Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Oct 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-300 From Set 70): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 exp Tooth demineralization/ 22681 2 demineralization.mp. 1626 3 caries.mp. 15332 4 caires.mp. 1 5 craies.mp. 0 6 careis.mp. 4 7 carise.mp. 0 8 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 422 9 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 217 10 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 276 11 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 255 12 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 182 13 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 379 14 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 325 15 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 251 16 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 12 17 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 20 18 (active adj decay).mp. 9 19 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 14 20 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 30 21 (white adj spot:).mp. 512 22 carious.mp. 2083 23 cariology.ti,ab. 56 24 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 15 25 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 2 26 Tooth remineralization/ 479 27 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 99 28 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 50 29 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 98 30 caries-free.mp. 606 31 cariesfree.mp. 17 32 Cariogenic agents/ 728 33 precavit:.mp. 8 34 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 513 35 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 117 36 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 6 37 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 28 38 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 24 39 dft.mp. 414 40 dfs.mp. 1266 41 dmf:.mp. 6412 42 cariogeni:.mp. 1788 43 or/1-42 32333 44 Dental plaque/ 10268 45 ((tooth or teeth or dent:) adj3 (placque or plaque)).mp. 3497 46 or/43-45 40699 47 Streptococcus mutans/ 4037 48 mutans.mp. 4027 49 theileria.mp. 1144 50 48 not 49 3952 51 47 or 50 4842 52 "S.".mp. 285982 53 "Str.".mp. 1857 54 strep:.mp. 102308 55 exp Streptococcus/ 36244 56 or/52-55 377351 57 cricetus.mp. 228 58 rattus.mp. 1800 59 sobrinus.mp. 479 60 or/57-59 2423 61 56 and 60 643 62 47 or 50 or 61 5142 63 (caries adj3 conducive).mp. 10 64 62 or 63 5149 65 46 and 64 2779 66 limit 65 to (human and english language) 1625 67 ip.fs. 425405 68 ("84097346" or "81133005" or "91322965" or "73227061" or 5 "74015000").ui. 69 66 and 67 733 70 68 or 69 734 71 from 70 keep 1-300 300 72 from 70 keep 301-600 300 *************************** <1> UI - 93046439 AU - Tenovuo J AU - Hakkinen P AU - Paunio P AU - Emilson CG IN - Department of Cariology, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Effects of chlorhexidine-fluoride gel treatments in mothers on the establishment of mutans streptococci in primary teeth and the development of dental caries in children. SO - Caries Research 1992;26(4):275-80 AB - In a longitudinal 3-year study, 151 children were followed for the colonization of the primary dentition by mutans streptococci (MS) and for the development of dental caries. At the age of 1 year, the child-mother pairs were divided into three groups on the basis of the levels of MS in maternal saliva. In the experimental group, the mothers had MS levels higher than 10(5) CFU/ml, and they were given chlorhexidine (1%)-sodium fluoride (0.2%) gel treatments twice a year for 3 years. Two control groups were formed. In control group 1, the mothers also had high levels of MS, but no gel was given. In control group 2, the mothers had low (< 10(5) CFU/ml) baseline levels of salivary MS, and no chlorhexidine-fluoride gel was used. In the total study population, 16, 42, and 54% of the children were colonized by MS by the age of 2, 3, and 4 years, respectively. Most children harbored only Streptococcus mutans, but 2 had both S. mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and 2 had only S. sobrinus. Twenty-eight percent of the MS-positive children developed caries by the age of 4 years, whereas 4 out of 27 children with dental caries did not have any detectable MS in their plaque samples. Both the colonization by MS and the caries incidence were highest in control group 1 and lower in the experimental group and in control group 2. These observations suggest that the reduction of maternal salivary MS at the time of tooth emergence may delay, or perhaps even prevent, the colonization of MS in the children's primary dentition with a concomitant decline in caries incidence, even in a population with an already low prevalence of dental