Database: EMBASE <: international biomedical and pharmaceutical literature, 1988 - Jun 2000. [Trial access until 3/2001. Feedback welcome to medical.library@umich.edu] Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-153 From Set 66): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 exp Tooth demineralization/ 7624 2 demineralization.mp. 889 3 caries.mp. 1810 4 caires.mp. 0 5 craies.mp. 0 6 careis.mp. 1 7 carise.mp. 0 8 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 32 9 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 31 10 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 54 11 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 14 12 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 6 13 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 59 14 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 58 15 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 47 16 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 0 17 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 1 18 (active adj decay).mp. 5 19 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 4 20 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 3 21 (white adj spot:).mp. 226 22 carious.mp. 110 23 cariology.ti,ab. 2 24 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 0 25 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 1 26 Tooth remineralization/ 800 27 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 7 28 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 3 29 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 1 30 caries-free.mp. 28 31 cariesfree.mp. 0 32 Cariogenic agents/ 3 33 precavit:.mp. 2 34 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 46 35 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 9 36 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 4 37 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 1 38 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 4 39 dft.mp. 560 40 dfs.mp. 992 41 dmf:.mp. 1254 42 cariogeni:.mp. 166 43 or/1-42 12451 44 Dental plaque/ 818 45 ((tooth or teeth or dent:) adj3 (placque or plaque)).mp. 950 46 or/43-45 12522 47 Streptococcus mutans/ 769 48 mutans.mp. 994 49 theileria.mp. 450 50 48 not 49 982 51 47 or 50 982 52 "S.".mp. 204485 53 "Str.".mp. 1164 54 strep:.mp. 58892 55 exp Streptococcus/ 19839 56 or/52-55 256574 57 cricetus.mp. 46 58 rattus.mp. 520 59 sobrinus.mp. 208 60 or/57-59 747 61 56 and 60 278 62 47 or 50 or 61 1129 63 (caries adj3 conducive).mp. 1 64 62 or 63 1129 65 46 and 64 437 66 limit 65 to (human and english language) 153 67 from 66 keep 1-153 153 *************************** <1> UI - 2000179839 AU - Hanada N IN - N. Hanada, Department of Oral Science, Natl. Institute Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640; Japan. E-Mail: nhanada@nih.go.jp. TI - Current understanding of the cause of dental caries. SO - Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol 53(1) (pp 1-5), 2000. AB - Dental caries-associated oral streptococci are called the mutans streptococci, with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus being the most prevalent caries-associated organisms in humans. Strains of the mutans streptococci are highly conserved within not only mothers and their children but also racial groups, suggesting vertical transmission of this organism within human populations. It has been found that the mother-child infection route of the mutans streptococci can be prevented by simply reducing the amount of the mutans streptococci contained in the mothers' saliva. Moreover, a chlorhexidine varnish reduces the salivary mutans streptococci by an average of 3 logs (99.9%), and moved them below detectable levels. We should attempt to eliminate the infection with the mutans streptococci among Japanese people by attempting to break the infectious chain from mothers to children. [References: 38] <2> UI - 2000093247 AU - Taweechaisupapong S AU - Wongkham S AU - Chareonsuk S AU - Suparee S AU - Srilalai P AU - Chaiyarak S IN - S. Taweechaisupapong, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002; Thailand. TI - Selective activity of Streblus asper on Mutans streptococci. SO - Journal of Ethnopharmacology Vol 70(1) (pp 73-79), 2000. AB - The purpose of this in vivo one group time series design and single blind study was to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of a mouthrinse containing Streblus asper leaf extract on Streptococcus mutans and total salivary bacteria following single 60 s rinse. Changing in salivary pH and buffer capacity during the experimental period were also measured. Thirty human subjects participated in this study. At each experimental session, a pretest saliva sample was taken. After giving the pretest samples, the subjects rinsed with S. asper leaf extract or distilled water control for 60 s, then the post-test saliva samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 6 h. The samples were used to determine the numbers of S. mutans and total salivary bacteria. The results indicated that S. asper leaf extract significantly reduced S. mutans counts compared with distilled water. However, the mean difference from baseline of total salivary bacterial counts was not significantly different between rinsing with S. asper leaf extract and distilled water. Moreover, S. asper leaf extract showed no effects in modifying the salivary pH and buffer capacity. It is concluded that of mouthrinse containing S. asper leaf extract can reduce S. mutans without changing an oral ecology. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. [References: 31] <3> UI - 2000089991 AU - Pollanen MT AU - Salonen JI AU - Grenier D AU - Uitto V-J IN - Dr. M.T. Pollanen, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku; Finland. E-Mail: marja.pollanen@utu.fi. TI - Epithelial cell response to challenge of bacterial lipoteichoic acids and lipopolysaccharides in vitro. SO - Journal of Medical Microbiology Vol 49(3) (pp 245-252), 2000. AB - Accumulating dental plaque at the gingival margin contains lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) from the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. In subgingival plaque associated with periodontal disease the amount of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from gram-negative bacteria increases. As the gingival junctional epithelium (JE) is an important structural and functional tissue, participating in the first line defence against apical advancement of dental plaque, this study examined the direct effects of LTAs (from Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguis) and LPSs (from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Escherichia coli) on two epithelial cell lines (HaCaT and ERM) and a culture model for human JE. The cells were exposed to the LTAs or LPSs (10-50 mug/ml) for variable periods of time. None of the bacterial surface components had any effect on primary adhesion or on the epithelial attachment of the JE cultures. However, cell growth and mitotic activity were consistently reduced in all cultures treated with LTAs. In contrast, LPSs showed only slight or no effects on cell growth and mitotic activity depending on the epithelial cells used. This suggests that LPSs, despite their established role as modulators of inflammation, do not have direct harmful effects - at the concentrations found in dental plaque and gingival crevicular fluid - which would explain the mechanism of epithelial degeneration and detachment from the tooth surface. However, the LTAs appear to inhibit the renewal of epithelium and may thus contribute to degeneration of coronal JE and subgingival colonisation by periodontal pathogens. [References: 57] <4> UI - 2000073416 AU - Love RM AU - McMillan MD AU - Park Y AU - Jenkinson HF IN - H.F. Jenkinson, Dept. of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St., Bristol BS1 2LY; United Kingdom. E-Mail: howard.jenkinson@bristol.ac.uk. TI - Coinvasion of dentinal tubules by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii depends upon binding specificity of streptococcal antigen I/II adhesin. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 68(3) (pp 1359-1365), 2000. AB - Cell wall-anchored polypeptides of the antigen I/II family are produced by many species of oral streptococci. These proteins mediate adhesion of streptococci to salivary glycoproteins and to other oral microorganisms and promote binding of cells to collagen type I and invasion of dentinal tubules. Since infections of the root canal system have a mixed anaerobic bacterial etiology, we investigated the hypothesis that coadhesion of anaerobic bacteria with streptococci may facilitate invasive endodontic disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 cells were able to invade dentinal tubules when cocultured with Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis) but not when cocultured with Streptococcus mutans NG8. An isogenic noninvasive mutant of S. gordonii, with production of SspA and SspB (antigen I/II family) polypeptides abrogated, was deficient in binding to collagen and had a 40% reduced ability to support adhesion of P. gingivalis. Heterologous expression of the S. mutans SpaP (antigen I/II) protein in this mutant restored collagen binding and tubule invasion but not adhesion to P. gingivalis or the ability to promote P. gingivalis coinvasion of dentin. An isogenic afimbrial mutant of P. gingivalis had 50% reduced binding to S. gordonii cells but was unaffected in the ability to coinvade dentinal tubules with S. gordonii wild- type cells. Expression of the S. gordonii SspA or SspB polypeptide on the surface of Lactococcus lactis cells endowed these bacteria with the abilities to bind P. gingivalis, penetrate dentinal tubules, and promote P. gingivalis coinvasion of dentin. The results demonstrate that collagen-binding and P. gingivalis-binding properties of antigen I/II polypeptides are discrete functions. Specificity of antigen I/II polypeptide recognition accounts for the ability of P. gingivalis to coinvade dentinal tubules with S. gordonii but not with S. mutans. This provides evidence that the specificity of interbacterial coadhesion may influence directly the etiology of pulpal and periapical diseases. [References: 47] <5> UI - 2000067731 AU - Talwar GP AU - Diwan M AU - Razvi F AU - Malhotra R IN - G.P. Talwar, Talwar Research Foundation, New Delhi; India. TI - The impact of new technologies on vaccines. SO - National Medical Journal of India Vol 12(6) (pp 274-280), 1999. AB - Vast changes are taking place in vaccinology consequent to the introduction of new technologies. Amongst the vaccines included in the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI), the pertussis vaccine has been replaced by accellular purified fractions devoid of side-effects. Non- pathogenic but immunogenic mutants of tetanus and diphtheria toxins are likely to replace the toxoids. An effective vaccine against hepatitis B prepared by recombinant technology is in large-scale use. Conjugated vaccines against Haemophillus influenzae b, S. pneumococcus and meningococcus are now available, as also vaccines against mumps, rubella and measles. Combination vaccines have been devised to limit the number of injections. Vaccine delivery systems have been developed to deliver multiple doses of the vaccine at a single contact point. A genetically-engineered oral vaccine for typhoid imparts better and longer duration of immunity. Oral vaccines for cholera and other enteric infections are under clinical trials. The nose as a route for immunization is showing promise for mucosal immunity and for anti- inflammatory experimental vaccines against multiple sclerosis and insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. The range of vaccines has expanded to include pathogens resident in the body such as Helicobacter pylori (duodenal ulcer), S. mutans (dental caries), and human papilloma virus (carcinoma of the cervix). An important progress is the recognition that DNA alone can constitute the vaccines, inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. A large number of DNA vaccines have been made and shown interesting results in experimental animals. Live recombinant vaccines against rabies and rinderpest have proven to be highly effective for controlling these infections in the field, and those for AIDS are under clinical trial. Potent adjuvants have added to the efficacy of the vaccines. New technologies have emerged to 'humanize' mouse monoclonals by genetic engineering and express these efficiently in plants. These recombinant antibodies are opening out an era of highly specific and safe therapeutic interventions. Human recombinant antibodies would be invaluable for treating patients with terminal tetanus and rabies. Antibodies are already in use for treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and allergies. An advantage of preformed antibodies directed at a defined target and given in adequate amounts is the certainty of efficacy in every recipient, in contrast to vaccines, where the quality and quantum of immune response varies from individual to individual. [References: 75] <6> UI - 2000066892 AU - Liu B AU - Rayment SA AU - Gyurko C AU - Oppenheim FG AU - Offner GD AU - Troxler RF IN - R.F. Troxler, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118; United States. E-Mail: btrox@bu.edu. TI - The recombinant N-terminal region of human salivary mucin MG2 (MUC7) contains a binding domain for oral Streptococci and exhibits candidacidal activity. SO - Biochemical Journal 01 FEB 2000Vol 345(3) (pp 557-564), 2000. AB - MG2 (the MUC7 gene product) is a low-molecular-mass mucin found in human submandibular/sublingual secretions. This mucin is believed to agglutinate a variety of microbes and thus is considered an important component of the non-immune host defence system in the oral cavity. We have shown that MUC7 can bind to cariogenic strains of Streptococcus mutans and that this binding requires a structural determinant in the N-terminal region. In the present study an expression construct, pNMuc7, encoding the N-terminal 144 amino acids of MUC7 was generated, and the recombinant protein rNMUC7 was expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified rNMUC7 was characterized and the binding of this protein to oral bacteria was investigated in an established assay. The results showed that the recombinant protein bound to S. mutans ATCC 25175 and ATCC 33402, and that alkylation of the two cysteine residues (Cys45 and Cys50) resulted in the complete loss of bacterial binding. This suggests that binding of MUC7 to S. mutans occurs between the N-terminal region of the mucin molecule and the bacterial surface, and that this interaction is dependent on a cysteine-containing