 18 (active adj decay).mp. 9 19 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 14 20 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 30 21 (white adj spot:).mp. 509 22 carious.mp. 2077 23 cariology.ti,ab. 56 24 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 15 25 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 2 26 Tooth remineralization/ 478 27 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 99 28 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 50 29 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 98 30 caries-free.mp. 603 31 cariesfree.mp. 17 32 Cariogenic agents/ 728 33 precavit:.mp. 8 34 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 510 35 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 117 36 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 6 37 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 28 38 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 24 39 dft.mp. 413 40 dfs.mp. 1258 41 dmf:.mp. 6397 42 cariogeni:.mp. 1787 43 or/1-42 32256 44 (pc or th).fs. 1011356 45 43 and 44 11962 46 exp Dental bonding/ 10476 47 exp Dental care/ 14573 48 Dental devices, home care/ 905 49 Dental implantation/ 2906 50 exp Dental restoration, permanent/ 21229 51 exp Dental restoration, temporary/ 9612 52 Dental restoration failure/ 796 53 Dental pulp capping/ 1277 54 Pulpectomy/ 769 55 Pulpotomy/ 831 56 exp Root canal therapy/ 9857 57 Enamel microabrasion/ 42 58 Mouth rehabilitation/ 997 59 Tooth extraction/ 8995 60 exp Preventive dentistry/ 18127 61 exp Tooth preparation/ 5601 62 (dental adj3 bond:).mp. 290 63 ((acid adj etch:) and (dent: or tooth or teeth)).mp. 1161 64 cementation.mp. 2032 65 ((dent: or tooth or teeth) adj3 (care or hygien: or 13394 prevent: or intervent:)).mp. 66 ((dent: or tooth or teeth) adj3 (implant: or restor:)).mp. 11268 67 (pulp adj4 cap:).mp. 551 68 pulpectomy.mp. 809 69 pulpotomy.mp. 858 70 ('root' adj canal adj3 (therap: or treat: or interven: or 1148 prepar: or prevent:)).mp. 71 (enamel adj3 microabrasion).mp. 34 72 ((tooth or teeth or dent:) adj3 (extract: or pull:)).mp. 5441 73 ((dent: or tooth or teeth) adj3 (prophylaxis or clean:)).mp. 1693 74 or/46-73 97112 75 Home care services/ 12282 76 exp Dentistry/ 207747 77 75 and 76 99 78 74 or 77 97122 79 Chlorhexidine/ 2890 80 chlorhexidine.mp. 3507 81 sebidin.mp. 3 82 tubulicid.mp. 21 83 or/79-82 3517 84 exp Cariostatic agents/ 19795 85 fluoride:.mp. 26332 86 ((sulfur or sulphur) adj3 hexafluoride:).mp. 520 87 difluoride:.mp. 458 88 tetrafluoride:.mp. 82 89 ossin.mp. 7 90 zymafluor.mp. 3 91 or/84-90 27713 92 78 or 91 119866 93 exp Decision support techniques/ 19211 94 exp Decision making/ 28700 95 exp Decision making, computer-assisted/ 16758 96 ((decision: or consensus) adj (making or make$1 or support 14407 or theory or trees or technique:)).mp. 97 exp "Sensitivity and specificity"/ 89544 98 Computer simulation/ 19925 99 Computer systems/ 3947 100 Computers/ 40006 101 (computer: adj5 (simulation: or system: or decision: or 23667 predict: or forecast:)).mp. 102 Forecasting/ 28594 103 Models, biological/ 101335 104 Likelihood functions/ 3382 105 exp risk/ 227197 106 risk:.mp. 414044 107 exp "Outcome assessment (health care)"/ 103983 108 or/93-107 824928 109 45 and 92 and 108 798 110 ("96119848" or "20020823" or "97180014" or "20098169" or 5 "92083572").ui. 111 109 or 110 799 112 limit 111 to (human and english language) 689 113 limit 112 to (infant < 1 to 23 months > or preschool child 391 < 2 to 5 years > or child < 6 to 12 years > or adolescence < 13 to 18 years >) 114 110 or 113 392 115 43 and 92 and 108 1625 116 limit 115 to (human and english language) 1419 117 limit 116 to (infant < 1 to 23 months > or preschool child 719 < 2 to 5 years > or child < 6 to 12 years > or adolescence < 13 to 18 years >) 118 110 or 117 721 119 from 118 keep 1-300 300 120 from 118 keep 301-600 300 121 from 118 keep 601-721 121 *************************** <1> UI - 88124752 AU - Palin-Palokas T TI - Relative importance of dental health habits and some other factors in association with the occurrence of caries in mentally retarded Finnish children. SO - Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1987;83(5-6):241-8 <2> UI - 87280984 AU - Axelsson P AU - Kristoffersson K AU - Karlsson R AU - Bratthall D TI - A 30-month longitudinal study of the effects of some oral hygiene measures on Streptococcus mutans and approximal dental caries. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1987 Mar;66(3):761-5 AB - The effects of some oral hygiene measures on Streptococcus mutants and approximal dental caries were evaluated. One hundred and eighty-seven 13-year-old individuals with high levels of salivary S. mutans (greater than 10(6)/mL) were selected. They were randomly distributed into three groups. Group I initially received professional mechanical tooth-cleaning, tongue-scraping, chlorhexidine treatment, and oral hygiene instructions concentrated on the approximal surfaces most colonized by S. mutans. The treatment was given four times with intervals of two days, followed by one single treatment every six months throughout the experimental period. The initial treatment period for group II, also consisting of four visits, included the same oral hygiene instructions as for group I. The instructions were repeated every six months. Group III was maintained in the preventive program provided by the local Dental Health Office, based on mechanical plaque control and topical use of fluorides and chlorhexidine at individualized intervals. Group I showed a significant immediate reduction of S. mutans in saliva as well as an approximal tooth surfaces. After six months, there were no differences among the three groups regarding these variables. Compared with baseline, there was a significant reduction of S. mutans in all groups. There was no significant difference in caries progression among the three groups. However, the selected "high-risk" individuals in group I developed 0.25 new manifest caries lesions approximally/year, compared with 0.27 for all children of the same age group in the area. Seventeen individuals had approximal surfaces with consistently high or consistently low S. mutans levels. Forty-six percent of the surfaces with high values developed new or progressive caries, compared with 2% of the surfaces with low values. <3> UI - 87278798 AU - Milen A TI - Role of social class in caries occurrence in primary teeth. SO - International Journal of Epidemiology 1987 Jun;16(2):252-6 AB - The independent effect of social class on (A) the risk of having any caries (deft greater than or equal to 1) and on (B) the risk of having a few caries defects (deft greater than or equal to 3) in primary teeth was studied. The data, which were representative for all Finnish children of this age group, were collected by questionnaires from health centres and homes for 1637 children aged 2.5 to 7.5 years. The response rate was 83%. According to logistic regression analyses, children in the upper social class were clearly at lower risk of having caries than were children in the middle social class, independent of the child's age or sex, reported frequency of toothbrushing, consumption of sugar or use of fluoride tablets. In contrast, children in the lower social class had a higher risk of caries, which was independent of the reported dental health behaviour of the children. The results indicate that the differences among social classes in caries occurrence could not be eliminated by changes in dental health habits. Basic and applied research is needed to identify the relevant factors in socioeconomic status related to caries occurrence so that the differences in dental health between preschool children in different social classes can be reduced. <4> UI - 87104057 AU - Abernathy JR AU - Graves RC AU - Bohannan HM AU - Stamm JW AU - Greenberg BG AU - Disney JA TI - Development and application of a prediction model for dental caries. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1987 Feb;15(1):24-8 AB - The development and validation of a caries prediction model comprising 13 sociodemographic and dental examination variables on Grade 1 and Grade 5 children in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program are described. The objective was to derive a method of predicting children at high risk to caries early in order that preventive measures might be undertaken. True high risk children were defined in two ways: highest 25% of children based on their 4-yr DMFS increment, and their total DMFS score at the end of the study. In both cases, children predicted to be at high risk were defined as the 25% with the highest discriminant score. Discriminant function and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the extent to which the 13 variables collectively discriminated between true high risk and non-high risk children so defined. Sensitivity was approximately 0.50 and specificity around 0.82, using the 4-yr increment as the criterion for defining true high risk, and approximately 0.64 and 0.88, respectively, using the final DMFS score for defining true high risk. <5> UI - 92226942 AU - Hicks MJ AU - Barr ES AU - Flaitz CM TI - Formocresol pulpotomies in primary molars: a radiographic study in a pediatric dentistry practice. SO - Journal of Pedodontics 1986 Summer;10(4):331-9 <6> UI - 87079443 AU - Olsen CB AU - Brown DF AU - Wright FA TI - Dental health promotion in a group of children at high risk to dental disease. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Dec;14(6):302-5 AB - Three hundred and ten children from three schools were examined before and after a dental health promotion program targeted at one of the schools. Parents of subjects at the experimental school were visited at home by a community health worker who provided individualized information on dental services and preventive strategies. Parents of subjects at the control school were provided with similar information by way of general written documentation, not tailored to specific needs, and distributed as part of the traditional school take home system. The experimental hypothesis proposed that, at re-examination, subjects from the experimental school would show a measurable improvement in caries increment, and a reduced plaque index over subjects from the control schools. Although the individualized social intervention strategy did not demonstrate a major shift in use of dental services or improvement in health status some improvement in caries experience was obtained in the target group. The multifactorial nature of dental disease and the limited contact of the health worker with the families involved would account for the low success rate of this strategy. <7> UI - 87079435 AU - Abernathy JR AU - Graves RC AU - Greenberg BG AU - Bohannan HM AU - Disney JA TI - Application of life table methodology in determining dental caries rates. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Oct;14(5):261-4 AB - Probabilities of caries risk over time measured from eruption of first and second molars are illustrated using life table methodology. Life table rates based on 4,365 children in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program indicate that both fluoridation and sealants are effective in preventing caries on occlusal and buccal/lingual surfaces of molars. Effectiveness would probably have been greater on occlusal surfaces if sealants had been applied closer to the time of eruption. Similarities and differences between conventional DMFS indices and life table probabilities are discussed. <8> UI - 87079429 AU - Spencer AJ TI - Contribution of fluoride vehicles to change in caries severity in Australian adolescents. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Oct;14(5):238-41 AB - The contribution of a fluoride vehicle to change in caries severity in a population depends on the importance of its association with caries severity and the population's exposure to the vehicle. The present study aimed to quantify population trends in Australian adolescents' exposure to fluoridated water supplies, fluoride supplements and fluoride-containing dentifrice between 1965 and 1978, and conditionally up to 1990; to predict changes in caries severity; and to indicate the change attributable to each fluoride vehicle. At a population level, proportion of lifetime exposure to fluoridated water supplies and market-share held by fluoride-containing dentifrice increased over the period 1965 to 1990. Regular use of fluoride supplements first increased, then decreased over the period. Caries severity was predicted to have decreased markedly for Australian adolescents over the period 1965 to 1990, with the rate of change over the period varying by age. Fluoridated water supplies, followed by fluoride-containing dentifrice contributed most to the change in caries severity. <9> UI - 87079428 AU - Spencer AJ TI - Past association of fluoride vehicles with caries severity in Australian adolescents. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Oct;14(5):233-7 AB - Clarification of future changes in caries severity depends upon the identification and quantification of factors associated with past changes in caries severity. The present study quantified the association of three fluoride vehicles with caries severity in Australian adolescents between 1965 and 1978. The three fluoride vehicles were fluoridated water supplies, fluoride supplements and fluoride containing dentifrice. All three fluoride vehicles were significantly associated with caries severity over the period 1965 to 1978. The direction of the associations were all negative, while the magnitude of the regression coefficients indicated that the most important association was with fluoridated water supplies, followed by fluoride supplements, then fluoride containing dentifrice. <10> UI - 87051053 AU - Young W TI - Targeting preventive services in the Saskatchewan Dental Plan. SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1986 Oct;52(10):827-30 <11> UI - 86315626 AU - Wikner S TI - Short term effect of mechanical plaque control on salivary concentration of S. mutans and lactobacilli. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1986 Aug;94(4):320-6 AB - All visible plaque was professionally removed from teeth of 40 children who were highly infected with S. mutans and lactobacilli. Shortly before and after the removal of plaque the concentrations of those bacteria were assessed in saliva stimulated by chewing. S. mutans and lactobacilli correlated well at baseline but not after plaque elimination, e.g. more than 80% of children who were heavily infected with S. mutans could be identified by a lactobacillus test at baseline. After the elimination of plaque, the mean concentration of S. mutans dropped by 64% but lactobacilli remained unchanged. The results indicate that oral hygiene measures taken by the patient prior to sampling of saliva may mask the true concentration of salivary S. mutans and complicate the identification of high caries risk patients. <12> UI - 86279270 AU - Stanek EJ 3d AU - Fitzgerald M AU - Ken RR AU - Matteson S AU - Phillips C TI - The relationship between the dentist's year of graduation and ordering of bitewing radiographs. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1986 Jul;113(1):42-6 AB - This article reports the results of a survey of general practice dentists on the relationship of the dentist's year of graduation to the ordering of bitewing radiographs for patients. More recent graduates were more likely to indicate ordering the radiographs at 6-month intervals. There were no differences in ordering associated with the dentist's experience. Shorter intervals between ordering were indicated by all dentists for patient groups at high risk of caries. <13> UI - 86295281 AU - Lester KS TI - The future of conservative dentistry. SO - Australian Dental Journal 1986 Apr;31(2):111-6 <14> UI - 86246286 AU - Crossner CG AU - Unell L TI - Salivary lactobacillus counts as a diagnostic and didactic tool in caries prevention. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Jun;14(3):156-60 AB - The usefulness of salivary lactobacillus counts in regular dental care was investigated in 236 13 1/2-yr-old Swedish children for 2 1/2 yr. The average individual preventive care was at least as extensive as the restorative care and the dental health of these children must be considered good with a mean DFS-value of 6.8 at baseline. Nevertheless, it proved possible to reduce caries increment by more than 50%, simply by replacing one NaF-rinsing in school once every 6 months by a saliva sampling session together with subsequent presentation and information of an inoculated and incubated Dentocult dip-slide. The way of determining salivary lactobacillus counts in schoolchildren, as performed in this study, could easily be adopted as a routine part of general care. It proved to be useful for early diagnosis of caries and motivation to home care, and as a supplement to clinical examination it would be a valuable aid in the early selection of high-risk cases as well as identification of low-risk cases, who do not require extensive prevention. <15> UI - 86254032 AU - Jones RB TI - The effects for recall patients of a comprehensive sealant program in a clinical dental public health setting. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1986 Summer;46(3):152-5 AB - The preventive outcomes of a comprehensive sealant program in a dental public health treatment center for low SES children are reported. The Linn County (Iowa) Dental Health Center implemented a comprehensive sealant philosophy in 1978. Since then, virtually all pits and fissures in primary and permanent teeth for all new and recall patients have been sealed. The comprehensive sealant philosophy was formulated following a previously reported Dental Health Center study documenting the negative outcomes of unmet treatment need as a result of the lack of continuity of care for this specific low SES target population. Sealants were evaluated for all recall patients seen over a two-month period. The sealants had been placed six months to six years before the two-month examination period. Ninety-five percent of the sealants were intact for the recall patients. Only 3.3 percent of the sealants were in need of repair or resealing--a procedure easily incorporated into the preventive recall appointment. Only 1.5 percent of the teeth were carious, and to a minor extent. To maintain the total sealant treatment philosophy on repaired and newly erupted teeth for recall patients in the dental public health setting requires on the average approximately five additional minutes per recall appointment. Low SES children are at highest risk to dental caries, but are still not guaranteed access to ongoing preventive services. Sealants are of much greater importance than the usual prophylaxis-fluoride regimen for low SES children displaying more episodic than preventive dental behavior. Comprehensive sealant programs should be considered for all dental public health clinical treatment programs for children. <16> UI - 86224824 AU - Kronmiller JE AU - Nirschl RF AU - Zullo TG TI - An evaluation of pit and fissure caries and caries experience as selection criteria in bitewing examinations for children. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1986 May-Jun;53(3):184-7 AB - One area of particular concern, on behalf of the pediatric dental patient, is the routine use of low doses of ionizing radiation in the form of bitewing radiographs at semi-annual examinations. Patients at high-risk for interproximal caries should receive bitewing examinations at the first clinical evidence of caries. The use of pit and fissure caries as a criterion for determining relative interproximal caries risk may not be reliable in fluoridated communities. <17> UI - 86232373 AU - Heifetz SB AU - Horowitz HS TI - Amounts of fluoride in self-administered dental products: safety considerations for children. SO - Pediatrics 1986 Jun;77(6):876-82 AB - With the increased use of various fluoride preparations for caries prevention, all dental personnel should know their potential toxicity and the margins of safety associated with their use. An understanding of the body's mechanisms for handling fluoride provides a rational basis for assessing the possible risks of excessive fluoride ingestion. Five to 10 g of sodium fluoride is considered a certainly lethal dose for a 70-kg adult. One quarter of the certainly lethal dose can be ingested without producing serious acute toxicity and is known as the safely tolerated dose. Comparisons of certainly lethal and safely tolerated doses for commonly used fluoride agents and procedures show that they can be applied with little or no risk of adverse acute effects, as long as they are used judiciously. If their use is abused, there is a risk of illness or even death. If amounts of fluoride close to the certainly lethal dose are ingested, the speed of initiating proper treatment is critical for survival. Vomiting should be induced, if it is not spontaneous; fluoride-binding liquids, such as milk or liquid or gel antacids, administered; and the patient taken to the nearest hospital for emergency care. Frequent ingestion of low but excessive quantities of fluoride during the period of tooth formation can lead to dental fluorosis. Particular concern is warranted for the ingestion of fluoride-containing toothpastes by young children and the inappropriate use of dietary fluoride supplements in communities with sufficient fluoride already present in drinking water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <18> UI - 86189222 AU - Johnston DW AU - Grainger RM AU - Ryan RK TI - The decline of dental caries in Ontario school children. SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1986 May;52(5):411-7 <19> UI - 86191155 AU - Nordblad A TI - Changes in epidemiologic pattern of dental caries in cohorts of schoolchildren in Espoo, Finland, during a 3-year period. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Apr;14(2):126-7 AB - The purpose of the present study was to establish the distribution of need for treatment of dental caries and also to evaluate the changes in the distribution of DMFT scores in cohorts of schoolchildren aged 7-15 yr. There was a decrease in the proportion of children with high DMFT scores during the study period. The difference was most pronounced at the age of 13 yr. Polarization of the DMFT scores was most obvious at 10 yr, but was also seen at 13 yr. The proportion of patients at risk of caries differs from one age group to another. <20> UI - 86204453 AU - Beck DJ AU - Holborow DW AU - Stokes AN AU - Spears GF TI - The future need for dentists in New Zealand. SO - New Zealand Dental Journal 1986 Apr;82(368):34-8 <21> UI - 86169291 AU - Gift HC AU - Frew RA TI - Sealants: changing patterns. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1986 Mar;112(3):391-2 AB - Although the use of and the attitude toward sealants as a caries-preventive method have improved in the 8-year period between 1974 and 1982, the acceptance still is low, considering the potential value of sealants to patients who are at risk for occlusal caries. More efforts should be directed toward both increasing dentists' and patients' understanding and appreciation of the procedure in preventing caries. It is possible that such a "good sell" has been done with fluorides and oral hygiene that patients do not understand the added value of sealants for the prevention of occlusal caries. Dentists appear to underrate the value of sealants and overrate the value of oral hygiene procedures in the control of caries. Given that some dentists have less-than-positive attitudes toward sealants, it may not be enough to wait for the transmission of knowledge regarding sealants to proceed through the practicing dentist to the patient. Both patient and dentist groups need further appreciation of the value of this procedure if the control of occlusal caries is to be maximized. <22> UI - 86117613 AU - Shwartz M AU - Pliskin JS AU - Grondahl HG AU - Boffa J TI - A deep model of the incidence of dental caries on proximal surfaces. SO - Medical Decision Making 1986 Jan-Mar;6(1):42-8 AB - As a component of an analysis of the benefits of alternative frequencies of bitewing radiographs to detect dental caries, the authors developed and validated a model to generate an individual's probability distribution for new carious lesions in a year. The model postulates two sources of variability in caries incidence--differences in individuals' underlying caries susceptibilities and a random component. The model is used to examine the nature of caries risk over time. The large random fluctuations in an individual's caries susceptibility from year to year, combined with the random nature of caries attack, makes it difficult to predict future caries experience from the individual's caries experience in the recent past. By modeling the process giving rise to observed incidence data rather than focusing directly on the observed data, i.e., by developing a deep rather than a surface model, the authors have elucidated underlying disease dynamics and provided a basis for generalizing from the particular data used to develop the model. <23> UI - 86106105 AU - Boffa J AU - Shwartz M AU - Ash A AU - Pliskin JS AU - Grondahl HG TI - Bilateral dental caries from the individual perspective: a definition and a statistical test for its existence. SO - Caries Research 1986;20(1):91-5 <24> UI - 86126045 AU - Scheinin A AU - Banoczy J AU - Szoke J AU - Esztari I AU - Pienihakkinen K AU - Scheinin U AU - Tiekso J AU - Zimmermann P AU - Hadas E TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. I. Three-year caries activity in institutionalized children. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1985 Dec;43(6):327-47 AB - The aim of this 3-year field study was to assess the value of partial substitution of sucrose with peroral xylitol (14-20 g/day) as a caries-preventive measure (X group) in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment procedures solely (C group). An F dentifrice was used unsupervised in the X and F groups, the former containing 10% xylitol. The C group used customary, predominantly F-free dentifrices distributed by the local health authorities. The final material consisted of 689 institutionalized children (6-11 years). Caries was scored yearly in duplicate by two continuously calibrated teams. At base line the X group had a significantly higher caries prevalence than the F and C groups. The 3-year DMFS increment was 4.2 in the X group, 6.5 in the F group, and 7.7 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSx, 4.9; RSF, 6.6; and RSC, 8.6. It is concluded that dietary xylitol in solid sweets resulted in a lower increment of caries than obtained in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001, covariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants). <25> UI - 86126051 AU - Scheinin A AU - Pienihakkinen K AU - Tiekso J AU - Banoczy J AU - Szoke J AU - Esztari I AU - Zimmermann P AU - Hadas E TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. VII. Two-year caries incidence in 976 institutionalized children. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1985 Dec;43(6):381-7 AB - The aim was to assess caries increment as influenced by partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol (X group) over a 2-year period in comparison with systemic fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment only (C group). The study differed from the 3-year field study of the same series primarily in that existing base-line differences were eliminated because the protocol required that all the new subjects entering the institutions in the 1st year were to be included for a 2-year trial. During this period the number of dropouts was 243 (19.9% of all subjects), the final material consisting of 976 children (6-12 years old). The 2-year DMFS increment was 3.8 in the X group, 4.8 in the F group, and 6.0 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSX, 4.5; RSF, 5.5; and RSC, 7.5. The xylitol regimen resulted in a lower increment of caries than measured in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001; convariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants. <26> UI - 86107179 AU - de Muniz BR TI - Epidemiologic oral health survey of Argentine children. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1985 Dec;13(6):328-33 AB - An epidemiologic oral health survey of 2279 children aged 7-8 and 12-13 was carried out in eight different regions of Argentina using methods and criteria recommended by the WHO. The children examined lived in rural or urban areas and were of Caucasian or Amerindian extraction. Periodontal status showed that 75% of this population had soft deposits, while calculus and gingivitis increased with age. Calculus: 0.4 at 7 yr to 16.1 at 13; gingivitis: 2.7% at 7 yr to 27.2% at 13. At age 8, the mean number of dmf per child was 3.9. The percentage of caries-free children with permanent dentition dropped from 60% at age 7 to 32% at age 13. In Amerindian children, all these parameters were higher. Both the mean dmf and DMF per child were substantially lower in natural fluoride areas than in non-fluoride areas. Data from this first nationwide epidemiologic study in this country provide baseline data for further investigations. According to the data obtained in this study, Argentine regions may be classified as high, medium or low risk areas, although a lack of adequate dental care was found in all regions. With these risk priorities as a guideline, we propose an initial strategy consisting of a carefully planned and selective program of primary dental health care. <27> UI - 86115052 AU - Burt BA TI - The future of the caries decline. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1985 Fall;45(4):261-9 AB - Dental caries declined in prevalence and severity among schoolchildren in the United States during the 1970s, although it still remains a problem in some areas. The decline could have started well before the 1970s, even though it was only recently identified. Caries should continue to decline as long as fluoride use remains around current levels. Use of fluoride toothpaste seems to be increasing. Sugar consumption is stable, although sucrose consumption as a proportion of total sugar consumption is declining. Increased tooth retention is thought to increase the risk of root caries in older persons, but the continued use of fluoride toothpaste should minimize any such increase. The main growth area for fluoride use may be in toothpastes. Monitoring caries trends in the future will require good data on the epidemiology of caries in young and middle-aged adults. <28> UI - 86032373 AU - Scheinin A TI - Field studies on sugar substitutes. SO - International Dental Journal 1985 Sep;35(3):195-200 AB - Four field studies assessing the caries preventive value of partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol or a mixture of xylitol and sorbitol were recently conducted. The trials (in Thailand, Hungary and two in French Polynesia) had certain common features, i.e. protocols approved by the WHO; low intake of polyol(s); non-randomized young study populations, differing baseline caries prevalences between groups; and planned duration of 32-36 months. Analysis of the findings was facilitated through the use of rates to measure caries increments expressed as DMF teeth and surface counts in relation to the numbers of teeth at risk. Irrespective of baseline differences, all studies revealed, in comparison to known methods, that partial substitution of sucrose was associated with a preventive effect. <29> UI - 86017500 AU - Corbin SB AU - Kleinman DV AU - Lane JM TI - New opportunities for enhancing oral health: moving toward the 1990 objectives for the nation. SO - Public Health Reports 1985 Sep-Oct;100(5):515-24 AB - In July 1983, the Assistant Secretary for Health reviewed progress toward achievement of a dozen national objectives in fluoridation and dental health. These 12 objectives, classified under the categories of improved oral health status, reduced risk factors, increased public and professional awareness, improved services and protection, and improved surveillance-evaluation systems, hold promise for improved oral health in this country. It is noteworthy that the objective that 40 percent of 9-year-old children be caries-free in their permanent dentition has been accomplished (51 percent of 9-year-olds were caries-free according to a 1979-80 National Institute of Dental Research study). Still, dental caries is highly prevalent among teenaged children, and gingival and periodontal conditions are highly prevalent among children and adults. A number of highly effective methods are available for preventing dental decay in children as well as adults; they include community or school water fluoridation, the use of multiple forms of supplemental fluorides, avoidance of frequent consumption of foods that are high in sugar content, and the use of adhesive pit and fissure sealants. Personal use and professional provision of these methods in appropriate combinations can contribute significantly to future improvements in oral health. Meticulous personal oral hygiene practices combined with periodic professional care are the currently available means of protecting periodontal health. Through increased collaboration among various governmental, academic, and corporate entities, as well as active participation by individuals, the achievement of a number of these objectives becomes feasible to the benefit of national productivity, health care financing, and the quality of life for Americans. <30> UI - 86009169 AU - Siegal MD AU - Degnan ET TI - Variation among fluoride concentrations of water from domestic wells in a four-county area. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1985 Sep-Oct;52(5):347-52 AB - Water samples from domestic wells in a four-county area of New Mexico were analyzed for fluoride over a twenty-four month period, using a specific ion electrode. Of the 503 nonrandomly selected samples analyzed, 33 (6.6 percent) had less than 0.3 ppm, 372 (73.9 percent) had between 0.3 and 0.7 ppm and 98 (19.5 percent) had greater than 0.7 ppm of fluoride. The Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association considers fluoride concentrations of greater than 0.7 ppm to be acceptable caries preventive levels in drinking water. Variation in fluoride concentration was found at all well depth intervals considered. It is important for dentists, physicians and nurse practitioners to be aware of the potential for variation of fluoride concentrations among domestic wells. When assessing a child's fluoride needs, the fluoride concentration of his or her drinking water must be known in order to optimize the benefits of fluoride supplements and to minimize the risk of enamel fluorosis. The fluoride level of community water systems is generally known by a town's water or health department. Water from domestic wells, however, must be assayed for fluoride on an individual basis to make the determination. <31> UI - 86001937 AU - Douglass CW AU - Gammon MD TI - The future need for dental treatment in Canada. SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1985 Aug;51(8):583-90 <32> UI - 85281819 AU - Katz RV TI - Root caries. Is it the caries problem of the future?. SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1985 Jul;51(7):511-5 <33> UI - 85290240 AU - Pitts NB AU - Renson CE TI - Reproducibility of computer-aided image-analysis-derived estimates of the depth and area of radiolucencies in approximal enamel. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1985 Oct;64(10):1221-4 AB - In vivo studies of caries progression from serial bite-wing radiographs require the reproducible detection and measurement of approximal radiolucencies in enamel; the aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of a new computer-aided image analysis method. Three series of radiographs depicting natural caries lesions were employed: films of 11-12-year-old (Hounslow) schoolchildren, dental students from Hong Kong (HKDS), and extracted Hong Kong teeth (EXT). Each surface was "searched" three times, resulting in data from 450, 600, and 180 searches, respectively. Lesion detection was consistent for all but two of the 1230 searches. Average values for the standard error of the mean (SEM) of triple determinations of depth % were between 2.0 and 3.5%, while the mean SEM for area was from 0.03 to 0.04 mm2. Average test/re-test correlations ranged from 0.963 to 0.871 for depth and from 0.963 to 0.884 for area, while average reliability coefficients ranged from 0.937 to 0.821 for depth and 0.963 to 0.886 for area. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the reproducibility of the two clinical series, with measurements of the Hounslow lesions being more consistent. When compared with the reproducibility of attempts to grade radiolucency size visually, the image analysis method appears to offer considerable advantages, in that consistent estimates of radiolucency size are now possible. This method may facilitate more sensitive assessments of the behavior of lesions over time than has hitherto been possible. <34> UI - 85281743 AU - Kolehmainen L AU - Heinonen OP AU - Haapakoski J TI - Caries prediction and its evaluation in 13 to 15 year-old schoolchildren. SO - Community Dental Health 1985 Mar;2(1):15-21 <35> UI - 85252330 AU - Elderton RJ TI - Six-monthly examinations for dental caries. [Review] [30 refs] SO - British Dental Journal 1985 May 25;158(10):370-4 <36> UI - 85260049 AU - Larmas M TI - Simple tests for caries susceptibility. SO - International Dental Journal 1985 Jun;35(2):109-17 AB - Two major problems dominate today's clinical cariology: although it has been known for centuries that sugar harms teeth this still does not often impinge on personal behaviour; the development of clinical caries is so slow that any snapshot of the present situation does not necessarily predict future caries incidence. Some simple tests have been developed for overcoming these problems in a causally directed diagnostic and therapeutic system of providing dental care. Routine measurement of stimulated salivary flow collected over 5 min objectively reveals the hyposalivation or xerostomic patients and directs them toward careful dental and medical examinations as well as to intensified preventive measures. Measurement of the pH and buffering capacity of the saliva related to a knowledge of the present caries prevalence gives an indication of the caries susceptibility of the patient. A high salivary lactobacillus count reveals in most cases a high frequency of sugar intake (or removable dentures and/or open carious lesions), and a salivary yeast infection is an indicator of reduced salivary flow and removable dentures. Both these microbiological shifts are shown by caries active patients. Using modern dip-slide techniques salivary aciduric lactobacilli and yeasts are easily cultured, and thus the development of new caries lesions may be predicted. Such cultures can also be used in the motivation phases of patient management. These simple tests help the modern dentist to evaluate the risk of future caries development, and to strengthen the motivation in patients to adopt healthy dietary habits. <37> UI - 85254069 AU - Ripa LW TI - The current status of pit and fissure sealants. A review. [Review] [183 refs] SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1985 May;51(5):367-75, 377-80 <38> UI - 85237203 AU - Leverett DH AU - Sveen OB AU - Jensen OE TI - Weekly rinsing with a fluoride mouthrinse in an unfluoridated community: results after seven years. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1985 Spring;45(2):95-100 AB - In the fall of 1975, 1,915 children in grades K through eight began a school-based program of supervised weekly rinsing with 0.2 percent aqueous solution of sodium fluoride in an unfluoridated community in the Finger Lakes area of upstate New York. At baseline and annually thereafter, a random sample of children in grades K through 11 received clinical dental caries examinations. The prevalence of dental caries by grade at each of the follow-up dental examinations was compared to the grade-specific prevalence of dental caries at baseline. Overall, there was a decline of 57.8 percent in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth after seven years of rinsing. Among children in grades K through five, there was a decline of 35.4 percent in the prevalence of caries in primary teeth during the same time period. Tenth and eleventh grade children, after not rinsing for one and two years, respectively, continued to show the same trend toward lower caries prevalence as active rinsers. Caries prevalence among seventh and eighth graders after seven years of rinsing was not significantly different from caries prevalence among seventh and eighth grade lifetime residents of a nearby fluoridated community. A decline in the prevalence of caries in primary teeth among kindergartners prior to rinsing suggests that factors in addition to the mouthrinse program may have contributed to the decline in caries prevalence. <39> UI - 85244582 AU - Smith GE TI - Toxicity of fluoride-containing dental preparations: a review. [Review] [72 refs] SO - Science of the Total Environment 1985 May;43(1-2):41-61 <40> UI - 85245230 AU - Petersson LG AU - Rasmusson CG AU - Hagborg S AU - Isacsson P TI - Fluoride supplemented and non gamma 2 amalgam. A comparative clinical study into the primary and permanent dentition in children. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1985;9(2):49-53 AB - The purpose of the present study has been to test and compare the clinical performance of two dental analgams, a non gamma 2 amalgam (Amalcap) and a fluoride supplemented amalgam (Yata) containing 0,5% fluoride as stannous fluoride. During a period of almost one year, 196 fillings were made on contralateral cavities in primary as well as permanent teeth. The patients, all school children, received on the same occasion, randomly in one side of the mouth the F-supplemented amalgam and, in the corresponding contralateral tooth surface, the non gamma 2 amalgam. After four years of observation, no significant differences were found between the two tested amalgams concerning their clinical qualities such as corrosion, tooth colouration, filling edges, over- and underfilling, isthmus fractures or secondary caries. However, the low number of secondary caries occurring during the test period (2-3%) did not permit any conclusion about the preventive effect of the F-supplemented amalgam against secondary caries to be drawn. Further clinical studies, therefore, will show if fluoride supplemented amalgam is a really effective way to prevent secondary caries. Many categories of patients with extremely long intervals between dental treatments i e military and fleet personnel, certain foreign personnel, some handicapped groups and specific risk ages, as well as other specific intra-oral situations should benefit from filling therapy with fluoride supplemented amalgam. Such studies should be undertaken in order to evaluate the preventive clinical effect from fluoride supplemented amalgams. <41> UI - 85216430 AU - Nordblad A AU - Larmas M TI - A three-year study of caries prevalence, incidence and risk ages in cohorts of schoolchildren in Espoo, Finland. SO - Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1985;81(1):11-6 <42> UI - 85206367 AU - Luoma H TI - Fluoride in sugar. SO - International Dental Journal 1985 Mar;35(1):43-9 AB - Results of caries model studies in vitro and in animals suggest that the tooth-protective potential of fluoride may be best utilized if fluoride is brought to the local caries milieu at the moment of each caries attack. Two clinical trials performed so far indicate that a reduction in caries increment of about 40 per cent can be obtained within 3 years through small (0.5-1.0 mg) daily intakes of fluoride when it is incorporated in highly cariogenic sucrose products or in tablets having a sucrose base. When incorporated in sucrose products, fluoride caused a complete arrest of caries during the third year. There was substantial accumulation of the supplemental fluoride in surface and subsurface enamel beneath the plaque fermenting the F-supplemented sucrose. This may be one of the preventive mechanisms involved. In plaque fluid, the supplemental fluoride, together with fluoride released from the plaque material and by the action of acid on the surface enamel of high fluoride content, may strongly reduce further enamel dissolution and promote its remineralization. Further metabolism of the plaque bacteria including their acid production may also be inhibited. Among the many advantages of using this principle are that: the supplemental fluoride in sugar automatically seeks the caries risk subjects who use sugary products; the amount of fluoride needed per kg of sugar may remain low and thus the risk of excessive intake of fluoride may also be low; the technical process is low in cost and easily performed; and the products are easily distributed nationwide. Furthermore, non-fluoridated sugary products may still be distributed to those who may continue to prefer them. <43> UI - 85219281 AU - Bergendal B AU - Hamp SE TI - Dietary pattern and dental caries in 19-year-old adolescents subjected to preventive measures focused on oral hygiene and/or fluorides. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1985;9(1):1-7 AB - Dietary habits and dental caries were analysed in 95 19-year-old Swedish adolescents who had been subjected to different preventive measures during their late teens. A 24-hour recall was used and showed that the intakes of milk and milk products, meat, fish and eggs accorded with recommended norms but not those of vegetables, fruits and berries, and potatoes and root vegetables. Only 6% of the subjects had eaten the recommended three principal meals during the day tested. At the end of the trial, only weak or moderate correlations were found between snacks, including sucrose snacks, and selected clinical variables. Subjects who did not develop new carious lesions during the experimental 2 years had fewer risk factors, defined as the most negative values (quartile limit) for sucrose snack consumption, tooth cleaning score, lactobacillus count, saliva secretion rate and saliva buffer capacity, than those who developed one or more new lesions. During the experimental period, with an overall low caries incidence, no single factor tested for presumed risk was found to be the discriminating factor for occurrence of dental caries. <44> UI - 85189552 AU - Crall JJ TI - Prevention of oral disease in children: concepts and practices. SO - Pediatric Annals 1985 Feb;14(2):140-1, 144-7 AB - Many of the dental traits exhibit continuous variation due to the multifactorial nature of dental development. Genetic and environmental disorders can result in further variation in specific dental traits. Identification of a dental anomaly can, at times, lead to the initial diagnosis of an underlying disorder and portend the patient's future health risks. Examples include the specific pattern of hypodontia seen before the development of iris dysplasia in Rieger syndrome, and the presence of supernumerary teeth and facial osteomas preceding malignant transformation of intestinal polyps in Gardner syndrome. In addition, dental anomalies can be useful in evaluating a patient's past medical history. A horizontal line of structural alteration in teeth can be used as a kymographic record of the causative metabolic disturbance and help pinpoint the active period of the disturbance. Normal eruption times of primary and permanent teeth also show a broad range of individual variation. Many disorders can cause extreme alterations in the eruption times of primary and permanent teeth or act to cause their premature exfoliation through disruption of their supporting tissues. The disruption of the eruption and integrity of the dentition can function as an indicator of the existent disease state. For example, the early exfoliation of primary teeth may be the presenting symptom of a patient with leukemia. Recognition of dental anomalies, distinct from normal variation can, therefore, be useful to the physician in the diagnosis of a patient's underlying condition and lead to a more thorough understanding of the mechanism of these disorders. <45> UI - 85178129 AU - Widenheim J AU - Lindgren G AU - Granath L AU - Birkhed D TI - Model for the study of the preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in permanent teeth. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1985 Apr;13(2):86-92 AB - The purpose of this study was to elaborate a model for estimating the caries-reducing effect of a preventive measure with due consideration of background factors. The material comprised 50 children, who had consumed NaF tablets regularly during preschool age, and 76 comparable children who had never consumed NaF tablets. They were all examined at 12 and 13 yr of age. Information on caries and, as confounding factors, dietary habits, oral hygiene and microbiologic variables, was obtained on both occasions. Correlations between the parameters and caries, their discriminating effects and interaction between them were studied. The results showed that correction for confounding diminished the crude caries-reducing effect of NaF tablets. Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli turned out to be the strongest confounders to discriminate well as single variables and to behave logically in analyses of interaction. Therefore, these factors are recommended in the first place for inclusion in a correction model. If the material is sufficiently large for a further breakdown, oral hygiene (represented by bleeding on probing) could be added. The model will be used in future studies of the preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in permanent teeth in the same population. <46> UI - 85158627 AU - Bayless JM AU - Tinanoff N TI - Diagnosis and treatment of acute fluoride toxicity. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1985 Feb;110(2):209-11 AB - The literature has shown overwhelmingly that fluoride used for dental prophylaxis presents minimal risks if used appropriately. However, there is an increasing potential for ingestion of toxic doses of fluoride because of the increasing use of pleasant-tasting fluoride products. The ADA has recommended that no more than 120 mg fluoride (264 mg NaF) be dispensed at any one time. As with any medication, fluoride preparations should be prescribed in child-resistant containers, and patients or parents (or both) should be instructed as to the proper daily treatment regimens and the potential for toxic overdoses. Possibly the greatest risk of fluoride intoxication relates to the concentrated fluoride preparations used for professionally applied fluoride treatment (Table 3). Therefore, patients receiving professional topical fluoride treatments should have well-fitting trays with the minimal amount of fluoride necessary to contact the teeth. These patients should be provided with a saliva ejection system, and they should never be left unobserved during the topical application. Health professionals should be aware of the potential toxic effects of fluoride in addition to the well-known caries preventive effects. It is necessary to know how to calculate the amount of fluoride ingested and the emergency treatment recommended to prevent toxic effects in suspected overdose cases. <47> UI - 85125844 AU - Espelid I AU - Tveit A AU - Haugejorden O AU - Riordan PJ TI - Variation in radiographic interpretation and restorative treatment decisions on approximal caries among dentists in Norway. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1985 Feb;13(1):26-9 AB - Of a random sample of dentists in Norway (n = 741), 83% responded to a questionnaire about their use of radiographs in and their opinions and knowledge about the diagnosis of approximal caries. There was great disparity in criteria for initiation of restorative treatment of approximal caries based on radiographic appearance. Two thirds of the dentists would do restorative treatment of lesions confined to enamel, the others would wait until lesions had reached the dentin before treatment was commenced. The criteria for restoration based on radiographic appearance was best correlated with the dentists' opinions about cavity formation. About 20% of the variation in criteria among dentists was explained by the radiographic appearance dentists associated wih the presence of a cavity. The majority of the dentists believed that approximal caries progressed faster than is indicated by progression studies. The interval between recall examinations using radiographs was not consistently shorter for dentists who decided to carry out operative caries treatment at a relatively advanced stage. <48> UI - 85298191 AU - Kleemola-Kujala E TI - Dental caries in children in relation to its determinants. An epidemiological study of Finnish rural children. SO - Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1984;80 Suppl 6:1-81 <49> UI - 85125832 AU - Palin-Palokas T AU - Hausen H AU - Alvesalo L AU - Heinonen OP TI - Risk factors of dental caries in 9-10-year-old mentally retarded Finnish children. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1984 Dec;12(6):376-80 AB - Mentally retarded children from one age cohort and their randomly selected controls in one Finnish county were examined for standard of oral hygiene, and their parents and nurses interviewed for information on dental health habits and for other relevant background information. The mentally retarded consumed sugar containing products less frequently than the mentally normal controls. Toothbrushing and fluoride supply was also less common in the retarded than in the healthy. Among the retarded, the dental health habits were most favorable in registered outpatients and least favorable in administratively unknown retarded not included in special welfare. Differences in dental health habits between these subgroups of the retarded were large. In contrast to the findings in the healthy children, frequency of toothbrushing was not associated with the observed standard of oral hygiene in the mentally retarded. The toothbrushing subgroup of the mentally retarded consumed sugar more frequently than the toothbrushing healthy children and commonly used drugs which reduced saliva flow or promoted gingival hyperplasia. <50> UI - 85125835 AU - Persson LA AU - Stecksen-Blicks C AU - Holm AK TI - Nutrition and health in childhood: causal and quantitative interpretations of dental caries. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1984 Dec;12(6):390-7 AB - The aim of the present study was to suggest a causal model of dental caries and to discuss some quantitative interpretations of this model. Three age groups of children (4, 8 and 13 yr) from three different areas in Sweden were included. The caries status of the children was examined. A 7-day record (4-and 8-yr-olds) and a dietary history (13-yr-olds) were used to estimate food intake. Sociodemographic data and data of caries preventive measures were obtained from parents/children. A causal model of dental caries is suggested and some quantitative interpretations are made by means of path analyses. Hypothetical examples of results of changes in caries determinants are given. <51> UI - 85129546 AU - Chau KK TI - Dentistry in Hong Kong: a look into the past and a glimpse of the future. SO - International Dental Journal 1984 Dec;34(4):249-52 AB - To meet the needs of a population numbering 5.3 million Hong Kong has, until now, relied upon training of their dentists in other countries. A net decline in manpower, predicted 10 years ago, has now become an increase of 85 per cent. Early in 1985, the first graduates will emerge from the new dental school and will make further manpower available. The water in Hong Kong has been fluoridated since 1961. Since then there has been a substantial reduction in dental caries but the treatment need still remains very high. A recent pilot study has shown that both the prevalence and severity of destructive periodontal disease are causes for considerable concern. <52> UI - 85129550 AU - Ross CB TI - Oral health status and tradition in New Zealand. SO - International Dental Journal 1984 Dec;34(4):266-70 AB - New Zealand in the 1930's faced a very high prevalence of caries, particularly in children, and much edentulousness in adults of all ages. There was a very large unmet treatment requirement. This led to the development of two state funded delivery systems--for children by the School Dental Service, and for adolescents by the Dental Benefit Scheme. The treatment of adults was provided in the private sector. A study in 1976 determined the standard of oral health and the treatment needs, and examined public attitudes. Comparison with previous data showed a remarkable reduction in the prevalence of caries and in the level of edentulousness. Children and adolescents had little untreated decay (D = 1.3), few extractions and large numbers of restored teeth (F = 11.9). Adults still had a high level of edentulousness. Generalized gingivitis was present in 6 per cent of the young adult group and in 20 per cent of older adults. Polynesians, the lesser educated and low socio-economic groups had more periodontal disease at all ages. Two of the goals for the year 2000 should be achieved by 1988: i.e. 50 per cent of 5-year-olds should be caries-free and 12-year-olds should have a DMFT of less than 3. Two more goals should be reached by the year 2000, i.e. 85 per cent of those aged 18 should retain all their teeth and there should be a 50 per cent reduction in edentulousness in the age group 34-44.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <53> UI - 85115513 AU - Colquhoun J TI - New evidence on fluoridation. SO - Social Science & Medicine 1984;19(11):1239-46 AB - An overview, developed following a world study tour on fluoridation, is presented. Differences in attitudes and practice in various countries are outlined. Some of the possible reasons for these differences are discussed, together with recent evidence which could change the perceived balance of risks and benefit which determine one's judgement on fluoridation. Such a value judgement is essentially a subjective one, influenced but not determined by scientific knowledge. The fluoridation controversy and the case for fluoridation, in the light of this changed balance, is examined. <54> UI - 85107543 AU - Kolmakow S AU - Nyyssonen V AU - Honkala E TI - Determining the caries at-risk child: Part I--Focal demineralization in children's teeth. SO - Journal of Pedodontics 1984 Fall;9(1):58-66 <55> UI - 85070374 AU - Northway WM AU - Wainright RL AU - Demirjian A TI - Effects of premature loss of deciduous molars. SO - Angle Orthodontist 1984 Oct;54(4):295-329 AB - A statistical exploration of space changes following early loss of deciduous molars, developing a picture of closure from both directions with district differences between upper and lower arch changes. <56> UI - 85025966 AU - Ngim CH AU - Peterson DR AU - Milgrom P TI - Epidemiologic study of dental emergencies among utilizers in an insured population in Washington, USA. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1984 Oct;12(5):337-42 AB - This is a study of the epidemiology of dental emergencies based on information abstracted from the microfilmed dental claim forms of a large American insurance program in 1981-82. Overall, about 4% of all dental visits were classifiable as emergencies. There were significant seasonal and age variations in dental emergencies. There was no variation with respect to geographic regions in the State of Washington (USA) or sex. Paradoxically, residents in regions having fluoridated water supplies were at equal risk of developing dental emergencies due to dental caries, relative to those residing in non-fluoridated regions. There was also no difference in risk associated with insurance deductibles, although generally deductibles are thought to deter first-contact visits. <57> UI - 85031255 AU - Douglass CW AU - Gammon MD TI - The epidemiology of dental caries and its impact on the operative dentistry curriculum. SO - Journal of Dental Education 1984 Oct;48(10):547-55 AB - Existing demographic and epidemiologic data are used to project the number of hours of operative dentistry treatment needed by all age groups in the year 2000. The findings suggest that calls to reduce the operative dentistry curriculum because of a decline in the need for single tooth restorative services may be premature, despite the recent caries decline in children and adolescents. The need for operative dentistry treatment is projected to increase until the 21st century, and the nature of this need has implications for the content of operative dentistry curricula. <58> UI - 84290219 AU - Heifetz SB AU - Horowitz HS TI - The amounts of fluoride in current fluoride therapies: safety considerations for children. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1984 Jul-Aug;51(4):257-69 AB - With the increased use of various fluoride preparations for caries prevention, all dental personnel should know their potential toxicity and the margins of safety associated with their use. An understanding of the body's mechanisms for handling fluoride provides a rational basis for assessing the possible risks of excessive fluoride ingestion. Five to 10 grams of sodium fluoride is considered a Certainly Lethal Dose (CLD) for a 70 kg adult. One quarter of the CLD can be ingested without producing serious acute toxicity, and is known as the Safety Tolerated Dose (STD). CLDs and STDs for most commonly used fluoride agents and procedures show that they can be applied with little or no risk of adverse effects, as long as they are handled judiciously. If their use is abused, there is a risk of illness or even death. If amounts of fluoride close to the CLD are ingested, the speed of initiating proper treatment is critical for survival. Vomiting should be induced, if it is not spontaneous; fluoride-binding liquids, such as milk, administered; and the patient taken to the nearest hospital for emergency care. Frequent ingestion of low, but excessive quantities of fluoride during the period of tooth formation can lead to dental fluorosis. Particular concern is warranted for the ingestion of fluoride-containing toothpastes by young children and the inappropriate use of dietary fluoride supplements in communities with sufficient fluoride already present in drinking water. Parents should brush the teeth of preschool children or, at the very least, dispense only small amounts of toothpaste for them (a pea-size portion). Dentists and physicians should know the fluoride concentration of a patient's water supply before prescribing fluoride supplements. Fluoride preparations should be dispensed in appropriate quantities; labeled with suitable cautionary statements; packaged, when appropriate, with childproof closures or in tearproof materials; and stored in safe locations. Practitioners should use only FDA- or ADA- approved products, employ recommended methods for their delivery; know their toxicity; and be familiar with emergency measures for treating accidental overdosages. The risk of adverse effects is small, when fluorides are handled judiciously. <59> UI - 84234371 AU - Johnsen DC AU - Dixon M TI - Dental caries of primary incisors in children with cleft lip and palate. SO - Cleft Palate Journal 1984 Apr;21(2):104-9 AB - Visual dental examinations were performed on 64 children ages 18 months through 4 years presenting at a Craniofacial Defects Team charged with diagnostic and referral services. Of the 41 children with cleft lip and/or cleft palate, 13 (32%) had dental caries of one or more maxillary primary incisors. One of the remaining 23 children examined experienced caries of the maxillary primary incisors. In incisors of children having clefts of the alveolus, caries tended to correspond to sites of enamel deficiency in caries-free children with alveolar clefts. Caries patterns in children with clefts involving only the palate resembled "nursing carries". Children with clefts are at significant risk for caries of the primary incisors; a dental prevention program is to be emphasized in referring these children for care. <60> UI - 84240578 AU - Minah GE AU - Kula KS AU - Strassler HE TI - Microbiological assessment of dental plaque on bovine enamel implants worn intra-orally in children. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1984 Jul;63(7):1006-9 AB - Nine caries-active children, each from six to nine years old, wore small removable enamel implants intra-orally for four weeks as part of an effort to develop removable model systems for studying dental plaque in fissures. The implants, consisting of two enamel cubes arranged to simulate a fissural space, were cemented in box preparations in stainless steel crowns on pulpotomized primary molars. Upon removal, the fissural spaces were opened to facilitate plaque harvesting. The plaque samples were cultured, and enamel decalcification of the plaque-exposed surfaces was measured. Quantitative microbial values were compared with those of natural fissure plaque samples from both caries-active (CA) and caries-and restoration-free (CF) children, also from six to nine years old. Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguis levels of fissural insert plaque (FI) and natural fissural plaque from (CA) were similar. Both contained higher S. mutans levels than did plaque from (CF). FI harbored higher concentrations of Lactobacillus and Actinomyces species and lower concentrations of Neisseria species. Otherwise, FI plaque resembled natural fissure plaque. Microhardness of FI plaque-exposed enamel decreased significantly compared with pre-experimental values and showed a significant negative correlation with values for total lactobacilli on selective media, and for S. mutans on non-selective media. <61> UI - 84213463 AU - Anonymous TI - Dental sealants in the prevention of tooth decay. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement. SO - Journal - Connecticut State Dental Association 1984 May;58(2):62-9 <62> UI - 84205062 AU - Bohannan HM AU - Bader JD TI - Future impact of public health and preventive methods on the incidence of dental caries. [Review] [45 refs] SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1984 Mar;50(3):229-233 <63> UI - 84213526 AU - Kingman A TI - Stratification methods in caries clinical trials. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1984 May;63 Spec No:773-7 <64> UI - 84213611 AU - Dugoni AA TI - Our future is fantastic. SO - Journal of the American College of Dentists 1984 Spring;51(1):28-34 <65> UI - 84178855 AU - Anonymous TI - Dental sealants in the prevention of tooth decay. NIH Consensus Development Conference summary. SO - British Dental Journal 1984 Apr 21;156(8):295-8 <66> UI - 84196122 AU - Honkala E AU - Nyyssonen V AU - Kolmakow S AU - Lammi S TI - Factors predicting caries risk in children. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1984 Apr;92(2):134-40 AB - Selection of caries-risk groups is difficult and unreliable. In this study we analyzed the known correlates of caries and their interrelations. The subjects (n = 153) were seventh graders (13 yr old) from a school in Kuopio. Data were collected by mail survey (n = 150), from the clinical registers of the local health center (n = 135), and from a saliva test. In the first stage we computed the bivariate correlates between the D-index and its traditionally defined determinants. In the second stage the predictors of caries risk were ranked using discriminant and multiple regression analyses. The bivariate correlates of caries were: DMF-index of the previous year (r = 0.69), D-index of the previous year (r = 0.59), lactobacillus count (r = 0.26), buffer capacity (r = 0.20), and toothbrushing frequency (r = 0.07). In discriminant analyses the DMF-index among girls and the frequency of consumption of sweets among boys were the only significant discriminators. In the multiple regression analyses, however, the final model (P less than 0.001) for girls included: DMF-index of the previous year (beta = 0.64) and lactobacillus count (beta = 0.31). The corresponding model for boys (P less than 0.001) included: DMF-index of the previous year (beta = 0.55) and frequency of consumption of sweets (beta = 0.24). Using these variables, it is difficult to develop a reliable method for determining the caries susceptible groups, but of them, the DMF-index seems the most reliable for predicting caries risk among children. <67> UI - 84196911 AU - Andersson-Wenckert I AU - Blomquist HK AU - Fredrikzon B TI - Oral health in coeliac disease and cow's milk protein intolerance. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1984;8(1):9-14 AB - The oral health of 24 children and adolescents, 19 with coeliac disease (CD) and 5 with cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) were compared with that of 24 randomly selected paired controls. Mineralisation disorders in the form of hypoplasias and/or opacities occurred in 74% of the cases of CD and 68% of their controls. All 5 cases with CMPI had mineralisation disorders, as did 2 of their controls. The disorders usually took the form of opacities, and both these and the hypoplasias were of a mild nature in all the groups. Serious hypoplasias did not occur at all. The caries status was, on average, better in the CD and CMPI groups than in the controls. Recurrent oral lesions occurred with almost the same frequency in the intolerance groups and in the controls. The study, therefore, gave no clear evidence that CD or CMPI involves a significant risk of poorer oral health, provided adequate paediatric and dental care is given. <68> UI - 84157662 AU - Klock B TI - Long-term effect of intensive caries prophylaxis. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1984 Apr;12(2):69-71 AB - The purpose of the present study was to examine the long-term effect of intensive caries prophylaxis. A preventive program mainly based on professional toothcleaning was demonstrated to be highly effective against caries incidence over a 2-yr period. Five years after the termination of the test period 519 subjects, 17-21 yr of age, were reexamined. The results showed that 1) the smooth surface caries prevalence was very low, 2) a high number of the carious lesions became arrested with time, 3) a long-term effect seemed to be obtained in subjects at a high caries risk, and 4) salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli could be used for caries prediction over a 7-yr period. <69> UI - 84159091 AU - Mathewson RJ TI - Restoration of primary teeth with amalgam. SO - Dental Clinics of North America 1984 Jan;28(1):137-43 AB - Dental amalgam used by the dentist as a restorative material should meet the following criteria: (1) a reduced risk of marginal failure with a minimal risk of recurrent caries, (2) resistance to creep and corrosion, and (3) the characteristics for mixing, inserting, and polishing that are optimally duplicated. To achieve these criteria, the optimal amalgam technique includes the use of the following: Rubber dam whenever possible Conservative cavity preparations to offset the amalgam's inherent weak physical properties A high copper alloy combined with the appropriate amount of mercury for optimal plasticity and to reduce susceptibility to creep and corrosion Trituration, precondensation, and condensation methods that are consistently practiced by the dental assistant and dentist A burnishing scheme combined with a subsequent polishing method to complete the final amalgam restoration. <70> UI - 84136601 AU - Anonymous TI - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development conference Statement. Dental sealants in the prevention of tooth decay. SO - Journal of Dental Education 1984 Feb;48(2 Suppl):126-31 <71> UI - 84226196 AU - Lichton IJ AU - Bullard LR AU - Sherrell BU TI - A conspectus of research on nutritional status in Hawaii and western Samoa--1960-1980 with references to diseases in which diet has been implicated. [Review] [75 refs] SO - World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics 1983;41:40-75 <72> UI - 84127632 AU - Carr LM TI - Dental health of children in Australia 1977-1982. SO - Australian Dental Journal 1983 Oct;28(5):269-76 <73> UI - 84083185 AU - Petersen PE TI - Dental health among workers at a Danish chocolate factory. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1983 Dec;11(6):337-41 AB - All workers (n = 59) at a Danish chocolate factory were given a questionnaire in order to study dental health behavior and self-assessment of dental health. Regular dental visits at least once a year was reported by 71% of the respondents. Toothbrushing at least twice a day was claimed by most of the workers, but only a few reported to brush their teeth daily at work. One fourth declared that they often consumed chocolate at their working place. Good dental and gingival conditions were only reported by 25% and in correspondence with this, nearly one third claimed to have had much or a great deal of trouble with their teeth. Mean DMFS increased from 22.7 in the age group 16-19 yr to 106.7 among persons 40 yr of age or more. In the age group 20-39 yr half of the teeth present had gingivitis and calculus and among the older individuals half of the teeth had gingivitis and pockets deeper than 5 mm. Chocolate workers were considered a high risk group. <74> UI - 84034953 AU - Messimer S AU - Hickner J TI - Oral fluoride supplementation: improving practitioner compliance by using a protocol. SO - Journal of Family Practice 1983 Nov;17(5):821-5 AB - Despite its proven benefit, oral fluoride supplementation has received little attention in the family practice literature. This study describes how one academically affiliated family practice, staffed by physicians knowledgeable in fluoride supplementation, failed to prescribe fluoride appropriately until a specific protocol was developed. Initially a pilot study consisting of a chart review and a mail and telephone survey was performed. The results indicated a compliance problem involving the physicians as much as the patients. Next, a detailed protocol for improving fluoride supplementation was developed that delegated responsibilities not only to the physicians but also to the receptionists, the nurses, and a physician's assistant. The protocol was initiated in July 1982. From July to October 1982, 40 at-risk children visited the clinic for assorted health care needs. A follow-up chart audit on these children revealed that 23 (58 percent) were currently taking fluoride, and 27 families (79 percent) had had their wells checked for fluoride. This study demonstrates the advantage of using a protocol with a team approach for increasing compliance with respect to oral fluoride supplementation. <75> UI - 84027548 AU - Schroder U AU - Granath L TI - Dietary habits and oral hygiene as predictors of caries in 3-year-old children. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1983 Oct;11(5):308-11 AB - The value of defined levels of oral hygiene and dietary habits for predicting caries was investigated. The material comprised 143 3-yr-olds. Three levels of oral hygiene and dietary habits, respectively, were used. Oral hygiene was registered as gingival status. Dietary habits were recorded by interview. Two groups were then formed by pooling stepwise the caries data for the nine possible combinations of oral hygiene and dietary habits and setting the most discriminating border, screening level, where the properties sensitivity and specificity simultaneously reached their highest value. Children with clean teeth, irrespective of dietary habits, and children with suitable dietary habits, provided they did not have general gingivitis with bleeding, might be regarded as no caries risks, while children with other combinations of oral hygiene and dietary habits were caries risks. The difference in decayed surfaces between the two groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). The sensitivity was 0.89 and the specificity 0.70. The predictive value of a negative test (0.91) was higher than that of a positive test (0.64). <76> UI - 83217405 AU - Dulac MH AU - Ivory J AU - Horowitz AM TI - Working with non-dental groups to influence adoption of self-applied fluoride programs in schools: one approach. SO - Journal of School Health 1983 Mar;53(3):184-8 AB - Although the use of self-applied fluorides in schools has been proven safe and effective, thousands of children are not benefiting from these procedures. This paper describes a dual promotional approach designed to increase the awareness of the need for school-based self-applied fluoride programs. A manned exhibit providing consultation and educational materials was displayed during the entire meeting of a state PTA and was supplemented by a presentation scheduled on the formal program. The workshop participants were parents of school-age children; most held decision-making positions in their local PTAs. Results of the workshop to date include: one participant prevented the demise of an established fluoride mouthrinsing program in her community; and the workshop leaders presented the merits of school-based self-applied fluoride programs to a local PTA and a county school health council. The same programs were described in a county PTA newsletter. These actions suggest that, given the appropriate information and assistance, parents of school children through their PTA can influence adoption of school-based fluoride programs. Furthermore, strategies directed toward members of other groups with an interest and decision-making role in children's health may be effective methods of influencing adoption of school-based self-applied fluoride programs and ultimately promoting children's oral health. <77> UI - 83130388 AU - Holm AK AU - Andersson R TI - Enamel mineralization disturbances in 12-year-old children with known early exposure to fluorides. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1982 Dec;10(6):335-9 AB - Enamel changes and caries experience were studied in 134 12-year-old children with a known early exposure to fluoride tablets and/or fluoride containing toothpaste. The influence of birth weight and breast-feeding period was also analyzed. A clinical intact enamel was found in 32% of the children. Enamel fluorosis was found in 45% and localized opacities or hypoplasias in 40%. Children who had consumed fluoride tablets for a period of at least 12 months from the age of 6 months ran a 5.4 times greater risk of developing enamel fluorosis than children with no such consumption. No such risk could be shown in children who at 6 or 12 months of age started to use fluoride toothpaste. There was no statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of smooth surface caries or fillings in children with an exposure to fluoride tablets. <78> UI - 83130389 AU - Rise J AU - Haugejorden O AU - Birkeland JM TI - Relationship between caries prevalence and incidence among adolescents. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1982 Dec;10(6):340-4 AB - The purpose of this study was 1) to determine the strength and direction of the association between caries prevalence at 13-14 years of age and subsequent caries increments and 2) to assess the goodness of fit of a multivariate model to caries increments from age 13 1/2 to 20. Two sets of data were used. The first consisted of treatment records for 114 children from an incremental dental care program. They were divided into high and low caries prevalence groups at ages 13 and 14 and 2-and 3-year caries increments were calculated. Unstandardized regression coefficients and Pearson's r were used to determine the relationship between baseline caries prevalence and subsequent caries increments. This relationship was consistently positive in the low prevalence group, but changed to negative in the high prevalence group. This change of direction is most likely attributable to saturation with regard to caries. The second material comprised 20-year-old military recruits for 90 of whom treatment records were available from age 13 1/2. Caries prevalence at 13 1/2 years of age was by far the most important predictor of caries increment from age 13 1/2 to 20. The multivariate model provided a good fit to the empirical data (R2 = 37.4%). It was concluded that the interpretation of the results of clinical and field trials of anticaries agents may be complicated due to a saturation phenomenon if adolescent subjects with high caries prevalence of baseline are used. <79> UI - 83130387 AU - Mileman P AU - Purdell-Lewis D AU - van der Weele L TI - Variation in radiographic caries diagnosis and treatment decisions among university teachers. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1982 Dec;10(6):329-34 AB - Twelve duplicated bitewing radiographs of clinical quality were viewed under controlled conditions by 42 dentists in a teaching department. The dentists noted surfaces with initial caries or with caries in need of treatment. The radiographs were rediagnosed by 20% of the dentists to determine inter- and intra examiner reliability. A norm for the validity of lesion presence in enamel or dentin was applied. The variation in surfaces indicated for treatment is illustrated by: mean 40, s.d. 16, min. 13 and max. 89 for the 42. The mean proportion of true positive filling decisions in percentages was 67, s.d. 18, the mean proportion of false positive filling decisions was 22, s.d. 22. A large individual variation was found in this study. The dental teachers saw less caries present than the norm but some indicated more fillings needed than dentin caries present. It is suggested that care in the educational process should be given to developing appropriate caries treatment criteria. Factors conducive to preventively orientated treatment decisions in the clinical situation need further attention. <80> UI - 83051997 AU - Kleemola-Kujala E AU - Rasanen L TI - Relationship of oral hygiene and sugar consumption to risk of caries in children. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1982 Oct;10(5):224-33 AB - The associations of dental caries with poor oral hygiene and high sugar consumption were analyzed taking into account possible confounding and factor interaction. The series consisted of 543 children from low-fluoride areas (0.10-0.46 parts/10(6)), aged 5, 9 and 13 years. Plaque accumulation and sugar consumption were slightly confounded throughout the observations. Effect-modification appeared to exist, since the effect of one factor was greater at higher levels of the other. The association between the amount of plaque and dental caries was statistically significant at all levels of sugar consumption. With increasing total sugar consumption the risk of caries increased significantly only when oral hygiene was simultaneously poor. Effect estimates (E) and attributable risk estimates (AR) were calculated for increased plaque accumulation and sugar consumption. For the total sets of tooth surfaces in the various age groups, the proportions of the total caries load associated with increased plaque accumulation were 35.2-63.0%, and those associated with higher total sugar consumption 0.7-5.4%. The fractions varied greatly with the tooth group. The effect estimates for the two factors in combination were always greater than the sums of the separate effects, indicating synergistic interaction between the two caries determinants. <81> UI - 83032359 AU - Schilder H TI - The current status of clinical endodontics. SO - Journal of Endodontics 1982 Sep;8(9):389-90 <82> UI - 82260313 AU - Shannon IL TI - Fluoride treatment programs for high-caries-risk patients. SO - Clinical Preventive Dentistry 1982 Mar-Apr;4(2):11-20 <83> UI - 82264435 AU - Eichler HG AU - Lenz K AU - Fuhrmann M AU - Hruby K TI - Accidental ingestion of NaF tablets by children--report of a poison control center and one case. SO - International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, & Toxicology 1982 Jul;20(7):334-8 AB - Accidental ingestion by children of NaF tablets for caries prophylaxis is a frequent event. However, our own experience from the Poison Information Centre in Vienna and reports from other centers show that these accidents usually do not present a serious risk. The mechanism of fluoride toxicity and symptoms of poisoning are briefly reviewed. The case of a boy who died after ingesting 16 mg fluoride/kg, but whose cause of death is not certain beyond doubt, is discussed. <84> UI - 82184340 AU - Spencer AJ AU - Eklund SA TI - Prediction of mean caries experience of samples of the Australian population. SO - Caries Research 1982;16(2):103-11 <85> UI - 82176017 AU - Seppa L AU - Tuutti H AU - Luoma H TI - Three-year report on caries prevention of using fluoride varnishes for caries risk children in a community with fluoridated water. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1982 Apr;90(2):89-94 AB - The benefit of semiannual application of the sodium fluoride varnish Duraphat and the silane fluoride varnish Fluor Protection was studied in 11--13-year-old children with high caries activity and life-long exposure to fluoridated drinking water (1--1.2 parts/10(6)). Annual clinical and radiographic examinations were made of 62 children in the Duraphat group and 70 children in the Fluor Protector group. Fluoride varnish was applied semiannually using the half-mouth technique. After 3 years, for the Duraphat group mean total DMFS increments on the control side were 6.2 and on the test side 4.3 (P less than 0.001); for the Fluor Protector group the DMFS increments were 4.9 and 4.4, respectively (NS). The caries reductions were 30% and 11%. Since there were no differences between initial mean DMFS scores of the groups, it is possible that the increment in the Fluor Protector control side compared to the Duraphat control side was due to fluoride ions from Fluor Protector crossing the midline and providing protection on the control side as well. Therefore, we conclude that Duraphat proved effective, but definite conclusion of the effect of Fluor Protector cannot be made. Children with the highest DMFS increment on the control side (Duraphat) gained most from the applications. <86> UI - 82143171 AU - Hamp SE AU - Johansson LA TI - Dental prophylaxis for youths in their late teens. I. Clinical effect of different preventive regimes on oral hygiene, gingivitis and dental caries. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1982 Jan;9(1):22-34 <87> UI - 82120710 AU - Dyer JR AU - Shannon IL TI - MFP versus stannous fluoride mouthrinses for prevention of decalcification in orthodontic patients. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1982 Jan-Feb;49(1):19-21 AB - Twenty-two orthodontic patients in the eleven to fifteen-year age-group participated in a one-year fluoride rinsing program. A 0.1 percent SnF2 solution was compared to a MFP solution containing an equivalent amount of fluoride. A laboratory study evaluated the enamel solubility reducing capacities of the two solutions. Enamel solubility reduction by a two-minute treatment with 0.1 percent SnF2 was 77.8 percent; that for MFP solution was only 13.1 percent. Rinsing daily with SnF2 prevented decalcification completely in twelve patients; two of ten patients rinsing with MFP developed new decalcification during orthodontic treatment. Thus, SnF2 was more effective than MFP in both the laboratory and clinical phases of the study. These results support the requirement for frequent applications, if patients are at advanced risk, and suggest that the method of treatment is at least as important as the choice of specific fluoride. <88> UI - 82137754 AU - Crossner CG TI - Salivary lactobacillus counts in the prediction of caries activity. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1981 Aug;9(4):182-90 AB - The aim of the study was to investigate the reliability and clinical value for prediction of caries activity of determining the number of lactobacilli in saliva, the salivary secretion rate and the presence of yeasts in the saliva. For this purpose one entire age group of pupils (115 14-year-olds) attending one of the compulsory 9-year comprehensive schools in Orebro was selected for longitudinal examination. Over a period of 64 weeks three clinical recordings were made and seven salivary samples were collected. The correlations between caries activity, caries frequency (DFS), lactobacillus counts, yeasts in saliva, salivary secretion rate and gingivitis were examined. The results showed that in spite of a well-organized dental health service, including adequate preventive measures, a pronounced variation in caries activity remained and thus a means of predicting the onset of caries would be a valuable asset. Statistically significant correlations were found between caries activity on the one hand and caries frequency and lactobacillus counts on the other. The lactobacillus count was found to be a suitable measure in predicting caries activity. It was concluded that the lactobacillus count should be used for caries prediction in healthy, properly treated patients. It is important that there are no areas of microbial retention on the teeth such as open carious lesions, poorly executed restorations, dentures or orthodontic bands. In such situations, the lactobacillus count seems to reflect the frequency of ingested fermentable carbohydrates and thus, indirectly, the risk of initiating carious lesions. <89> UI - 82107977 AU - Coombs JA AU - Silversin JB AU - Rogers EM AU - Drolette ME TI - The transfer of preventive health technologies to schools: a focus on implementation. SO - Social Science & Medicine - Part A, Medical Sociology 1981 Dec;15(6):789-99 <90> UI - 81238733 AU - Ainamo J AU - Ainamo A TI - Prevention of periodontal disease in the mixed dentition. [Review] [40 refs] SO - International Dental Journal 1981 Jun;31(2):125-32 AB - It seems that gingivitis is rare in the primary dentition but reaches a high prevalence by the early teens. The actual onset of gingival inflammation thus occurs in primary school children, i.e. during the time period of the mixed dentition. Analyses of high risk groups clearly indicate that they already exist at primary school level, and also, that children belonging to the high-gingivitis group seldom belong to the high-caries group at the same time. Without exception, interview studies seem to indicate a general ignorance of the symptoms as well as of the possibilities or even the need for treatment of early periodontal disease. In order to improve the attitudes among the general public to periodontal health care, a campaign should be initiated with the aim of making it perfectly clear to everyone, starting at the age of primary school children, that bleeding from the gums while brushing the teeth is undesirable, easily cures and preventable. [References: 40] <91> UI - 81216313 AU - Goldberg J AU - Tanzer J AU - Munster E AU - Amara J AU - Thal F AU - Birkhed D TI - Cross-sectional clinical evaluation of recurrent enamel caries, restoration of marginal integrity, and oral hygiene status. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1981 May;102(5):635-41 AB - Both marginal quality and oral hygiene status have strong effects on the risk of recurrent caries. Although there was no statistically significant interaction between these two parameters in this study, the influence of each variable was dependent on its severity. There is a difference between the behavior or the likelihood of recurrent caries on occlusal surfaces as compared with smooth surfaces. On the smooth surfaces, there is a continued increased risk with decreasing marginal quality; the occlusal surfaces, however, show no change in vulnerability beyond a modified marginal quality score of 3. Variation in oral hygiene had a more pronounced effect on the probability of recurrent caries of restorations with moderate margin scores than it did on restorations with either very poor or very good cavosurface margins. This work further emphasizes the importance of technically good restorative care at the operative visit, which, coupled with conscientious oral hygiene, should have a positive effect on increasing the longevity of restorations and decreasing the need for replacement. <92> UI - 81185710 AU - Anonymous TI - Analyzing selected criticisms of water fluoridation. SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1981 Mar;47(3):i-xii <93> UI - 81068697 AU - Christensen J TI - Better oral health for children--the Danish model. SO - International Dental Journal 1980 Sep;30(3):269-75 AB - Since 1972 a public, fully subsidized municipal school dental service has been established in Denmark. The school dental service comprises general and individual preventive measures, regular dental examinations and all odontological treatment needed to keep the masticatory system in a good functional order. At the same time a recording system for the oral health of children was established. Information from the school dental service and private practitioners on the oral condition of children is passed to the dental division of the National Health Board. The statistics, published once a year, have proved extremely valuable for evaluation and planning purposes. The school dental service on a nationwide scale has been in function for too short a time to allow a final conclusion to be drawn. However, a positive trend in the caries experience of children may already be seen as a possible result. The importance of a regular dental service for children and of regular visits to a dentist for adults is illustrated. The problems arising when children leave school and pass from the school dental service to the National Health Insurance System are discussed. <94> UI - 80228395 AU - Leske GS AU - Ripa LW TI - Ethical and legal considerations associated with clinical field trials. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1980 Jul;59(Spec Issue C):1243-53 AB - As members of a hypothetical review board, we have evaluated the protocol of a clinical caries trial following the recommendations proposed by the National Commission. The potential risks to the subjects were described as well as the potential benefits that both the participants and society might derive from the study. A new element of the institutional review process was the determination of the scientific validity of the study. The Commission was cautious in indicating that, while such a review should be conducted, studies of marginal scientific importance might be allowed, as long as the risks were minimal. Clinical studies of cariostatic agents traditionally use children as subjects. The rights of children as research subjects were addressed in detail by the Commission. Its recommendation that "assent" of the children be secured is significant. Nevertheless, the Commission distinguished between consent and assent. Consent of parents must be actively secured while assent of the children is acquired by their passive acquiescence to participation. We have raised questions at a practical level throughout this presentation in order to stimulate discussion. These questions, however, do not have simple answers. In the time remaining, we trust the complex issues involved will be discussed further. <95> UI - 80228401 AU - Stamm JW TI - Applying ethical guidelines in the conduct of children's dental caries surveys. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1980 Jul;59(Spec Issue C):1274-88 <96> UI - 80177946 AU - Rise J AU - Birkeland JM AU - Haugejorden O AU - Blindheim O AU - Furevik J TI - Identification of high caries risk children using prevalence of filled surfaces as predictor variable for incidence. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1979;7(6):340-5 AB - The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of prevalence of filled surfaces at 9 years of age as a screening criterion for prediction of future caries incidence. Retrospective data were available for 114 children who had participated in an incremental dental care program from 7 to 16 years of age. There was a significant positive correlation between prevalence of filled surfaces (FS) at age 9 and increment of surfaces filled during the subsequent 7 years. Thus only 13% of the variation in increment of surfaces filled was explained by the variation in prevalence of FS. Subjects who had eight or more filled surfaces at 9 years of age were classed as the Expected H-group (22 subjects), while the Real H-group consisted of the 22 subjects who experienced the highest increment of surfaces filled between the ages of 9 and 16. Sensitivity and diagnostic power were both 45%, specificity 87%. While sensitivity decreased with increasing FS score at age 9, specificity and diagnostic power increased. A detailed analysis of the increment of surfaces filled each year from age 11 to 16 revealed that a considerable number of subjects not included in the H-groups also received many fillings. <97> UI - 80103005 AU - Luoma H AU - Nyman A AU - Toivonen A AU - Soderholm S AU - Nuuja T AU - Kantero RL AU - Hassinen ML AU - Jokela M AU - Nummikoski P AU - Ranta H AU - Thesleff I TI - Effect of caries in mentally handicapped children of addition of fluoride and bicarbonate-phosphate to dietary sugar products. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1979 Jun;87(3):197-207 AB - Mentally handicapped children, aged 5--15 years and living in institutions, received fluoride supplement in several sugar products of their diet; in candies, marmalades, jams, fruit juices and in sweet desserts corresponding to 10 mg F as NaF per kg of the sugar (sucrose or glucose) of each product. To two of the four daily candies was also added a NaHCO3 + KH2PO4 mixture (mole ratio 9.8/l, resp.) to substitute for 2.5% of the sugar of the candy. The control children received the respective products without the additives. After stepwise exclusions of subjects for various reasons, e.g. for the absence of permanent teeth, low initial caries activity, strong medication, Down's syndrome, etc., the mean DMFS-increment in the remaining 43 control subjects was 4.5 and in the 41 test subjects 2.6 lesions/100 surfaces at risk, i.e. 42% reduction. Caries arrestment had occurred in these test subjects after the first year, while in the respective controls it was continuously increasing. Among numerous oral and body parameters studied, only surface enamel fluoride in primary teeth was increased by the fluoride supplements and urinary phosphate and calcium excretion decreased. <98> UI - 80082052 AU - Grondahl HG TI - Radiographic caries diagnosis. A study of caries progression and observer performance. SO - Swedish Dental Journal - Supplement 1979;(3):1-32 AB - A detailed index and score system was employed in radiographic studies of the progression of proximal caries during a three and a six year interval after the termination of the regular school dental care. It was demonstrated that the score system offers advantages compared with systems for estimating caries progression only taking into account the number of new lesions, since the former also reveals progression of already existing lesions. Most of the new lesions being developed during a six year interval was found in the enamel. The progression of already existing carious lesions was slow. Fewer new lesions and a slower progression of already existing lesions were found with the increasing age of the patients. Wide variations between observers were found at radiographic examinations of extracted teeth. The influence of such variations on the results of epidemiological caries investigations was elucidated. The importance of minimizing the rate of false positive diagnoses in investigations comparing the caries prevalence between different groups of patients was demonstrated. Data from the dental literature were used to estimate the probabilities of clinical cavities at different extents of the radiographically registered carious lesions. These probabilities were lower, the lower the prevalence of cavities and the smaller the extent of the radiographic lesion. Receiver operating characteristic curves based on the extents of the radiographic carious lesions were employed in assessing optimal criteria for restorative treatment, taking into account the prevalence of carious cavities and the costs of errors in the decision-making. The lower the cavity prevalence and the higher the cost of overtreatment, the greater the extent of the radiographic lesion that should be used as criterion for restorative treatment. The results of radiographic examinations of carious lesions were found to be greatly influenced by information given to the examiners and by the opinions of other observers. Such an influence, if occurring in epidemiological investigations, may give misleading results. Different densities in radiographs of different groups of patients to be compared may also give rise to inaccurate results. Ways of minimizing the influence of observer variations are discussed. <99> UI - 80027925 AU - Gomes BC AU - Gold SB AU - Baer PN AU - Pesta S TI - Importance of combined periodontal and acid-etch composite treatment in restoration of anterior teeth and periodontal health. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1979 Nov;99(5):834-5 AB - Severely fractured, hypoplastic, and carious mandibular anterior teeth in a 17-year-old patient precluded the ability to use adequate methods of control of plaque. With simple, inexpensive techniques, periodontal health was restored and a functional and esthetic occlusion was provided. This treatment plan was accomplished with minimal risk of injuring the pulps of the teeth. <100> UI - 79215352 AU - Holloway PJ AU - Downer MC TI - The benefit of preventive procedures for high risk groups. SO - International Dental Journal 1979 Jun;29(2):118-24 AB - The clinical effectiveness of many caries prophylactic agents has been demonstrated but their public health value questioned from the viewpoint of economic efficiency. However, some groups within the population may have enhanced response to certain agents and for these subjects a more acceptable cost-value situation may occur. The effectiveness of agents may be measured by the extent to which they reduce operative treatment need. Therefore by costing treatment carried out in both groups in a clinical trial and adding, for the test group, the cost of prevention, the cost effectiveness of treatment plus prevention compared with treatment alone can be investigated. A computer was programmed to estimate from DMFS data, maintenance treatment carried out during clinical trials and that needed at the end to render subjects free of caries. Treatment was costed on the Resource Related Index. In an examination of two experimental clinical trials among adolescents it was found that supervised daily brushing in school with MFP dentifrice produced a 25 per cent reduction in DMFS over three years, but cost six and a half times as much as the operative treatment saved. However, for a high risk group of girls the cost was only two and a half times as much. When APF topical applications by hygienists were added to the same brushing programme it became even less economically efficient. Neither experimental programme was cost-effective for any group unless a weighting factor was introduced to take account of the desirablity of a sound as opposed to a filled tooth. <101> UI - 79089262 AU - Englander HR AU - DePaola PF TI - Enhanced anticaries action from drinking water containing 5 ppm fluoride. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1979 Jan;98(1):35-9 AB - Dental examinations were conducted on 1,878 adolescent schoolchildren native to seven US cities in five states, where the water was fluoride-deficient, fluoridated, or contained approximately 5 ppm of naturally occurring fluoride. Dental caries experience was considerably lower in all the communities with fluoridated water than in Boston, which had water deficient in fluoride, and ranged from 38% to 83% fewer mean DMF for the children in the regions with fluoridated water than for the children in Boston. Moreover, dental caries experience was significantly lower in Midland, Tex (5 to 7 ppm fluoride) than in each of the four cities with fluoridated water, and approximately 50% of the children in Midland had no caries. This report provides strong evidence that a much greater protection against human dental caries can result from a higher concentration of fluoride than is customarily recommended as best for prevention of caries. Fluoridating community waters to concentrations higher than 1 to 2 ppm fluoride, however, is not suggested because of the high risk of producing unesthetic enamel fluorosis. <102> UI - 79038592 AU - Granath LE AU - Schroder U TI - Explanatory model for the interaction of factors in the caries process. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1978;36(4):253-6 AB - The interaction of factors in the caries process has recently been discussed in a number of articles. Based on this, a new explanatory model has been constructed, consisting of an equilateral triangle with one of the apices on a horizontal line, along which dietary and oral hygiene habits are scaled. The triangle represents the total area of interaction. A horizontal line of resistance cuts off a lower part corresponding to the area within which caries does not occur. Through planogeometric calculations the remaining part of the triangle can be divided into areas, approximately corresponding to the relative caries values of various combinations of dietary and oral hygiene habits. The model has proved to be a useful instrument for demonstrating and creating an understanding of interactive processes among various groups of dental health personnel. The example presented is based on a pilot study of 55 4-year-old children in Malmo. <103> UI - 78242788 AU - Brannstrom M AU - Nordenvall KJ TI - Bacterial penetration, pulpal reaction and the inner surface of Concise enamel bond. Composite fillings in etched and unetched cavities. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1978 Jan;57(1):3-10 AB - The sealing properties of resin-composite resin material applied to acid-etched cavities and adjacent enamel were studied in 40 contralateral tooth pairs. This treatment was found to reduce considerably the risk of ingrowth of microorganisms from the surface of the tooth. The resin material did not have any appreciable irritative effect on the pulp; the same was true for the etching procedure. Etching of lateral enamel walls and margins with an acid gel after the application of a liner on dentinal walls was considered to be the procedure recommended before the application of the combination of unfilled resin and composite resin. <104> UI - 78189853 AU - Worthington HV AU - O'Mullane DM TI - Covariance analysis (for comparison of caries increments) in clinical trials of caries-prophylactic agents. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1978 Mar;6(2):43-6 AB - The validity of the assumptions of linearity, parallelism and homogeneity underlying the use of covariance analysis were tested using data from two 3-year clinical trials of caries-prophylactic agents in which over 900 children aged 11-12 years participated. Three covariables were used; initial DMFS (IDMFS), initial surfaces at risk (ISAR) and IDMFS X ISAR/IDMFS + ISAR. For all three covariables the assumptions of linearity and parallelism could not be rejected. However, wide departures from the assumption of homogeneity were found, and it was concluded that analysis of covariance was not appropriate for comparing the caries increments investigated. <105> UI - 78189863 AU - Zadik D TI - Epidemiology of dental caries in 5-year-old children in Israel. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1978 Mar;6(2):91-6 AB - The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the earliest age at which children were organized as a group in the national education system and to find possible associations with variables that may help to identify "groups at risk" in this population. A total of 965 children, 5 years old, were examined. They were selected by a method to form a representative sample of all West Jerusalem compulsory kindergarten classes in 1971. Caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene were assessed and demogrphic data were collected. It was found that 84% of the children were affected with mean dif value of 4.7 (+/- 3.6). Association was found between caries and social class. The high morbidity suggests that organized services should be planned for this age group. Since the resources are limited, efforts should be directed mainly towards "groups at risk". <106> UI - 78103646 AU - Dowell TB AU - Teasdale J TI - A preventive scheme for infants. SO - British Dental Journal 1978 Feb 21;144(4):117-8 <107> UI - 78130421 AU - Downer MC AU - Holloway PJ AU - Davies TG TI - Efficiency of clinical trials: selective inclusion of study subjects. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1977 Oct;56 Spec No:C123-9 <108> UI - 78130422 AU - Adkins BL TI - Methodological developments for clinical trials. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1977 Oct;56 Spec No:C130-5 <109> UI - 78130432 AU - Bookstein FL AU - DePaola PF TI - A potential model for the interaction of enamel fluoride and plaque in the development of dental caries. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1977 Oct;56 Spec No:C40-5 AB - A model relating caries to surface enamel fluoride and plaque has been derived by exploratory data analyses. Since the model was obtained a posteriori, it is best viewed in qualitative terms as a hypothesis for future testing. The model prompts a re-evaluation of expectations relative to the effects of surface enamel apatitic fluoride, and a consideration that the effectiveness of a given measure of fluoride may vary as a function of inherent challenge. Thus, further studies are needed, aimed at quantifying the parameters of resistance and challenge, and characterizing the relationship between them. <110> UI - 78039381 AU - Shannon IL TI - A self-treatment program of chemical preventative dentistry for high-risk patients. SO - Arizona Dental Journal 1977;23(1):19, 26-9 <111> UI - 77119115 AU - Dreizen S AU - Brown LR AU - Daly TE AU - Drane JB TI - Prevention of xerostomia-related dental caries in irradiated cancer patients. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1977 Feb;56(2):99-104 AB - Three caries preventative regimens: oral hygiene; oral hygiene and topical fluoride; and oral hygiene, typical fluoride, and sucrose restriction were evaluated in patients with cancer given xerostomia-producing radiotherapy. The oral hygiene-fluoride gel combination was remarkably effective in protecting these high risk patients from caries, regardless of the cariogenicity of the diet. <112> UI - 77056808 AU - Mishkin DJ AU - Akers JO AU - Darby CP TI - Congenital neutropenia. Report of a case and a biorationale for dental management. SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 1976 Dec;42(6):738-45 AB - Congenital neutropenia is characterized by a marked decrease in or lack of circulating PMN's in children with no prior history of drug intake. The neutropenia is persistent and the clinical course is one of early onset of severe, recurrent, and eventually fatal infections. Bone marrow studies show a maturation arrest of neutrophilic precursors. Because of their greatly increased susceptibility to infection, patients with congenital neutropenia present a difficult dental management problem. A case of congenital neutropenia has been presented, as well as a biorationale for dental treatment. On the basis of reports in the literature, the following recommendations for the management of patients with congenital neutropenia are made: 1. The prevention and control of infection and the interception of dental disease before