caries. <2> UI - 93046438 AU - Hildebrandt GH AU - Pape HR Jr AU - Syed SA AU - Gregory WA AU - Friedman M IN - Department of Cariology and General Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48105. TI - Effect of slow-release chlorhexidine mouthguards on the levels of selected salivary bacteria. SO - Caries Research 1992;26(4):268-74 AB - This study evaluated the effect of an alternate delivery system for chlorhexidine on salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and other selected oral bacteria. On the basis of salivary MS levels > or = 10(4) CFU/ml, 22 subjects were enrolled. All caries lesions were restored prior to treatment. Two pretreatment paraffin-stimulated saliva samples were obtained for culturing at least 1 week apart. Complete-arch vacuum-adapted mouthguards were individually fabricated and coated internally with a 3% w/v chlorhexidine varnish. Mouthguards were worn for an average of 7 h/night for 7 nights. Saliva samples were obtained immediately after treatment and 1 and 3 months later. There was no significant change in levels of any of the monitored bacteria between the two pretreatment samples. A significant and specific reduction in salivary MS levels was observed in the three after-treatment samples as compared with baseline values (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively). The levels of Actinomyces viscosus were also measured, and there was a significant reduction immediately after treatment (p < 0.05), a return to baseline values at 1 month, and a significant increase above baseline values at 3 months, (p < 0.001). There was no significant change in saliva volume, in total numbers of facultatively anaerobic bacteria, or in levels of lactobacilli or Streptococcus sanguis. This treatment system is capable of significant and specific suppression of MS levels for up to 3 months without retreatment. <3> UI - 93030435 AU - Saemundsson SR AU - Bergmann H AU - Magnusdottir MO AU - Holbrook WP IN - Dental Surgery, Vopnafjordur, Iceland. TI - Dental caries and Streptococcus mutans in a rural child population in Iceland. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1992 Oct;100(5):299-303 AB - In spite of having a high socioeconomic standing, in Iceland caries prevalence has remained stubbornly high. This study reports findings from a mixed fishing and farming community in East Iceland that has traditionally been associated with the highest prevalence of caries. A total of 188 children aged 3-16 yr (96.4% of residents of that age group) were examined. At 6 yr the mean dmfs score was 4.1, DMFS 0 and 48% were caries-free. The mean DMFS score at 12 yr was 4.7 and 22.6% remained caries-free but at 16 yr the DMFS score was 11.6 and no children were caries-free. Caries was unevenly distributed within each age group and was more prevalent among residents of the fishing town than the surrounding farming district. In a pilot study conducted in 1989 mean counts of Streptococcus mutans for children aged 4-7 yr were 2.6 x 10(5) cfu/ml and declined to 4.6 x 10(4) cfu/ml in 1990 after a program of chlorhexidine brushing had been added to the routine caries preventive measures adopted in this community. It may therefore be possible to screen Icelandic children for caries risk and apply preventive measures to those demonstrated to be most in need. <4> UI - 92366419 AU - Lenander-Lumikari M AU - Tenovuo J AU - Puhakka HJ AU - Malvaranta T AU - Ruuskanen O AU - Meurman O AU - Meurman P AU - Vilja P IN - University of Turku, Finland. TI - Salivary antimicrobial proteins and mutans streptococci in tonsillectomized children. SO - Pediatric Dentistry 1992 Mar-Apr;14(2):86-91 AB - Whole saliva from 53 children who had been tonsillectomized when they were younger than 4 years old was analyzed for selected antimicrobial proteins and oral mutans streptococci 3-4 years after the operation. The results were compared with those from age- and gender-matched control children with no history of tonsillectomy. The salivary analyses comprised both immune (total IgA, IgG and IgM) and selected nonimmune (lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, salivary peroxidase) antimicrobial proteins. Specific IgA and IgG antibodies against viral antigens (adeno-, cytomegalo-, respiratory syncytial- and Epstein-Barr-viruses) and against Streptococcus mutans cells were quantitated in both groups. The tonsillectomized children had statistically significantly higher concentrations of all immunoglobulin isotypes (P 0.001) as well as of lactoferrin (P less than 0.005), and myeloperoxidase (P less than 0.001) in saliva. However, no differences were found in the numbers of cariogenic mutans streptococci or in the total oral aerobic flora. In line with the