domain within this region of MUC7. In addition, the killing activity of rNMUC7 was compared with that of the candidacidal salivary protein histatin 5 in an established Candida albicans (ATCC 44505) blastoconidia killing assay. It was found that the LD50 values of rNMUC7 and histatin 5 were comparable, and that the recombinant protein displayed significant killing activity at the physiological concentration range of MUC7 in whole saliva. This study is the first to show that the N-terminal region of MUC7 contains a structural determinant for bacterial binding and that this region exhibits candidacidal activity. [References: 38] <7> UI - 2000063807 AU - Ligtenberg AJM AU - Veerman ECI AU - Nieuw Amerongen AV IN - A.J.M. Ligtenberg, Department of Oral Biology, section Biochemistry, Academic Centre Dentistry Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam; Netherlands. E-Mail: ajm.ligtenberg.obc.acta@med.vu.nl. TI - Role for Lewis a antigens on salivary agglutinin in binding to Streptococcus mutans. SO - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General & Molecular Microbiology Vol 77(1) (pp 21-30), 2000. AB - Streptococcus mutans is a major etiological agent in dental caries. Salivary agglutinin is one of the main salivary components binding to S. mutans. To learn more about the interaction of salivary agglutinin with S. mutans, parotid, submandibular, sublingual and palatal saliva samples were incubated with S. mutans suspension. Both depleted saliva samples and bacterial extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Salivary agglutinin was present in all types of glandular saliva and in all cases bound to S. mutans, also to PC337C, a P1 mutant of S. mutans. Agglutinin was separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions and then transferred to nitrocellulose. Non-reduced agglutinin bound S. mutans, but reduced agglutinin did not. Adhesion of S. mutans to agglutinin-coated microplates was inhibited by amine-containing components, 1 M NaCl or KCl and EDTA. Adhesion decreased with decreasing pH with no adhesion below pH 5.0. These data suggest that calcium-dependent electrostatic interactions play a role in binding. By immunoblotting was demonstrated that blood group antigens and Lewis antigens were present on agglutinin. Synthetic blood group antigens and Lewis antigens covalently coupled to polyacrylamide were tested for binding to S. mutans. Only Lea (Galbeta1,3(Fucalpha1,4)GlcNAc) bound to S. mutans, whereas the blood group antigens Leb, Le(x), Le(y), H1, H2, A, B and sialylated Lea did not. Lea without galactose (Fucalpha1,4GlcNAc) still bound to S. mutans, but Lea without fucose (Galbeta1,3GlcNAc) did not. Binding of agglutinin to S. mutans was not inhibited by Lea. In conclusion, S. mutans can bind to Lea carbohydrate epitopes in which the fucose is an essential residue. Lea carbohydrate epitopes are present on salivary agglutinin but play no major role in binding. [References: 40] <8> UI - 2000035286 AU - Fontana M AU - Buller TL AU - Dunipace AJ AU - Stookey GK AU - Gregory RL IN - M. Fontana, Oral Health Research Institute, 415 Lansing St., Indianapolis, IN 46202; United States. E-Mail: mfontan@iusd.iupui.edu. TI - An in vitro microbial-caries model used to study the efficacy of antibodies to Streptococcus mutans surface proteins in preventing dental caries. SO - Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology Vol 7(1) (pp 49-54), 2000. AB - The first step for a pathogenic bacterium to initiate infection is via attachment (i.e., through surface determinants) to a suitable receptor. An in vitro microbial artificial-mouth model was used to test the efficacy of polyclonal antibodies to Streptococcus mutans cell surface proteins (CsAb) and a cell surface 59-kDa protein (59Ab) in preventing S. mutans colonization and carious lesion formation. In study 1, groups of 12 human teeth specimens were inoculated with S. mutans, which were incubated with different concentrations of CsAb (A1 [positive control], sterile saline, no antibody; A2, 0.007 mg of antibody protein/ml; and A3, 0.7 mg of antibody protein/ml) for 1 h at 37 [degree] C. The negative control group (B1) was not infected and was incubated with Trypticase soy broth (TSB) without dextrose supplemented with 5% sucrose (TSBS). In study 2, the same study design was used except that 59Ab was used instead of CsAb, normal rabbit serum was used in the positive control group (A1), and TSB supplemented with 1% glucose was used as the nutrient to control for sucrose-dependent colonization. All groups were exposed for 4 days to circulating cycles of TSBS and TSB (study 1 and study 2, respectively; 30 min each, three times per day) and a mineral washing solution (21 h per day). Prior to each nutrient cycle, 1 ml of the appropriate CsAb or 59Ab solution was administered to each group and allowed to mix for 30 min before cycling was resumed. Data obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated the presence of a significantly smaller (P < 0.05) lesion area and a smaller total lesion fluorescence in group A3 than in group A1 for both studies. In study 1, group A2 had significantly smaller values than A1 for lesion depth and area. There were no significant differences between groups A2 and A3 for lesion area or between groups A1 and A2 for total lesion fluorescence. In study 2, there were no significant differences among groups A1 and A2 for lesion depth or between groups A2 and A3 for all of the parameters studied. In both studies, there were no significant differences between S. mutans plaque CFU numbers among any of the groups. These studies demonstrated the efficacy of CsAb and 59Ab in reducing primary caries development in this model, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. [References: 17] <9> UI - 2000017574 AU - Truong TL AU - Menard C AU - Mouton C AU - Trahan L IN - Dr. L. Trahan, Groupe Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Universite Laval, Quebec, Que. G1K 7P4; Canada. E-Mail: Luc.Trahan@greb.ulaval.ca. TI - Identification of mutans and other oral streptococci by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. SO - Journal of Medical Microbiology Vol 49(1) (pp 63-71), 2000. AB - The identification and classification of the non-haemolytic or viridans group of streptococci have long been recognised as difficult and unsatisfactory. Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity have resulted in ambiguous speciation, particularly with mutans streptococci and other oral streptococci. This study was done to determine whether random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis is useful to identify and even classify oral and other streptococci. DNA was prepared and purified from 25 strains of mutans streptococci including 11 reference strains of Streptococcus mutans, seven of S. sobrinus, three of S. rattus and one each of the four other species of the mutans group, together with 20 other reference species, mostly streptococci, and from 49 fresh isolates of mutans streptococci and of S. mutans from human saliva and dental plaque. DNA amplification was primed with each of three arbitrarily selected primers nine or 10 nucleotides in length. The amplified DNA fragments (amplicons) obtained were compared by agarose gel electrophoresis. Species- and strain-specific RAPD fingerprints were obtained not only from pure genomic DNA, but also from the supernates of crude cellular or colony extracts. Pending the analysis of numerous other strains, the data suggest that RAPD may be of value: (i) to distinguish the species S. mutans and S. sobrinus from each other and potentially from other species of oral streptococci, (ii) to differentiate and possibly classify oral streptococci and (iii) as a valuable tool in mutans streptococci epidemiology and transmission studies, by virtue of its rapidity, efficiency and reproducibility in generating genetic fingerprints of streptococcal isolates. [References: 41] <10> UI - 1999398148 AU - Dung S-Z IN - S.-Z. Dung, Division of Periodontology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Li-Nong Street, Taipei 112; Taiwan. TI - Effects of mutans streptococci, Actinomyces species and Porphyromonas gingivalis on collagen degradation. SO - Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei) Vol 62(11) (pp 764-774), 1999. AB - Background. While Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces spp are considered to be major pathogenic microorganisms of root caries, their roles in the degradation of organic matrix components of human root dentin need clarification. Methods. Ten laboratory strains and 11 clinical isolates of mutans streptococci and Actinomyces species, and positive bacterial or purified enzyme controls (Porphyromonas gingivalis whole cell lysates, trypsin or clostridial collagenase) were used to establish the degradation of azocollagen (AC), insoluble type I collagen (IC) or human dentin collagen (DC) from dentin powder in two types of experiments investigating collagenolytic activity either during or after bacterial growth. Ultraviolet- irradiated dentin powder and gamma-irradiated IC were used to assess the collagenolytic activity of test strains during bacterial growth. AC, IC and acid-treated dentin powder were used to determine the collagenolytic activity of sonicated bacterial whole cells and cell-free culture supernatants recovered from test strains after growth. Hydroxyproline or spectrophotometric assays were used to analyze the level of degraded collagen. Results. Data from this study showed that in contrast to the positive controls, none of the laboratory strains or clinical isolates elicited significant degradation of AC, IC or DC. Conclusions. Results indicated that mutans streptococci and Actinomyces species had no significant collagenolytic activity, but may be involved in the root caries process through other mechanisms. In addition, proteolytic enzymes from other oral bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis or from host cells such as neutrophils may also participate in the pathogenesis of root caries. [References: 49] <11> UI - 1999384778 AU - Acton RT AU - Dasanayake AP AU - Harrison RA AU - Li Y AU - Roseman JM AU - Go RCP AU - Wiener H AU - Caufield PW IN - Dr. R.T. Acton, Immunogenetics Program, University of Alabama, PAB 221, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-4400; United States. E-Mail: Acton@iprsh.igpmd.uab.edu. TI - Associations of MHC genes with levels of caries-inducing organisms and caries severity in African-American women. SO - Human Immunology Vol 60(10) (pp 984-989), 1999. AB - The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between MHC alleles at the HLA-DRB1, DQB1 and TNFa microsatellite loci and levels of oral bacteria that play a role in the etiology of dental caries, and the DMFS index in 186 AA primparous women. The average age of the cohort was 20.8 +/- 3.7 years. The median DMFS index was 9 (range 0-68). High levels of S. mutans were positively associated with DRB1*3 and DRB1*4 presence (p <= 0.005). DRB1*8 was positively associated with higher levels of S. mutans as a percentage of total Streptococci (p = 0.04). DRB1*1 was positively associated with high levels L. casei (p = 0.04). DQB1 alleles were not observed associated with oral bacterial levels. TNFa allele 103 was negatively associated (p = 0.04), and TNFa 117 was positively associated (p = 0.007), with high levels of L. acidophilus. No significant associations were observed between any DRB1, DQB1 or TNFa allele and the DMFS index. These results support an hypothesis of an association between host HLA class II and TNFa genetic profile and colonization of S. mutans, L. casei, and L. acidophilus thought to be pathogens involved in the etiology of dental caries. [References: 21] <12> UI - 1999372544 AU - Jagtap AG AU - Karkera SG IN - A.G. Jagtap, Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400098; India. E-Mail: karkera@bom5.vsnl.net.in. TI - Potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent. SO - Journal of Ethnopharmacology Vol 68(1-3) (pp 299-306), 1999. AB - The aqueous extract from Terminalia chebula was tested for its ability to inhibit the growth and some physiological functions of Streptococcus mutans. The extract strongly inhibited the growth, sucrose induced adherence and glucan induced aggregation of S. mutans. Mouthrinsing with a 10% solution of the extract inhibited the salivary bacterial count and salivary glycolysis. Mouthrinsing with the extract significantly reduced total bacterial counts and the total streptococcal counts in the saliva samples obtained up to and including 3 h after rinsing, compared with the counts obtained prerinsing or after placebo rinsing. The extract successfully inhibited glycolysis of salivary bacteria for up to 90 min postrinsing. [References: 15] <13> UI - 1999344610 AU - Pelino JEP AU - Mello JB AU - Eduardo CP AU - Jorge AOC IN - J.E.P. Pelino, Av. Francisco Jose Longo, 777, 12201-970 Sao Jose dos Campos-SP; Brazil. E-Mail: pelinoj@dentistry.ucsf.edu. TI - In vitro study of the Nd:YAG laser effect on human dental enamel: Optical and scanning electron microscope analysis. SO - Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery Vol 17(4) (pp 171-177), 1999. AB - Objective: The Nd:YAG laser irradiation of dental enamel was evaluated in enamel demineralization experiments in a Streptococcus mutans culture media. Summary Background Data: Previous studies had shown that a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser at an energy of approximately 67 mJ may induce an increased acid resistance in human dental enamel when exposed to severe demineralization conditions. Methods: Enamel windows of 3 x 4 cm in the buccal surface were irradiated with a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser at a wavelength of 1,064 mum using energy densities of from 83.75 to 187.50 J/cm2. Enamel windows of 3 x 4 cm on the lingual surface served as control (without the laser irradiation). The enamel windows were then exposed to a Streptococcus mutans culture media at a temperature of 37 [degree] C for 15 and 21 days. The laser effects and demineralization were examined both by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: A comparison between the lased and the unlased windows of enamel showed fusion and recrystalization of the enamel and increased acid-resistance in all groups irradiated with the Nd:YAG laser. On the other hand, the 3 x 4 delimited enamel surfaces from the control group (not irradiated with the Nd:YAG laser) showed 100% demineralization. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the finding that laser irradiation of dental results in significant reduction of the effective solubility of enamel mineral. [References: 22] <14> UI - 1999290080 AU - Twetman S AU - Petersson LG IN - S. Twetman, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Lanssjukhuset, SE-301 85 Halmsted; Sweden. E-Mail: svante.twetman@lthalland.se. TI - Interdental caries incidence and progression in relation to mutans streptococci suppression after chlorhexidine-thymol varnish treatments in schoolchildren. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Vol 57(3) (pp 144-148), 1999. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate interdental caries incidence and progression in relation to the effect of antibacterial varnish treatments in schoolchildren anticipated at caries risk. After a screening procedure, 110 healthy children (8-10 years) with moderate and high counts of salivary mutans streptococci (MS) were invited to join a 2-year longitudinal study. At baseline, MS were enumerated at all mesial interdental sites of the first permanent molars with a chair-side technique. The children were then treated 3 times within 2 weeks by interdental spot applications with a 1% chlorhexidine/thymol-containing varnish (Cervitec(TM)). Follow-up samples of saliva and plaque were collected 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after onset of treatment. Caries prevalence, incidence and progression of the selected approximal surfaces were scored from bitewing radiographs exposed at baseline and after 2 years. Sixty-three children of the same age formed a non-varnish- treated reference group. Reduction of caries incidence and progression was clearly dependent on the outcome of the antibacterial treatment. A significantly (P<0.01) higher progression score was found among children who exhibited a less marked suppression of interdental MS levels compared with those with high suppression and the children of the reference group. The results suggest that a suppression of MS in interdental plaque may be an important event to prevent and arrest approximal caries development in schoolchildren at risk. Monitoring the effect of antibacterial agents in a site-specific way could therefore be advocated. [References: 26] <15> UI - 1999286828 AU - Naspitz GMCC AU - Nagao AT AU - Mayer MPA AU - Carneiro-Sampaio MMS IN - G.M.C. Naspitz, Rua Para 269-62, Sao Paulo-SP 01243-020; Brazil. E-Mail: nnaspitz@mandic.com.br. TI - Anti-Streptococcus mutans antibodies in saliva of children with different degrees of dental caries. SO - Pediatric Allergy & Immunology Vol 10(2) (pp 143-148), 1999. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the secretory immune system and dental caries. Forty-nine 3-5-year-old children with primary dentition were classified into three groups according to their caries indices: no caries (group I), one or two surfaces with caries lesions (group II) and rampant caries (group III). Lower numbers of mutans streptococci were found in group I in relation to groups II and III. Secretory IgA and anti-S. mutans IgA, IgM and IgG antibody levels were not significantly different among the groups. Western blotting analysis showed that some S. mutans proteins, including the 39, 59, 97 and 150 kDa molecular mass bands, were recognized by almost all the saliva samples. Antibodies against the 185 kDa band, known as antigen I/II, were present in all adults' saliva and in only one child in group III. The absence of antibodies to the 185 kDa band in children's saliva suggest a specific immunologic immaturity. Further prospective studies will be necessary to establish the possible effect of reactivity to this antigen on the S. mutans colonization in this age group. [References: 28] <16> UI - 1999245899 AU - Gisselsson H AU - Birkhed D AU - Emilson C-G IN - D. Birkhed, Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, PO Box 450, S-405 30 Goteborg; Sweden. E-Mail: birkhed@odontologi.gu.se. TI - Effect of professional flossing with NaF or SnF2 gel on approximal caries in 13-16-year-old schoolchildren. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Vol 57(2) (pp 121-125), 1999. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of professional flossing with NaF and SnF2 gels on caries development on approximal tooth surfaces. Two-hundred-and-eighty 13-year-old schoolchildren were divided into 3 groups: (1) NaF (n = 97), (2) SnF2 (n = 85), and (3) placebo gel group (n = 98). The investigation was carried out double-blind. The children were treated 4 times a year for 3 years with 1% NaF gel, 1% SnF2 gel, or placebo gel. The treatment was carried out by dental nurses and the time required per visit was approximately 10 min. After 3 years, the mean approximal caries increment, including initial caries lesions, was 2.8 in the NaF, 2.4 in the SnF2, and 4.0 in the placebo gel group (P<0.05 for SnF2 vs placebo); a reduction compared to the placebo of 30% and 39% in the NaF and SnF2 groups, respectively. Thus, professional flossing with NaF or SnF2 gel carried out 4 times a year may be considered as an interesting caries-preventing method for large-scale application in schoolchildren. [References: 17] <17> UI - 1999182305 AU - Saini S AU - Mahajan A AU - Sharma JK AU - Arora AU - Saini OP IN - Dr. S. Saini, Department of Microbiology, Postgraduate Inst. of Medical Sci., Rohtak-124001 (Haryana); India. TI - Polymicrobial etiology of dental caries. SO - Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology Vol 42(1) (pp 25-29), 1999. AB - The present study was carried out to establish the normal bacterial oral flora and the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora from deep seated dental caries, and to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of the clinical isolates so obtained Streptococcus mutans (48%) and Streptococcus sanguis (20%) were the main aerobic isolates whereas Lactobacillus spp. (52%), Veillonella spp. (24%) and Actinomyces spp. (12%) were the major anaerobic isolates. Hundred percent of the samples from dental caries yielded polymicrobial isolates while in two samples from healthy individuals S. mutans was the sole isolate. As the flora changed from healthy tooth to dental caries it changed from one predominated by anaerobic gram-positive cocci to anaerobic gram-positive bacili. All the anaerobes isolated were sensitive to metronidazole and cefotaxime, whereas all the isolated streptococci were sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Incorporation of the antibiotics in baseline restoration, if technically feasible, has been advocated. [References: 12] <18> UI - 1999164046 AU - Leke N AU - Grenier D AU - Goldner M AU - Mayrand D IN - D. Grenier, Groupe Recherche/Ecologie Buccale, Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Universite Laval, Laval, Que. G1K 7P4; Canada. E-Mail: Daniel.Grenier@greb.ulaval.ca. TI - Effects of hydrogen peroxide on growth and selected properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis. SO - FEMS Microbiology Letters Vol 174(2) (pp 347-353), 1999. AB - In this study we first evaluated the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on growth and selected properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis, and compared them with those obtained by a reducing agent (cysteine). The growth of P. gingivalis was only moderately affected when H2O2 was added at concentrations up to 30 mM in a complex culture medium. However, when a defined basal medium was used, H2O2 at a concentration of 3 mM completely inhibited growth of P. gingivalis. Incorporation of cysteine at concentrations up to 30 mM in both media had no effect on growth. The effects of H2O2 and cysteine on cell-associated hemagglutinating and Arg-gingipain activities were evaluated using bacteria grown in the complex culture medium. Both activities were strongly decreased when H2O2 was added in the assay mixtures. This inhibitory effect of H2O2 was reversible. On the other hand, including cysteine in the assay mixtures increased both activities. H2O2 and cysteine had no effect on the expression of heat shock protein (HSP)-68 and HSP-75 by P. gingivalis, as determined by SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblotting analysis. In the second part of the study, we tested whether growth of selected oral bacterial species may modify the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of the environment. It was found that certain species were able to either decrease (P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Streptococcus mutans) or increase (Streptococcus sanguis) the Eh of the medium. Our study provides evidence that an oxidizing agent such as H2O2 may affect the biology of P. gingivalis. Moreover, growth of some members of the oral microflora can generate oxidizing and reducing conditions, and thus potentially influence the ecology of subgingival sites by affecting strictly anaerobic bacteria such as P. gingivalis. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. [References: 21] <19> UI - 1999070808 AU - Kozai K AU - Nakayama R AU - Tedjosasongko U AU - Kuwahara S AU - Suzuki J AU - Okada M AU - Nagasaka N IN - Dr. K. Kozai, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima Univ. School of Dentistry, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553; Japan. E-Mail: kozai@ipc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp. TI - Intrafamilial distribution of mutans streptococci in Japanese families and possibility of father-to-child transmission. SO - Microbiology & Immunology Vol 43(2) (pp 99-106), 1999. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrafamilial distribution of mutans streptococci in Japanese families using chromosomal DNA fingerprinting with three endonucleases; EcoRI, HindIII and HaeIII. The analysis of 1,908 isolates cultured from the dental plaque of 76 subjects from 20 families (20 married couples and 36 of their children) resulted in the identification of 144 genotypes containing 114 strains of Streptococcus mutans (serotype c, 66.7%; e, 12.5%) and 30 strains of S. sobrinus (d, 13.2%; g, 7.6%). A mean of 1.89 genotypes (from one to four) was harbored in individual subjects, and a mean of 4.10 genotypes from two to seven was harbored in individual families. Among the 70 genotypes found in the children, 36 (51.4%) were in agreement with their mothers and 22 (31.4%) were in agreement with their fathers. The other genotypes (18.6%) did not correspond with the parents. Homologous strains between parents were found in only two couples. This result showed that fathers or others as well as mothers can be sources of transmission. Further, the serotype d, e and g strains showed significantly higher probabilities of transmission than serotype c. [References: 26] <20> UI - 1999045617 AU - Childers NK AU - Tong G AU - Mitchell S AU - Kirk K AU - Russell MW AU - Michalek SM IN - N.K. Childers, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007; United States. E-Mail: nkc@uab.edu. TI - A controlled clinical study of the effect of nasal immunization with a Streptococcus mutans antigen alone or incorporated into liposomes on induction of immune responses. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 67(2) (pp 618-623), 1999. AB - Recent attention to mucosal immunization strategies has been focused on the nasal route for vaccine delivery. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a liposome-protein vaccine compared to that of a protein-only vaccine in inducing immune responses in humans. Healthy subjects were randomly assigned to two groups and immunized intranasally with a crude antigen preparation rich in glucosyltransferase (C-GTF) from Streptococcus mutans, alone or in liposomes. Parotid saliva, nasal wash, and serum were collected prior to and at weekly intervals following immunization and were analyzed for anti-C-GTF activity by enzyme, linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-C-GTF activity in the nasal wash from both groups after immunization increased to a mean peak of fivefold over the baseline level on day 28. Salivary IgA anti-C-GTF responses were induced to a lesser extent. IgG and IgA anti-C-GTF responses in serum were detected on day 14. The IgA responses were predominantly of the IgA1 subclass. These results show that C-GTF vaccines were more effective in inducing a local secretory IgA antibody response than a salivary or serum response when they were given intranasally. The IgA1 anti-C-GTF response in nasal wash samples for liposomal antigen versus antigen only was the only response which was significantly different (P < 0.04). This suggests that the form of the antigen affects the magnitude of the local mucosal response but not that of a disseminated response. These results provide evidence for the effective use of a nasal protein vaccine in humans for the induction of mucosal and systemic responses. [References: 49] <21> UI - 1999039544 AU - Almstahl A AU - Kroneld U AU - Tarkowski A AU - Wikstrom M IN - A. Almstahl, Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Odontology, Box 450, Medicinaregatan 12A, 405 30 Goteborg; Sweden. E-Mail: Annica.Almstahl@odontologi.gu.se. TI - Oral microbial flora in Sjogren's syndrome. SO - Journal of Rheumatology Vol 26(1) (pp 110-114), 1999. AB - Objective. To study presence of microorganisms associated with caries, gingivitis, oral opportunistic infections, and extent of hyposalivation in dentate patients with primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Methods. An oral clinical examination was performed. The salivary flow was measured and a rinsing sample analyzed for presence of specific microorganisms. The results were compared to those of healthy controls matched for sex, age, and number of teeth. Results. In patients with undetectable salivary flow at rest, mean number and proportion of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli showed a tendency to be increased, as well as the frequency of Candida. They also displayed an increased proportion of filled surfaces. In contrast, gingivitis and the numbers of microorganisms associated with gingivitis were comparable to those found in the healthy controls. Conclusion. Patients with SS and severe hyposalivation harbor oral flora associated with the development of caries and frequent presence of retention sites, indicating a need for efficient preventive dental care. [References: 32] <22> UI - 1999008766 AU - Scheie AAa AU - Fejerskov OB IN - A.Aa. Scheie, Department of Oral Biology, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Pb 1052 Blindern, 0316 Oslo; Norway. TI - Xylitol in caries prevention: What is the evidence for clinical efficacy?. SO - Oral Diseases Vol 4(4) (pp 268-278), 1998. AB - Xylitol has attracted much attention as an alternative sweetener. Essentially all clinical studies concerning the effect of xylitol on caries development consent to its non-cariogenicity and to the beneficial effect of substituting sucrose with xylitol in chewing gums and sweets. However, claims of anti-caries or therapeutic effects, and superiority of xylitol over other polyols are still to be confirmed by well designed and conducted studies from independent research groups. [References: 111] <23> UI - 1999008760 AU - Makinen KK IN - Dr. K.K. Makinen, Internatl. Inst. for Prev. Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku; Finland. TI - Xylitol-based caries prevention: Is there enough evidence for the existence of a specific xylitol effect?. SO - Oral Diseases Vol 4(4) (pp 226-230), 1998. <24> UI - 1999000301 AU - Linossier A AU - Gajardo M AU - Olavarria J IN - A. Linossier, Dept. of Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Santiago; Chile. E-Mail: alinossi@abello.dic.uchile.cl. TI - Paleomicrobiological study in dental calculus: Streptococcus mutans. SO - Scanning Microscopy Vol 10(4) (pp 1005-1014), 1996. AB - Morphological types of bacterial remains preserved in ancient tartar of teeth from extinct human groups, which included some communities of coastal gatherers, fishermen, hunters, and farmers, and those practicing a mixed economy, were analyzed. Previous studies have shown the presence of bacteria in ancient tartar. The aim of this work was to determine whether Streptococcus mutans was present in ancient populations (500-12,000 years old). Teeth samples were from ancient skulls obtained from different anthropological collections: the north and south of Chile (before the Spanish conquest), Palencia, Spain, and an eastern Mediterranean region (Levant). Optical microscopy showed Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy identified morphological types of bacteria. Transmission electron microscopy enabled categorization of bacterial structures. Fluorescence microscopy helped label and identify S. mutans, using polyclonal antibodies. Bacterial morphotypes were related to different subsistence patterns. Hunters, fishermen, and gatherers had a less diverse flora with bacillary and coccal morphotypes. Agricultural groups showed greater diversity with additional filamentous and spiral morphotypes. The best preserved ultrastructural feature was the cell wall. The existence and colonization capacity of the mutans-like streptococci preserved in tartar was established for the ancient populations studied, with the exception of Cerro Sotta (south of Chile). Hence, their occurrence could not be related to diet or subsistence pattern. [References: 25] <25> UI - 1998373726 AU - Senpuku H AU - Yanagi K AU - Nisizawa T IN - Dr. H. Senpuku, Department of Oral Science, Natl. Inst. of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162; Japan. TI - Identification of Streptococcus mutans PAc peptide motif binding with human MHC class II molecules (DRB1*0802, *1101, *1401 and *1405). SO - Immunology Vol 95(3) (pp 322-330), 1998. AB - A surface protein antigen (PAc) of Streptococcus mutans, in particular the A-region of this PAc molecule, has been noted as a possible target in research for an effective dental caries vaccine. To identify the antigenic peptide binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (HLA-DR) molecules in the A-region, we prepared a panel of overlapping synthetic peptides in the second unit of the A-region, and established that a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) binding assay could be achieved by incubating the DR-crude. Binding to DR molecules of these peptides from nine donors was investigated by using the ELISA binding assay. It was revealed that the PAc(316-334) peptide bound more strongly to the HLA-DR molecule in seven out of nine subjects. In particular, DR8 (DRB1*0802), DR5 (DRB1*1101) and DR6 (DRB1*1402 and *1405), which bound strongly to PAc(316-334) peptide, were identified. Moreover, we synthesized glycine-substituted peptide analogues of the peptide and examined the binding motif of the binding region. As a result, the multiple binding motif in DR8, DR5 and DR6 was found in L-RV-K-A. It is suggested that a peptide vaccine for dental caries that is more effective for humans, with fewer adverse side-effects, could be designed by combining the multiple binding motif with the B-cell epitope to produce only the inhibiting antibody against dental caries. The peptide could therefore be useful for peptide vaccine development in the general human population. [References: 50] <26> UI - 1998303523 AU - Kashani H AU - Emilson C-G AU - Birkhed D IN - D. Birkhed, Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, P.O. Box 450, S-405 30 Goteborg; Sweden. TI - Effect of NaF-, SnF2-, and chlorhexidine-impregnated birch toothpicks on mutans streptococci and pH in approximal dental plaque. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Vol 56(4) (pp 197-201), 1998. AB - The antimicrobial effect of birch toothpicks impregnated with 4% NaF, 8% SnF2, or 2% chlorhexidine was studied both in vitro and in vivo. A non- impregnated toothpick served as a control. In vitro, suspensions of Streptococcus mutans were exposed to the various toothpicks for 20 min and then cultured on blood agar. The results of this susceptibility test revealed the following ranking order with respect to inhibition: chlorhexidine > SnF2 > NaF and non-impregnated; with significant differences in colony-forming units (CFU) between these three groups. In vivo, 12 individuals used the 4 types of toothpick 3 times a day for 5 days in a procedure with a crossover design. Saliva and approximal samples were collected at baseline and on various occasions up to 23 days after the treatment. At the same time, plaque-pH was measured at approximal sites 10 min after rinsing with 10% sucrose. The results of these in vivo experiments revealed lower proportions of mutans streptococci after using all four types of toothpick, but the reduction was significantly only after 2 days for the toothpicks impregnated with SnF2 and chlorhexidine (P < 0.05). On the sampling occasions 9 and 23 days after the treatment, the mutans streptococci were more or less back to baseline levels again. In saliva no significant differences in the number of mutans streptococci were found either within or between the four treatments. No significant differences were found regarding decline in the plaque-pH between the NaF-, and SnF2-, chlorhexidine-, and non-impregnated toothpicks on any of the sampling occasions. [References: 25] <27> UI - 1998284108 AU - Struble J TI - Tooth decay vaccine gets ready for clinical trials. SO - Drug Topics 03 AUG 1998Vol 142(15) (pp 35), 1998. <28> UI - 1998213967 AU - Spets-Happonen S AU - Seppa L AU - Korhonen A AU - Alakuijala P IN - S. Spets-Happonen, Dept. of Oral and Dental Diseases, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio; Finland. TI - Accumulation of strontium and fluoride in approximal dental plaque and changes in plaque microflora after rinsing with chlorhexidine-fluoride- strontium solution. SO - Oral Diseases Vol 4(2) (pp 114-119), 1998. AB - OBJECTIVES: To find out if strontium is incorporated into plaque and enamel in vivo during a 2-week rinsing period with a chlorhexidine-fluoride- strontium solution and to determine the effects of the rinsing on the numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 18 adult participants rinsed their mouths twice a day for 2 weeks, first with a placebo solution and subsequently, separated by a 1-week interval without rinsing, with a chlorhexidine gluconate (0.05%)-sodium fluoride (0.04%)-strontium (100 ppm as SrCl2) rinsing solution (CXFSr) for another 2 weeks. RESULTS: After the CXFSr rinsing period the strontium and fluoride contents (mug g-1 plaque dry weight; mean +/- s8) of approximal plaque were 32.5 +/- 4.7 and 72.8 +/- 9.0, compared with the respective contents of 8.4 +/- 1.2 and 42.0 +/- 4.8 after placebo rinsing (P = 0.0001 for both comparisons). The strontium content remained elevated for 6 weeks. The median proportion of mutans streptococci of approximal plaque of the total viable count of bacteria was 1% after placebo rinsing but decreased to 0.2% after CXFSr rinsing. The proportion of mutans streptococci remained low at 3 weeks (P = 0.018 vs placebo) but had reached the placebo level at 6 weeks. Rinsing with CXFSr solution did not reduce lactobacilli in plaque. The strontium or fluoride contents of the enamel surfaces subjected to tooth brushing did not significantly change. CONCLUSIONS: Strontium and fluoride accumulated in dental plaque during a 2-week CXFSr rinsing period and the proportion of mutans streptococci in approximal plaque was reduced at least for 3 weeks after completion of the rinsing. [References: 39] <29> UI - 1998209170 AU - Angelillo IF AU - Anfosso R AU - Nobile CGA AU - Pavia M IN - I.F. Angelillo, Medical School, University of Reggio Calabria, Via Tommaso Campanella, 88100 - Catanzaro; Italy. TI - Prevalence of dental caries in schoolchildren in Italy. SO - European Journal of Epidemiology Vol 14(4) (pp 351-357), 1998. AB - The caries experience and its potential risk indicators such as socioeconomic status, sweets consumption, toothbrushing habits, dental visit attendance pattern and salivary mutans streptococci (in 12 year old only), were assessed in schoolchildren raised and living in low fluoridated areas (Catanzaro, Italy). Caries-free prevalence in the 6-year-old was 52.9% in their primary dentition; the dmft and dmfs were 2.1 and 5.1, and both DMFT and DMFS were 0.1. Almost 91% of the dmft was attributable to active decay. The proportion of children with a dmft+DMFT <= 1 and the dmft and dmfs were significantly higher in those with low socio-economic status. In the 12- year-old, 52.7% had a history of caries and the DMFT and DMFS were 1.5 and 2.6; the filled component was the dominant proportion. The more likely they visited a dentist for routine checkup, the higher socio-economic status (it was not associated with DMFT), the less frequently they had sweets, and the low level of Streptococcus mutans, the more likely they were caries-free and the less likely they were to have a high DMFT, DMFS, and DT. In the 15-year- old, 68.8% had a history of caries and the DMFT and DMFS were 2.8 and 4.8, with a higher prevalence of the F component. The children who visited a dentist for routine checkup had a significantly lower caries experience, DMFT, DMFS, and DT than the irregular attenders, and those with low socio- economic background were more likely to have a high DMFS. [References: 32] <30> UI - 1998173045 AU - Ma JK-C AU - Hikmat BY AU - Wycoff K AU - Vine ND AU - Chargelegue D AU - Yu L AU - Hein MB AU - Lehner T IN - J.K.-C. Ma, Department of Immunology, United Medical and Dental Schools, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT; United Kingdom. E-Mail: j.ma@umds.ac.uk. TI - Characterization of a recombinant plant monoclonal secretory antibody and preventive immunotherapy in humans. SO - Nature Medicine Vol 4(5) (pp 601-606), 1998. AB - A functional comparison was made between a monoclonal secretory antibody generated in transgenic plants and its parent murine IgG antibody. The affinity constants of both antibodies for a Streptococcus mutans adhesion protein were similar. However the secretory antibody had a higher functional affinity due to its dimeric structure. In the human oral cavity, the secretory antibody survived for up to three days, compared with one day for the IgG antibody. The plant secretory antibody afforded specific protection in humans against oral streptococcal colonization for at least four months. We demonstrate that transgenic plants can be used to produce high affinity, monoclonal secretory antibodies that can prevent specific microbial colonization in humans. These findings could be extended to the immunotherapeutic prevention of other mucosal infections in humans and animals. [References: 20] <31> UI - 1998094578 AU - Marcotte H AU - Lavoie MC IN - M.C. Lavoie, Departement de Biochimie, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, Universite Laval, Laval, Que. G1K 7P4; Canada. E-Mail: marc.lavoie@bcm.ulaval.ca. TI - Oral microbial ecology and the role of salivary immunoglobulin A. SO - Microbiology & Molecular Biology Reviews Vol 62(1) (pp 71-109), 1998. AB - In the oral cavity, indigenous bacteria are often associated with two major oral diseases, caries and periodontal diseases. These diseases seem to appear following an inbalance in the oral resident microbiota, leading to the emergence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. To define the process involved in caries and periodontal diseases, it is necessary to understand the ecology of the oral cavity and to identify the factors responsible for the transition of the oral microbiota from a commensal to a pathogenic relationship with the host. The regulatory forces influencing the oral ecosystem can be divided into three major categories: host related, microbe related, and external factors. Among host factors, secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) constitutes the main specific immune defense mechanism in saliva and may play an important role in the homeostasis of the oral microbiota. Naturally occurring SIgA antibodies that are reactive against a variety of indigenous bacteria are detectable in saliva. These antibodies may control the oral microbiota by reducing the adherence of bacteria to the oral mucosa and teeth. It is thought that protection against bacterial etiologic agents of caries and periodontal diseases could be conferred by the induction of SIgA antibodies via the stimulation of the mucosal immune system. However, elucidation of the role of the SIgA immune system in controlling the oral indigenous microbiota is a prerequisite for the development of effective vaccines against these diseases. The role of SIgA antibodies in the acquisition and the regulation of the indigenous microbiota is still controversial. Our review discusses the importance of SIgA among the multiple factors that control the oral microbiota. It describes the oral ecosystems, the principal factors that may control the oral microbiota, a basic knowledge of the secretory immune system, the biological functions of SIgA, and, finally, experiments related to the role of SIgA in oral microbial ecology. [References: 539] <32> UI - 1998091525 AU - Meurman JH AU - Laine P AU - Lindqvist C AU - Teerenhovi L AU - Pyrhonen S IN - J.H. Meurman, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Finland. TI - Five-year follow-up study of saliva, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeast counts in lymphoma patients. SO - Oral Oncology Vol 33(6) (pp 439-443), 1997. AB - Twenty-two patients out of the 79 that were originally included were examined 5 years after beginning anticancer therapy for lymphomas. The patients' cumulative data on salivary flow rate, buffering capacity and acidogenic microbial counts were compared with respective data of 17 patients who died during the follow-up. Stimulated saliva samples had been taken at baseline and during the cytostatic treatment with combination chemotherapy, and 1 year and 5 years later. Chair-side kits were used at the hospital ward for the assessment of the study parameters. Mean saliva flow at baseline was 1.5+/-0.7 ml/min in the surviving group and 1.5+/-0.8 ml/min in the deceased. Salivary flow rates were not affected by the anticancer treatment and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in this respect. A significant difference was observed between the groups in salivary buffering capacity values at baseline: only 32% of the survived had low buffering capacity in comparison to 69% of those who later died (P<0.02). Buffering capacity values remained low in 50% of the surviving patients 5 years later. Higher mutans streptococci and lactobacili counts were seen among the deceased than in the survived patients but mutans streptococci decreased significantly in both groups after the start of the anticancer therapy (P<0.05). The number of positive yeast counts increased consistently during the chemotherapy in both groups, being higher in the survived when compared with the deceased patients. Yeast counts remained positive 5 years later in 73% of the survived patients, while the mean mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts decreased below baseline values. The results showed that persistently high salivary microbial counts and low buffering capacity may be linked with poor prognosis. [References: 27] <33> UI - 1997372697 AU - Love RM AU - McMillan MD AU - Jenkinson HF IN - H.F. Jenkinson, Dept. of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Dental Hospital and School, Lower Maudlin St., Bristol BS1 2LY; United Kingdom. TI - Invasion of dentinal tubules by oral streptococci is associated with collagen recognition mediated by the antigen I/II family of polypeptides. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 65(12) (pp 5157-5164), 1997. AB - Cell surface proteins SspA and SspB in Streptococcus gordonii and SpaP in Streptococcus mutans are members of the antigen I/II family of polypeptides produced by oral streptococci. These proteins are adhesins and mediate species-specific binding of cells to a variety of host and bacterial receptors. Here we show that antigen I/II polypeptides are involved in the attachment of oral streptococci to collagen and that they also determine the ability of these bacteria to invade human root dentinal tubules. Wild-type S. gordonii DL1 (Challis) cells showed heavy invasion of tubules to a depth of approximately 200 mum, whereas the abilities of cells of isogenic mutant strains OB220 (sspA) and OB219 (sspA sspB) to invade were 50 and >90% reduced, respectively. Likewise, wild-type S. mutans NG8 cells invaded dentinal tubules, whereas cells of isogenic mutant strain 834 (spaP) did not. The invasive abilities of strains OB220 and OB219 were restored by heterologous expression of S. mutans SpaP polypeptide in these strains. The extents of tubule invasion by various wild-type and mutant strains correlated with their levels of adhesion to type I collagen, a major component of dentin. Furthermore, S. gordonii DL1 cells exhibited a growth response to collagen by forming long chains. This was not shown by ssp mutants but was restored by the expression of SpaP in these cells. The production of SspA polypeptide by S. gordonii DL1, but not production of SspB polypeptide by strain OB220 (sspA), was enhanced in the presence of collagen. These results are the first to demonstrate that antigen I/II family polypeptides bind collagen and mediate a morphological growth response of streptococci to collagen. These antigen I/II polypeptide activities are critical for intratubular growth of streptococci and thus for establishment of endodontic infections. [References: 49] <34> UI - 1997372697 AU - Love RM AU - McMillan MD AU - Jenkinson HF IN - H.F. Jenkinson, Dept. of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Dental Hospital and School, Lower Maudlin St., Bristol BS1 2LY; United Kingdom. TI - Invasion of dentinal tubules by oral streptococci is associated with collagen recognition mediated by the antigen I/II family of polypeptides. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 65(12) (pp 5157-5164), 1997. AB - Cell surface proteins SspA and SspB in Streptococcus gordonii and SpaP in Streptococcus mutans are members of the antigen I/II family of polypeptides produced by oral streptococci. These proteins are adhesins and mediate species-specific binding of cells to a variety of host and bacterial receptors. Here we show that antigen I/II polypeptides are involved in the attachment of oral streptococci to collagen and that they also determine the ability of these bacteria to invade human root dentinal tubules. Wild-type S. gordonii DL1 (Challis) cells showed heavy invasion of tubules to a depth of approximately 200 mum, whereas the abilities of cells of isogenic mutant strains OB220 (sspA) and OB219 (sspA sspB) to invade were 50 and >90% reduced, respectively. Likewise, wild-type S. mutans NG8 cells invaded dentinal tubules, whereas cells of isogenic mutant strain 834 (spaP) did not. The invasive abilities of strains OB220 and OB219 were restored by heterologous expression of S. mutans SpaP polypeptide in these strains. The extents of tubule invasion by various wild-type and mutant strains correlated with their levels of adhesion to type I collagen, a major component of dentin. Furthermore, S. gordonii DL1 cells exhibited a growth response to collagen by forming long chains. This was not shown by ssp mutants but was restored by the expression of SpaP in these cells. The production of SspA polypeptide by S. gordonii DL1, but not production of SspB polypeptide by strain OB220 (sspA), was enhanced in the presence of collagen. These results are the first to demonstrate that antigen I/II family polypeptides bind collagen and mediate a morphological growth response of streptococci to collagen. These antigen I/II polypeptide activities are critical for intratubular growth of streptococci and thus for establishment of endodontic infections. [References: 49] <35> UI - 1997354231 AU - Modesto A AU - Souza I AU - Cordeiro P AU - Silva L AU - Primo L AU - Vianna R IN - A. Modesto, Pediat. Dentistry/Orthodontics Dept., Dental School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; Brazil. TI - Fluoride uptake in situ after the use of dental floss with fluoride. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry Vol 8(5) (pp 142-144), 1997. AB - The possibility of having a commercial product such as waxed floss with an additional agent for controlling and preventing caries is promising. The aim of this research was to determine the uptake of fluoride on tooth enamel in situ after the utilization of a dental floss with fluoride incorporated into the wax. One hundred blocks of bovine enamel were artificially demineralized and randomly separated into a Control Group (C) and a Test Group (T). The dental blocks in group T were mounted two-by-two simulating proximal contacts and were fixed into intra-oral lower arch devices. Eight volunteers with a similar salivary flow and buffer capacity wore devices with the enamel blocks for eight days. During this period of time the subjects applied a 25 cm long portion of a mint waxed floss with fluoride (0.15 mgF/m, Oral-B(TM)) between the blocks, 3 times a day for 2 minutes after each meal. At the same time, brushing was carried out with a fluoride-free toothpaste. The alkali-soluble fluoride (CaF2) formed on the enamel was extracted using the Caslavska et al. method and measured with the Orion 96-09 electrode-specific and the EA 720 ion analyzer. The results showed that the group that had the most CaF2 on the enamel (median, minimum and maximum in muF/cm2) was Group T (3.00, 2.11 and 4.00), which differed significantly (p < 0.01) from group C (0.26, 0.10 and 0.69). It was concluded that fluoride uptake on enamel was 11.54 times higher after use of dental floss with fluoride in this study. [References: 20] <36> UI - 1997341154 AU - Garcia-Closas R AU - Garcia-Closas M AU - Serra-Majem L IN - R. Garcia-Closas, Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands; Spain. E-Mail: rclosas@huc.rcanaria.es. TI - A cross-sectional study of dental caries, intake of confectionery and foods rich in starch and sugars, and salivary counts of Streptococcus mutans in children in Spain. SO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol 66(5) (pp 1257-1263), 1997. AB - In this cross-sectional study of 236 schoolchildren living in Manresa, Spain, we evaluated the association between prevalence of dental caries and frequency of consumption of various food groups, including sweetened baked goods and similar foods (rich in starch and sugars) and confectionery (rich in sugars but not starch), using a food-frequency questionnaire. Because Streptococcus mutans is associated with the cariogenicity of carbohydrates, we also evaluated the modification of these associations by salivary counts of this microorganism. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to measure the association between caries and tertiles of consumption. Sex, age, use of fluorides, tooth-brushing frequency, frequency of dental visits, socioeconomic status, and intake of other potentially cariogenic food groups were considered as potential confounders. We did not find a significant association between any of the food groups evaluated and caries prevalence. Failure to detect an association could have been due to the low prevalence of caries in our population (decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth = 1.3 at age 10.6 y) or to underestimation of the association due to diet misclassification. In this population, the association between consumption of sweetened baked goods and caries appeared to be modified by the numbers or S. mutans [OR = 6.1 (95% CI: 1.6, 23.0) for low compared with high intake in children with moderate- to-high S. mutans counts and OR = 0.3 (95% CI: 0.1, 1.6) for low compared with high intake in children with low S. mutans counts]. These results suggest that a high intake of sweetened baked goods may be a determinant of caries prevalence in children with moderate-to-high salivary counts of S. mutans. [References: 57] <37> UI - 1997333122 AU - Fukuizumi T AU - Inoue H AU - Tsujisawa T AU - Uchiyama C IN - T. Fukuizumi, Department of Oral Bacteriology, Kyushu Dental College, Manazuru, Kokura-kita, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803; Japan. E-Mail: izumi@kyu-dent.ac.jp. TI - Tonsillar application of killed Streptococcus mutans induces specific antibodies in rabbit saliva and blood plasma without inducing a cross- reacting antibody to human cardiac muscle. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 65(11) (pp 4558-4563), 1997. AB - When Streptococcus mutans cells are injected into the skeletal muscle of rabbits, an antibody against human cardiac muscle, as well as an anti-S. mutans antibody, is induced in blood plasma. Our previous study showed that when sheep erythrocytes are applied to palatine tonsils, an antibody against the applied cells is induced both in blood plasma and saliva. This antibody has no activity against cardiac muscle. It is not clear, however, if S. mutans application to the tonsils evokes an antibody response against cardiac muscle. In this study, we immunized rabbits against S. mutans or Streptococcus sobrinus by tonsillar application or by intramuscular injection every 3 days for 6 weeks. Tonsillar applications of formalin-killed cells of S. mutans induced saliva immunoglobulin A (IgA) and blood plasma IgG to the applied cells. In contrast, intramuscular injection of such cells induced only blood plasma IgG. When the route of immunization was intramuscular injection, antibodies in blood plasma cross-reacted with cardiac muscle. By enzyme-immunohistochemistry and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests, no cross- reaction to cardiac muscle was observed with the antibody in saliva or in blood plasma after the tonsillar applications. Western blotting of the S. mutans antigen showed that blood plasma from rabbits injected with S. mutans reacted with antigens of 46, 52, 62, and 85 kDa, while that from rabbits subjected to tonsillar application of S. mutans did not react with these bands. Similar results were obtained for S. sobrinus applications. Thus, tonsillar applications of mutants group streptococci induce antibodies differing in antigen specificity and do not induce any cross-reacting antibody to cardiac muscle. [References: 33] <38> UI - 1997314627 AU - De Soet JJ AU - Kreulen CM AU - Veerkamp JSJ AU - Bokhout B AU - Van Loveren C AU - De Graaff J IN - J.J. De Soet, Department of Oral Microbiology, Acad. Ctr. for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Netherlands. TI - Transmission of 'Streptococcus mutans' in nursing bottle caries and cleft palate patients. SO - Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology Vol 418 (pp 181-183), 1997. <39> UI - 1997312672 AU - Dahllof G AU - Bagesund M AU - Ringden O IN - Dr. G. Dahllof, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, PO Box 4064, S-141 04 Huddinge; Sweden. TI - Impact of conditioning regimens on salivary function, caries-associated microorganisms and dental caries in children after bone marrow transplantation. A 4-year longitudinal study. SO - Bone Marrow Transplantation Vol 20(6) (pp 479-483), 1997. AB - Salivary function, dental caries and caries-associated salivary microorganisms were investigated in children undergoing BMT during a 4-year longitudinal study. Fourteen children were conditioned with CY and TBI and 12 with CY with or without BU. Four years after BMT the mean salivary secretion rate was 1.3 +/- 0.7 ml/min in the chemotherapy group, compared to 0.7 +/- 0.5 in the TBI/CY group (P < 0.05). The mean salivary secretion rate fell from 0.9 +/- 0.5 ml/min before TBI to 0.2 +/- 0.1 after 3 months (P < 0.01), 0.3 +/- 0.3 ml/min after 6 months (P < 0.01) and 0.5 +/- 0.6, 1 year after TBI (P < 0.05). Mean reduction in stimulated salivary flow 3 months after TBI was 78% in the TBI/CY group compared to 36% in the chemotherapy group (P < 0.05). Children conditioned with chemotherapy showed an increased salivary flow compared to baseline; this was not found in TBI-treated children, suggesting that damage to the salivary glands may be permanent. Four years after BMT, children