streptococcal counts, no differences existed in anti-S. mutans IgA or IgG titers between the groups. Most antibodies against viruses, especially of IgG isotype, were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in saliva of tonsillectomized children than in that of the controls. The results suggest that, within a long run, the humoral immune status of human saliva is not weakened by tonsillectomy. Also, mainly serum-derived antimicrobial proteins (myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, IgG) exist in high concentrations in whole saliva after tonsillectomy. <5> UI - 92354665 AU - Batoni G AU - Ota F AU - Ghelardi E AU - Senesi S AU - Barnini S AU - Freer G AU - Hirota K AU - Gabriele M AU - Marcucci M AU - Campa M IN - Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Universita di Pisa, Italy. TI - Epidemiological survey of Streptococcus mutans in a group of adult patients living in Pisa (Italy). SO - European Journal of Epidemiology 1992 Mar;8(2):238-42 AB - An epidemiological investigation was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in a group of 134 adult patients. Markedly higher frequency of isolation was observed in caries-active subjects than in caries-inactive or caries-free subjects, indicating a significant association between the prevalence of the microorganism and the caries status. Moreover, the presence of the microorganism appeared to have a significant association with the extent of caries experience evaluated by the DMF score. These findings are in agreement with those reported previously for school children in other areas of Italy. Isolation of S. mutans was compared among patients groups with different caries activity in relation to culture times of dental plaque samples in a transport medium (Colorimetric Broth Medium). S. mutans was most frequently isolated from caries-active subjects when the medium was incubated for 48 h after inoculation with dental plaque samples. <6> UI - 92355539 AU - Tenovuo J AU - Jentsch H AU - Soukka T AU - Karhuvaara L IN - Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Antimicrobial factors of saliva in relation to dental caries and salivary levels of mutans streptococci. SO - Journal de Biologie Buccale 1992 Jun;20(2):85-90 AB - The possible association between salivary non-immunoglobulin (lysozyme, lactoferrin, hypothiocyanite, agglutinins) or immunoglobulin (total IgA, anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA) antimicrobial factors, and the prevalence of dental caries was studied in 59 young adults. These antimicrobial factors were also analysed in relation to the salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS). The amount of MS correlated significantly (+0.31, p less than 0.05) with the number of initial caries lesions (Di) but not with other caries indices (DMFT, DMFS, DS). The group with no Di (N = 17) had significantly (p less than 0.05) more hypothiocyanite (HOSCN/OSCN-) and anti-S. mutans IgA antibodies in whole saliva than those with initial caries lesions (N = 42). None of the antimicrobial factors alone showed any significant association with salivary MS counts. Our results suggest that HOSCN/OSCN- and anti-S. mutans IgA may be involved in the prevention of the early phases of dental caries. <7> UI - 92373473 AU - Collaert B AU - Edwardsson S AU - Attstrom R AU - Hase JC AU - Astrom M AU - Movert R IN - Department of Periodontology, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Rinsing with delmopinol 0.2% and chlorhexidine 0.2%: short-term effect on salivary microbiology, plaque, and gingivitis. SO - Journal of Periodontology 1992 Jul;63(7):618-25 AB - The aim of this short-term study was to compare the effect of delmopinol HCl 0.2% and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% rinses on the development of dental plaque, the healing of experimental gingivitis, and the salivary microbiology. As part of a larger study protocol, 45 healthy males enrolled in an oral hygiene program to upgrade their oral health. For this portion of the study, participants had their teeth professionally cleaned on day 0. The participants then abstained from standard mechanical oral hygiene procedures, but applied a placebo solution twice daily for 2 weeks. At the end of this period the subjects received a second professional cleaning and were then assigned to 2 treatment groups: Group 1 rinsed with 10 ml of delmopinol HCl 0.2% and Group 2 rinsed with 10 ml of chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% for 1 minute twice daily for the next 2 weeks and continued to refrain from mechanical oral hygiene procedures. At the end of the placebo and active treatment periods 1) saliva samples were taken and cultivated on a series of media; 2) the