conditioned with TBI had significantly higher counts of mutans streptococci (P < 0.05) and lactobacilli (P < 0.01) compared to age-matched controls. However, the prevalence of dental caries did not differ between children conditioned with TBI, chemotherapy and healthy controls. [References: 24] <40> UI - 1997293521 AU - Hocini H AU - Belec L AU - Iscaki S AU - Garin B AU - Pillot J AU - Becquart P AU - Bomsel M IN - H. Hocini, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Unite de Virologie, Hopital Broussais, 96 rue Didot, F-75674 Paris 14; France. TI - High-level ability of secretory IgA to block HIV type 1 transcytosis: Contrasting secretory IgA and IgG responses to glycoprotein 160. SO - AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses Vol 13(14) (pp 1179-1185), 1997. AB - The IgG and secretory IgA (S-IgA) responses to the HIV-1 envelope (gp160 antigen) were analyzed in the colostrum (Col) and in the cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) of HIV-1-infected women. We show IgG antibodies (Abs) to the recombinant gp160 to be predominant as compared with the corresponding S-IgA isotype. The low level of the S-IgA response cannot be related to a general disturbance of the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) because the level of a current Ab to a caries-associated antigen from Streptococcus sobrinus was in the normal range in these secretions. The major subclass of IgA to gp160 was of the alpha1 isotype both in Col and in CVF. However, the specific activities of S-IgA1 and S-IgA2 were different when expressed as the ratio of the anti-gp160 related to total Ig of each subclass. Indeed, the specific activity of the S-IgA2 was predominant over S-IgA1 in the Col, whereas the reciprocal results were found in CVF, showing a subcompartmentalization of these secretions. The ability of S-IgA and IgG to block one of the pathways involved in the HIV-1 penetration across mucosa, i.e., transcytosis through epithelial cells, was evaluated using a functional in vitro assay. Both S-IgA and IgG Abs impaired virus transcytosis, irrespective of the level of anti-gp160 Specific activities. However, specific S-IgA was more efficient than IgG. These features suggest that mucosal specific S-IgA to HIV-1 could be relevant in decreasing infectivity of HIV-1 in corporal fluids. [References: 36] <41> UI - 1997261381 AU - Jannesson L AU - Renvert S AU - Birkhed D IN - S. Renvert, Kristianstad Coll. of Hlth. Science, Box 98, S-291 21 Kristianstad; Sweden. TI - Effect of xylitol in an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate on mutans streptococci in vivo. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Vol 55(4) (pp 212-216), 1997. AB - The aim of this investigation was to compare the effect of an enzyme- containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate but with addition of xylitol (Zendium Dentine) on mutans streptococci (MS) in saliva and dental plaque with that of the same dentifrice without xylitol. The subjects were divided into a test group, using a dentifrice with 10% xylitol (part A) or 5% xylitol (part B), and a control group, using a dentifrice without xylitol, for 3 months. In part A the MS counts in saliva and plaque were significantly lower in the xylitol group (n = 50) than in the control group (n = 57) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). In part B (n = 89 + 91), evaluating MS counts in saliva only, no significant difference was found. Thus, this study demonstrated 1) that addition of 10% xylitol to an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate has an inhibitory effect on MS counts in saliva and dental plaque, and 2) that the inhibitory effect seems to be dose-dependent. [References: 35] <42> UI - 1997237706 AU - Spafiuddin T AU - Hisamitsu H AU - Toko T AU - Igarashi T AU - Goto N AU - Fujishima A AU - Miyazaki T IN - Dr. T. Spafiuddin, Department of Operative Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145; Japan. TI - In vitro inhibition of caries around a resin composite restoration containing antibacterial filler. SO - Biomaterials Vol 18(15) (pp 1051-1057), 1997. AB - Class V cavities were prepared and restored with resin composite containing antibacterial filler powder (Apacider-AW, Ap-AW) using experimental restorations. The restored teeth were incubated in vitro with the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans IFO 13955. Ground sections were then prepared and examined using macrophotography. Lesions of the outer and inner wall were noted, and the depths to which the lesions penetrated were measured. We found that, in restorations containing 1-5 wt% Ap-AW, caries penetrated the marginal area, while in restorations containing 10 wt% Ap-AW the margin remained free of caries out to a distance of about 1.1 and 1.8 mm on the occlusal and gingival sides, respectively. [References: 20] <43> UI - 1997169681 AU - Perrone M AU - Gfell LE AU - Fontana M AU - Gregory RL IN - R.L. Gregory, Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University, 1121 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5186; United States. E-Mail: RGREGORY@IUSD.IUPUI.EDU. TI - Antigenic characterization of fimbria preparations from Streptococcus mutans isolates from caries-free and caries-susceptible subjects. SO - Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology Vol 4(3) (pp 291-296), 1997. AB - The adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the host surface is an essential step in the development of numerous infections, including dental caries. Attachment of Streptococcus mutans, the main etiological agent of human dental caries, to the tooth surface may be mediated by glucan synthesized by glucosyltransferase (GTF) and by cell surface proteins, such as P1, which bind to salivary receptors. Fimbriae on the surfaces of many microorganisms are known to function in bacterial adhesion. Previous studies in this laboratory have initially characterized the fibrillar surface of S. mutans. The purpose of this investigation was the comparison of the antigenic properties of fimbria preparations of S. mutans isolates from five caries- resistant (CR) and six caries-susceptible (CS) subjects. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of S. mutans fimbrial preparations revealed five major protein bands at 200, 175, 157, 86, and 66 kDa in preparations from CR and CS subjects. Immunoblot analysis indicated the presence of the same major bands recognized by anti-S. mutans fimbria antisera. Furthermore, the 175- and 157-kDa bands were recognized by antibodies to P1 and GTF, respectively. Immunoblot analysis with antisera to the fimbria preparation, to P1, or to GTF indicated that the levels of fimbria-reactive components and P1 and GTF antigens were higher in S. mutans fimbria preparations from CS subjects than in those from CR individuals. For example, four of six fimbria preparations from CS patients had demonstrable P1, and all had GTF. In contrast, only two of five CR fimbrial preparations exhibited P1 and GTF. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated similar results for levels of GTF antigen in the fimbrial preparations from CR and CS subjects. The results suggest that differences between the compositions of S. mutans fimbriae in CR and CS individuals may play an important role in the virulence of this microorganism in dental caries. [References: 53] <44> UI - 1997105475 AU - Klinke T AU - Klimm W AU - Gutknecht N IN - T. Klinke, Klinikum der TU Dresden, Poliklinik fur Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden; Germany. TI - Antibacterial effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation within root canal dentin. SO - Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery Vol 15(1) (pp 29-31), 1997. AB - The microbial flora of the root canal dentin can cause failures in the conventional treatment of infected root canals if it cannot be sufficiently removed by preparation and chemical disinfection of the root canal. The aim of this study is to examine the bactericidal effects of neodymium:yttriumaluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation in the depth of the root canal dentin. Following sterilization, longitudinal section dentin slices of different thicknesses (100-1000 mum) were inoculated on one side with 4 mul of a Streptococcus mutans suspension. The opposite sides of the dentin slices were then irradiated four times for 10-20 sec (according to the sample area) using the Nd:YAG laser at a setting of 1.5 W, 15 pps with a 200 mum glass fiber from an angle of about 5 [degree]. The bacteria were then removed from the dentin using vibration and plated out on culture dishes that were selective for Streptococcus mutans. When compared with untreated control slices, counting of the colonies revealed a highly significant elimination of bacteria for all thicknesses following laser irradiation. Although the intensity of the laser irradiation decreased after penetration of a 1000-mum dentin slice, the bactericidal mode of action was still effective. [References: 18] <45> UI - 1997080980 AU - Steinberg D AU - Rothman M IN - Dr. D. Steinberg, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120; Israel. TI - Antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine on bacteria adsorbed onto experimental dental plaque. SO - Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease Vol 26(3-4) (pp 109-115), 1996. AB - The most common method used to examine the antibacterial effect of antiplaque agents is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIO) method, which is tested on bacteria in suspensions. Examining the antibacterial effect on bacteria adsorbed onto dental surfaces models is not as popular, although it is clear that such models reflect the conditions in the oral cavity far more accurately than the conventional MIC method. The antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on bacteria adsorbed onto experimental dental plaque model was investigated. Hydroxyapatite beads were coated with human saliva. Next, cell-free fructosyltransferase (FTF) and glucosyltransferase (GTF) were adsorbed onto the beads, and sucrose was added to allow the synthesis of polysaccharide by the surface-bound enzymes. Following adsorption of Streptococcus sobrinus to the experimental dental plaque (EDP), the EDP was exposed to CHX at concentrations between 0.008 to 0.0002% at pH values of 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5. After 150 min incubation, growth of the adsorbed bacteria was measured by their incorporation of 3H-uridine or 3H-thymidine. Comparison of bacterial growth on the EDP with that in suspension showed that the surface bound bacteria were less sensitive to CHX than were the bacteria in suspension. At all tested CHX concentrations, the antibacterial effect was independent of pH. In addition, under our experimental conditions, the use of 3H-uridine as an indicator of bacterial viability proved to be more sensitive than 3H-thymidine. The antibacterial effect of an agent in a model closely mimicking the tooth surface should generate results that are more relevant to the in vivo conditions than are conventional methods, thus bearing significant information concerning clinical applications of CHX. [References: 36] <46> UI - 1997073936 AU - Petti S IN - S. Petti, Hygiene Institute, 'La Sapienza' University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome; Italy. TI - Salivary distribution of Streptococcus mutans in schoolchildren from Rome (Italy). SO - European Journal of Epidemiology Vol 13(1) (pp 113-115), 1997. AB - Five-hundred-seventy-seven, 6-year-old schoolchildren from Rome were examined. 67.8% of them harboured 1 x 105 or more Streptococcus mutans CFU per milliliter of saliva. This value was higher than values reported by other authors. However, the caries prevalence of the subjects in this study was lower than values shown by some of the other study-populations, suggesting that different S. mutans distributions of different populations are not entirely explained by the differences in caries prevalence and, in order for the comparison to be possible, the other factors affecting mutans distributions should be considered. [References: 26] <47> UI - 1997061890 AU - Chia J-S AU - Lin S-W AU - Yang C-S AU - Chen J-Y IN - J.-S. Chia, Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen Ai Road 1st Section, Taipei; Taiwan. E-Mail: chiajs@ntumcl.mc.ntu.edu.tw. TI - Antigenicity of a synthetic peptide from glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans in humans. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 65(3) (pp 1126-1130), 1997. AB - Human salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) and serum IgG antibodies to the Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) and to a synthetic peptide of 19 amino acids from a conserved region in the Gtfs (residues 435 to 453) were determined in young adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Varying levels of antibody to Gtfs were detected in saliva or serum, with significantly higher levels of antibody to GtfD than to GtfB/C or GtfC. Anti- Gtf IgA levels in saliva did not correlate with those of IgG in serum. Caries-free (CF) volunteers exhibited significantly higher salivary IgA antibody levels to the peptide and to GtfB/C or GtfC than did the caries- active (CA) subjects. Preincubation of CF saliva and serum with the peptide inhibited the antibodies to the Gtfs in a dose-dependent manner, whereas preincubation of the samples from the CA group resulted in only partial inhibition. Our results indicated that this 19-amino-acid peptide includes one of the major B-cell epitopes of Gtfs and that CF individuals have higher titers of antibodies than CA subjects. [References: 39] <48> UI - 1996360856 AU - Adetunji OF AU - Akinshipe BO AU - Ogunbodede EO AU - Ijaware CO IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife; Nigeria. TI - Bacteriological studies of dental caries in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. SO - Central African Journal of Medicine Vol 42(8) (pp 249-252), 1996. AB - To determine the relationship between bacterial colonization of tooth surfaces and dental caries, selective agar media - MM10 Sucrose, Rogosa SL and Blood agar were used to isolate bacteria from the scrappings of 60 tooth surfaces of 30 children and young adults. Mean age +/- SD was 13,3 +/- 4,1 (range seven to 19 years). Streptococcus mutans was isolated from 36 surfaces representing 60 pc Lactobacillus species from 38 surfaces (68 pc), and Actinomyces species from 12 surfaces (20 pc). The individual prevalences of these organisms decreases with age. The distribution of bacteria according to surfaces examined showed that the pits and fissures were the main habitat of Streptococcus mutants and Lactobacilli were sensitive to erythromycin. Actinomycin species were 100 pc sensitive to Penicillin. All the bacteria species isolated were also found to be 100 pc sensitive to Olfoxacin (Tarivid). It is suggested that the use of antibiotics may stop the growth of cariogenic bacteria in individuals and thereby contribute to a decline in the incidence and prevalence of dental caries in the community. <49> UI - 1996360806 AU - Gil F AU - Facio A AU - Villanueva E AU - Perez ML AU - Tojo R AU - Gil A IN - Dept.of Legal Medicine/Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada,18071 Granada, Madrid; Spain. TI - The association of tooth lead content with dental health factors. SO - Science of the Total Environment Vol 192(2) (pp 183-191), 1996. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of lead content in the human tooth with the prevalence of caries, dental plaque, pH of saliva, levels of Salivalis lactobacilli (SL) and Mutans streptococci (MS), degree of dental abrasion, tooth colour and toothbrushing frequency. A total of 220 teeth (one per person) were analysed using a microwave oven digestion procedure and lead content was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Tooth lead content followed a logarithmic-normal distribution and it increased with the prevalence of caries. Tooth lead concentrations were positively correlated with all the considered dental health factors except the pH of saliva, for which there was a significant negative correlation. Coloured teeth and teeth subject to abrasion showed the highest lead content. The highest number of colonies of SL and MS in saliva paralleled the highest lead tooth levels. Teeth obtained from irregular brushers presented higher tooth lead contents than subjects with a regular toothbrushing frequency. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between tooth lead levels and dental plaque surface, Salivalis lactobacilli number, dental abrasion and dental colour. We conclude that accumulation of lead in teeth is associated with those dental health factors. <50> UI - 1996332555 AU - Baehni PC AU - Guggenheim B IN - Faculty of Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 19, rue Barthelemy-Menn,1211 Geneva 4; Switzerland. TI - Potential of diagnostic microbiology for treatment and prognosis of dental caries and periodontal diseases. SO - Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine Vol 7(3) (pp 259-277), 1996. AB - Most evidence suggests that only a finite number of bacteria are responsible for dental caries and periodontal diseases. This knowledge led to the development of microbial tests which can identify suspected pathogens. Current evaluation of the diagnostic power of microbial tests has shown that they have a low sensitivity and a low prognostic value. Despite these shortcomings, there are valid indications for microbiological-based diagnosis. Salivary microbial tests for the detection of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli may be useful for example in young children oligosialic patients, and orthodontic patients. These tests can be used to monitor the success of chemopreventive measures or compliance with dietary recommendations. Microbial diagnosis may also be valuable in the treatment of early-onset periodontitis or in subjects who respond poorly to periodontal therapy. The use of microbial tests to monitor the efficacy of chemotherapy or mechanical treatment is of particular interest. <51> UI - 1996300736 AU - Bokhout B AU - Van Loveren C AU - Hofman FXWM AU - Buijs JF AU - Van Limbeek J AU - Prahl-Andersen B IN - Department of Orthodontics, Academic Ctr for Dentistry Amsterdam, ACTA, Louwesweg 1,NL-1066 EA Amsterdam; Netherlands. TI - Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in 18-month-old children with cleft lip and/or palate. SO - Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal Vol 33(5) (pp 424-428), 1996. AB - The prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli was determined in 62 18-month-old Dutch children with a cleft lip and/or palate. Plaque and saliva samples were collected, a dental examination was performed, and the parents were interviewed with a structured questionnaire regarding general health, dietary habits, fluoride exposure, and socioeconomic class. Appropriate dilutions of the plaque and saliva samples were cultured on selective media to count all viable bacteria, S. mutans and lactobacilli. S. mutans was detected in the saliva of 45% of the children, and lactobacilli was detected in 16%. Also, S. mutans was detected in 48% of the plaque samples and lactobacilli in 8%. Of all of the variables examined, consumption of more than three snacks and beverages between main meals was significantly associated with presence of S. mutans in saliva. Preoperative infant orthopedic treatment (i.e., wearing an acrylic plate from shortly after birth) was significantly associated with presence of lactobacilli in saliva. The presence of S. mutans in the plaque samples was also significantly associated with presence of lactobacilli in saliva. These results indicate that children with oral cleft are at an increased risk of being infected by S. mutans and lactobacilli at a very early age. Such early colonization indicates a high risk for caries in the primary dentition. <52> UI - 1996123038 AU - Grenier D IN - Groupe de Recherche Ecologie Buccale, Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Universite Laval,Ste-Foy, Que. G1K 7P4; Canada. TI - Antagonistic effect of oral bacteria towards Treponema denticola. SO - Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol 34(5) (pp 1249-1252), 1996. AB - This study was designed to isolate oral bacteria exhibiting antagonism towards Treponema denticola and to characterize the inhibitory activity. Eleven bacterial isolates obtained from subgingival sites and identified as either Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus mutans were found to inhibit the growth of T. denticola. When the activity spectra of these isolates were analyzed, two additional periodontopathogens {Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia) were found to be affected, whereas most gram-positive bacteria were not. Strains of S. aureus produce a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (heat stable and protease sensitive), whereas the inhibitory effect of S. mutans appears to be related to the production of lactic acid. The negative interactions reported in this paper may govern population shifts observed in subgingival sites. <53> UI - 1996027285 AU - Nimer S IN - Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama, 1919 7th Ave. S.,Birmingham, AL 35294; United States. TI - The role of the pediatric dentist in primary health care service. SO - Primary Care Update for Ob/Gyns Vol 3(1) (pp 33-35), 1996. AB - This paper presents a rationale for the incorporation of preventive dental sessions into prenatal and postnatal counseling programs and summarizes oral health problems and predisposing factors that contribute to oral dysfunction of the infant and ways to prevent it. <54> UI - 1996006192 AU - Lundstrom IMC AU - Lindstrom FD IN - Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital,S-581 85 Linkoping; Sweden. TI - Subjective and clinical oral symptoms in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. SO - Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology Vol 13(6) (pp 725-731), 1995. AB - Objective: To study subjective and clinical oral symptoms and their possible correlations in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (1 [degree] SS). Methods: In 40 cases fulfilling the Copenhagen as well as the San Diego criteria for 1 [degree] SS, different subjective symptoms were registered during an interview and by using a questionnaire and visual analogue scales (VAS). A clinical examination was performed to record the salivary parameters, dental status, candidosis, other mucosal lesions, and oral dysfunction. Results: Subjectively, dryness was reported by 98%, soreness by 63%, angular lesions by 70%, and mucosal ulcerations by 40% of the patients. Frequent carious lesions were a major subjective complaint. Clinically, the dental status did not differ from that of the Swedish general population except for a somewhat increased number of filled and decayed surfaces, here 3.5 per tooth on the average. Candidosis was present in a total of 30 patients (75%), and angular cheilitis in 14 (35%). Intraoral cultivation of Candida did not correlate with the clinical findings. Very high counts of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci were found in 77% and 47% of the patients, respectively. Decreased unstimulated saliva was significantly correlated to the subjective degree of dryness, while decreased stimulated saliva could be correlated to increased focus scores in labial salivary gland biopsies and to the presence of mucosal candidosis. Statistically significant correlations were also noted between focus scores and the grades of subjective and clinical dryness. Lichenoid lesions were seen in 18% and oral dysfunction in 55% of the 1 [degree] SS patients. Conclusion: The impaired salivary function in 1 [degree] SS can be related to several subjective complaints and clinical disorders. Increased attention to and treatment of the symptoms noted is a necessity for the early diagnosis and relief of oral distress. <55> UI - 1995345124 AU - Fontana M AU - Gfell LE AU - Gregory RL IN - Department Oral Biology, Indiana University, 1121 W. Michigan Street,Indianapolis, IN 46202; United States. TI - Characterization of preparations enriched for streptococcus mutans fimbriae: Salivary immunoglobulin A antibodies in caries-free and caries-active subjects. SO - Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology Vol 2(6) (pp 719-725), 1995. AB - The ability of bacteria to adhere to salivary pellicle-coated enamel tooth surfaces is a critical step in oral bacterial colonization. Oral bacteria adhere to receptors of host origin in salivary pellicle. Streptococcus mutans has been identified as the major etiological agent of human dental caries and composes a significant proportion of the oral streptococci in carious lesions. Bacterial fimbriae are small (100 to 300 nm) hairlike appendages emanating from the cell surface. Preparations enriched for S. mutans fimbriae were isolated by a shearing technique and alternating high- and low-speed centrifugations. A representative fimbrial preparation had two distinct double bands comprising four proteins of approximately 100 to 200 kDa and one faint band at 40 kDa on reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/immunoblots and had demonstrable glucosyltransferase activity. Rabbit antisera raised against the preparation specifically stained the fuzzy coat of S. mutans, demonstrating short fimbria-like structures protruding 100 to 200 nm from the cell surface. Controls without antifimbria antibody did not exhibit this staining. There were significantly higher (P <= 0.05) levels of salivary immunoglobulin A, but not serum immunoglobulin G, antibodies to the enriched S. mutans fimbria preparation by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay from caries-free subjects than from caries-active subjects. The results suggest that S. mutans fimbriae may be an important adherence factor to which caries-free subjects mount a protective salivary immune response. <56> UI - 1995353195 AU - Banoczy J AU - Gombik A AU - Szoke J AU - Nasz I IN - Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University of Medicine,Budapest; Hungary. TI - Effect of an antibacterial varnish and amine-fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva and dental plaque of children. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry Vol 6(2) (pp 131-134), 1995. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous application of a chlorhexidine and thymol-containing varnish (Cervitec) and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride containing toothpaste (Meridol) on Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva and dental plaque of school children 12-14 years of age, during a six-week period. The children were separated into group 1 (Cervitec varnish + fluoride-containing toothpaste), group 2 (Cervitec varnish + Meridol toothpaste), and group 3 (Meridol toothpaste alone). Over the six weeks the greatest improvement in salivary Streptococcus mutans count occurred in group 2. Overall, a statistically significant decrease in total microbiological count, and Streptococcus mutans was found in all three groups. <57> UI - 1995353199 AU - Zhang YP AU - Din CS AU - Nathoo SA AU - Gaffar A IN - Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center,Piscataway, NJ; United States. TI - Intra-oral remineralization of enamel with a MFP/DCPD and MFP/silica dentifrice using surface microhardness. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry Vol 6(2) (pp 148-153), 1995. AB - The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) abrasive in a dentifrice on the remineralization of enamel using a surface microhardness technique. The method of assessing enamel remineralization via surface microhardness (SMH) was validated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind, intra-oral remineralization study conducted with 12 healthy adults. Enamel demineralization was achieved in vitro by covering bovine enamel blocks with exogenous oral bacteria, S. mutans 1600 Ingbritt, containing glucan which was then exposed to sucrose. In the intra-oral treatment phase, subjects were fitted with oral maxillary palatal retainers, each holding four demineralized enamel blocks. Subjects brushed their teeth for 30 seconds with a test dentifrice, swished for an additional 60 seconds, rinsed with water and then retained the blocks intra-orally for 4 hours. Percent mineral recovery for each enamel block was calculated as the ratio of the changes in enamel microhardness due to treatment (remin) and sucrose challenge (demin). Treatments included DCPD-based dentifrices containing 0, 250 and 1000 ppm fluoride (F) from sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP). Using SMH, respective mean percent mineral recoveries of 5.7, 18.7 and 41.4% were obtained. All ADA criteria for model validation were fulfilled. This same model was then used to compare the remineralization effects of a silica placebo, DCPD placebo, 1000 ppm F MFP/silica and 1000 ppm F MFP/DCPD dentifrice. Mean percent mineral recoveries of -0.9, 24.1, 30.2 and 55.7% were obtained, respectively. The MFP/DCPD dentifrice was superior to MFP/silica (p < 0.05). Also, the activities of calcium and fluoride in saliva were measured at 45 minutes post-treatment during the intra-oral treatment phase. Mean fluoride activities were significantly higher for the two MFP dentifrices when compared to the silica and DCPD placebos. Mean calcium activity was significantly higher (p < 0.01) with use of the MFP/DCPD dentifrice when compared to MFP/silica or the silica placebo. These results indicate that more active calcium and a higher degree of saturation (DS(EN)) with respect to enamel exists for an extended period of time after use of a MFP/DCPD dentifrice. Since an elevation in DS(EN) is considered a major parameter controlling the extent of enamel remineralization, this finding may partly explain the superior remineralization of enamel observed with the MFP/DCPD dentifrice. The significant increases in calcium activity and intra-oral enamel remineralization hy the DCPD-based dentifrice are consistent with earlier findings that a DCPD abrasive provides added benefit for enamel remineralization. <58> UI - 1995354737 AU - Senpuku H AU - Miyauchi T AU - Hanada N AU - Nisizawa T IN - Department of Oral Science, National Institute of Health, 1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162; Japan. TI - An antigenic peptide inducing cross-reacting antibodies inhibiting the interaction of Streptococcus mutans PAc with human salivary components. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 63(12) (pp 4695-4703), 1995. AB - A 190-kDa surface protein antigen (PAc) of Streptococcus mutans, in particular the A region of this molecule, may be implicated in the induction of dental caries via an interaction with salivary components. For this reason, it was probably used successfully as an antigenic component for experimental vaccination to prevent dental caries in animals. While developing a synthetic peptide vaccine for dental caries, as reported herein, we have identified a unique peptide, TYEAALKQYEADL, as a candidate vaccinal immunogen. The amino acid sequence of this peptide completely corresponds to the sequence of a B-cell epitope in the A region of PAc and additionally contains its own T-cell epitope for B10.D2 mice within the molecule. This peptide strongly induces the production of only cross-reacting antibodies against PAc. In addition, as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance analysis using the BIAcore system, these cross-reacting antibodies inhibit approximately 50% of the binding of fluid-phase salivary components to immobilized recombinant PAc. <59> UI - 1995342837 AU - Litt MD AU - Reisine S AU - Tinanoff N IN - Behavioral Sci./Comm. Health Dept., Connecticut University Health Center,Farmington, CT 06030; United States. TI - Multidimensional causal model of dental caries development in low-income preschool children. SO - Public Health Reports Vol 110(5) (pp 607-617), 1995. AB - DESPITE THE DECLINE in the incidence of dental caries in the United States over the past several years, the condition remains a significant problem for the nation's poor children. Efforts to identify the factors responsible for caries development in samples of children of low socioeconomic status have primarily focused on a limited number of variables, and those have been predominantly biological (mutans streptococci, for example). Resulting models of caries development have usually shown good sensitivity but poor specificity. They have had limited implications for treatment. In an effort to produce a comprehensive model of caries development, 184 low-income preschool children were clinically assessed for mutans streptococci and for decayed, missing, or filled surfaces of deciduous teeth twice, first at age 4 years (baseline) and again a year later (year 1 assessment). As the clinical assessments were being done, caretakers were being interviewed to obtain data from five domains: demographics, social status, dental health behaviors, cognitive factors such as self-efficacy (self-confidence) and controllability, and perceived life stress. Data were analyzed using a structural equations modeling approach in which variables from all domains, plus baseline decayed missing and filled surfaces and baseline mutans, were used together to create a model of caries development in the year 1 assessment. Results confirmed earlier work that suggested that caries development at a 1-year followup was strongly dependent on earlier caries development. Early caries development in this sample was determined in part by mutans levels and by dental health behaviors. These behaviors themselves were accounted for partly by a cognitive factor. The results support the advantages of employing multidimensional models and provide some direction for intervention to reduce caries incidence. <60> UI - 1995317615 AU - Marquis RE IN - Dept. Microbiol/Immunol./Dental Res., University of Rochester, Medical Center,Rochester, NY 14642-8672; United States. TI - Oxygen metabolism, oxidative stress and acid-base physiology of dental plaque biofilms. SO - Journal of Industrial Microbiology Vol 15(3) (pp 198-207), 1995. AB - Dental plaque is a natural biofilm which has been a focus of attention for many years because of its known roles in caries and periodontal diseases. Acid production by plaque bacteria leads to the erosion of tooth mineral in caries, and the cariogenicity of plaque is related to population levels of acid-tolerant organisms such as mutans streptococci. However, the biofilm character of plaque allows for survival of a diverse flora, including less acid-tolerant organisms, some of which can produce ammonia from arginine or urea to counter acidification. Plaque is often considered to be relatively anaerobic, However, evidence is presented here that both supragingival and subgingival plaque have active oxygen metabolism and that plaque bacteria, including anaerobes, have developed defenses against oxidative stress. Even in subgingival plaque associated with periodontitis, measured residual oxygen levels are sufficient to allow for oxygen metabolism by organisms considered to be extremely a anaerobic such as Treponema denticola, which metabolizes oxygen by means of NADH oxidases and produces the protective enzymes superoxide dismutase and NADH peroxidase. The finding that plaque bacteria produce a variety of protective enzymes is a good indicator that oxidative stress is a part of their everyday life. The biofilm character of plaque allows for population diversity and coexistence of aerobes, anaerobes and microaerophiles. Overall, agents that affect oxidative metabolism offer possibilities for reducing the pathogenic activities of plaque. <61> UI - 1995284766 AU - Loesche WJ AU - Schork A AU - Terpenning MS AU - Chen Y-M AU - Stoll J IN - School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University,Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078; United States. TI - Factors which influence levels of selected organisms in saliva of older individuals. SO - Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol 33(10) (pp 2550-2557), 1995. AB - The most commonly measured bacterial parameters in saliva are the levels of the mutans group streptococci and lactobacilli, which have diagnostic implications for the incidence of dental decay. Diagnostic guidelines which are applicable to children and young adults in whom most, if not all, teeth are present and in whom the rate of stimulated saliva is almost always greater than 0.5 ml/min have been developed. Dental decay is a potential health problem of considerable magnitude among elderly individuals. In elderly individuals, missing teeth, the presence of dentures, and a reduced salivary flow could confound the interpretation of salivary levels of cariogenic bacteria. In the present study, in which saliva was collected from more than 560 elderly individuals (average age, 70 +/- 8 years), there was a significant positive relationship between the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and increased numbers of teeth. There was a positive association between the salivary levels of S. mutans and decay when the data were stratified for the presence of a complaint of xerostomia and the presence of dentures. However, a similar analysis indicated that lactobacilli and yeasts were more likely to be associated with decay. The various variables which could influence the bacterial counts per milliliter of saliva, e.g., independent or dependent living status, complaint of xerostomia, stimulated salivary flow, salivary pH, the presence of dentures, number of teeth, and decay, were analyzed simultaneously by using a multivariable linear model. In that analysis the number of decayed teeth was significantly associated with the presence of lactobacilli (P = 0.0001) and yeasts (P = 0.025) but not with the presence of S. mutans. Our findings indicate that salivary levels of lactobacilli and yeasts, as well as the salivary levels of S. mutans, should be monitored when seeking microbial indicators that might predict the incidence of caries in elderly individuals. <62> UI - 1995265155 AU - Kelly CG AU - Todryk S AU - Kendal HL AU - Munro GH AU - Lehner T IN - Department of Immunology, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge,London SE1 9RT; United Kingdom. TI - T-cell, adhesion, and B-cell epitopes of the cell surface Streptococcus mutans protein antigen I/II. SO - Infection & Immunity Vol 63(9) (pp 3649-3658), 1995. AB - The T-cell and antibody responses to a cell surface streptococcal antigen (SA I/II) were investigated in naturally sensitized humans. Serum antibody responses were directed predominantly to the N-terminal (residues 39 to 481) and central (residues 816 to 1213) regions of SA I/II which may be involved in bacterial adhesion to salivary receptors. T-cell responses were also directed predominantly towards the central region. The linear peptide relationship of the immunodominant and minor T- and B-cell as well as adhesion epitopes was mapped within residues 816 to 1213. Immunodominant T- cell and B-cell epitopes were identified within residues 803 to 853, which were separated in linear sequence from the adhesion epitopes (residues 1005 to 1044). Adhesion epitopes overlapped with minor B- and T-cell epitopes (residues 1005 to 1054 and 1085 to 1134). An immunodominant promiscuous T- cell epitope (residues 985 to 1004) was adjacent to an adhesion epitope (residues 1005 to 1024). The limited B-cell response to adhesion epitopes is consistent with the success of Streptococcus mutans in colonizing the oral cavity. The strategy of T-cell, adhesion, and B-cell epitope mapping has revealed a general approach for identifying components of subunit vaccines which may focus responses to critical functional determinants. Such epitopes of SA I/II may constitute the components of a subunit vaccine against dental caries. <63> UI - 1995249453 AU - Childers NK AU - Zhang SS AU - Michalek SM IN - School of Dentistry, University of Alabama,Birmingham, AL 35294-0007; United States. TI - Oral immunization with dehydrated liposomes containing Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase (GTF) in humans. SO - Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology Vol 371(B) (pp 1481-1484), 1995. <64> UI - 1995249388 AU - Iwase T AU - Hiraoka J-I AU - Horikoshi T AU - Hamada S AU - Moro I IN - Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry,Tokyo; Japan. TI - Lack of cross-reaction of antibodies against cell-associated glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans with human heart tissue. SO - Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology Vol 371(B) (pp 1161-1165), 1995. <65> UI - 1995249387 AU - Smith DJ AU - Taubman MA IN - Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center,Boston, MA 02115; United States. TI - Potential for glucosyltransferase-based synthetic peptides in a dental caries vaccine. SO - Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology Vol 371(B) (pp 1157-1159), 1995. AB - The antigenicity and immunogenicity of MAP constructs containing four copies of peptides derived from sequences associated with the glucan-binding (GLU) or catalytic (CAT) domains of GTF were studied in humans and rodents. Both constructs reacted with several human serum IgG and salivary IgA antibody samples, and were immunogenic in rats, giving rise to high levels of anti-peptide serum IgA antibody activity. Both peptides also appeared to contain B cell epitopes that were similar to those of intact GTF from S. sobrinus and S. mutans, based on cross-reactivity in Western blot and ELISA analyses. The association of the primary GLU sequence with functional GTF activity was suggested both by the ability of the synthetic peptide to block human IgG antibody-mediated inhibition of GTF and by the rat anti-GLU- peptide mediated inhibition of insoluble glucan formation by GTF-S. Development of a vaccine for dental caries that is constructed of synthetic peptides would have several benefits. One could maximize the concentrations of epitopes required for antigen recognition and epitopes eliciting protective immune responses. Inappropriate epitopes could be excluded, such as those that might trigger suppressive immune responses of cross-react with host components. Synthetic peptide technology should ultimately permit known effective T-cell epitopes and sequences imparting enhanced adjuvanticity to be combined with epitopes that elicit protective responses. This technology could be extended to create multivalent vaccines by including the appropriate epitopes from several vaccine antigens into one synthetic macromolecule. <66> UI - 1995249385 AU - Gregory RL AU - Gfell LE AU - Malmstrom HS IN - Department of Oral Microbiology, Indiana University,Indianapolis, IN; United States. TI - Differences in secretory IgA and serum antibodies to Streptococcus mutans isolates from caries-resistant and caries-susceptible subjects. SO - Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology Vol 371(B) (pp 1149-1152), 1995. <67> UI - 1995249384 AU - Fernandes FRC AU - Nagao AT AU - Zelante F AU - Carneiro-Sampaio MMS IN - Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo,Sao Paulo; Brazil. TI - Dental caries and salivary anti-Streptococcus mutans antibodies in IgA deficient children. SO - Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology Vol 371(B) (pp 1145-1148), 1995. <68> UI - 1995219399 AU - Fernandes FRC AU - Nagao AT AU - Mayer MPA AU - Zelante F AU - Carneiro-Sampaio MMS IN - Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo University (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes no 2415,C.E.P. 05508-900; Brazil. TI - Compensatory levels of salivary IgM anti-streptococcus mutans antibodies in IgA-deficient patients. SO - Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology Vol 5(3) (p