degree of gingivitis was assessed with gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingivitis index (GI); and 3) the plaque index was assessed and the stainable buccal plaque extension was analyzed planimetrically. No changes in the salivary microbiological counts were detected for the subjects rinsing with delmopinol. Subjects rinsing with chlorhexidine showed significant reductions of anaerobes, aerobes, and S. mutans in saliva. The amounts of GCF and GI were reduced largely to the same extent in both treatment groups. Mean plaque extension was reduced by 52% after delmopinol and 88% after chlorhexidine rinsing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <8> UI - 92372789 AU - Hujoel PP AU - DeRouen TA IN - Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. TI - Determination and selection of the optimum number of sites and patients for clinical studies [published erratum appears in J Dent Res 1992 Oct;71(10):1760]. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1992 Aug;71(8):1516-21 AB - Calculating required sample sizes is a critical step in the design of any study. For dental studies, the sample size needs to be specified at two levels: (1) the number of patients (n) enrolled in the study, and (2) the average number of sites (m) examined per patient. In general, m and n should be selected in such a way that the precision of the research findings is maximized, while the cost of the study is minimized. This objective can be realized by taking stock of the components of variation and the costs involved with enrolling patients and examining sites. The research cost for n patients ($C1/patient), at an average of m sites per patient ($C2/site), can usually be approximated by nC1 + nmC2. The precision varies as a function of the variance components, m, and n. To optimize precision for a fixed cost, the average number of sites examined per patient (m(opt)) should be approximately equal to [formula: see text] where rho is the within-patient correlation coefficient of the site-specific variable measured. When m(opt) is approximately equal to or in excess of the average number of sites available per patient, whole-mouth examinations are indicated. When m(opt) is considerably smaller than the average number of sites available, the sample of optimum size should be obtained by some random mechanism. Examination of a number of sites considerably different from m(opt) results in a waste of resources, regardless of the number of patients studied. Standard statistical analyses for determination of the patient sample size required to obtain a pre-specified precision or power are discussed. <9> UI - 92335777 AU - Sundin B AU - Granath L IN - Department of Pedodontics, Lund University, School of Dentistry, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Sweets and other sugary products tend to be the primary etiologic factors in dental caries. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1992 Jun;100(3):137-9 AB - The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between caries incidence and each of seven caries-related factors in a group of 15- to 18-yr-olds as well as in single and combined subgroups representing favorable or less favorable fractions of six of the factors. Sixty-nine 18-yr-olds were interviewed about consumption of sweets and other sugar-containing products during the past 3 yr and examined for oral hygiene, salivary counts of mutants streptococci and lactobacilli, salivary flow rate and oral sugar clearance time at the ages of 15 and 18. Simple linear correlations and a stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to compare ranks and explanatory values. The highest correlations were obtained for intake of sweets and intake of other sugary products, with r values increasing from 0.25 and 0.16, respectively, in the total material to 0.70 and 0.67 in less favorable fractions of oral hygiene, salivary flow rate and other sugary products in the former case, sweets in the latter. The stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that sweets and other sugary products contributed 12 percentage points to the total explanatory value, which was as low as 19%. <10> UI - 92335778 AU - Hallgren A AU - Oliveby A AU - Twetman S IN - Department of Orthodontics, Medical and Dental Health Center, Halmstad, Sweden. TI - Caries associated microflora in plaque from orthodontic appliances retained with glass ionomer cement. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1992 Jun;100(3):140-3 AB - The caries associated microflora in dental plaque adjacent to orthodontic brackets retained with a glass ionomer cement (GIC) and a resin based composite was investigated using the split-mouth technique. 3, 8, and 28 days after the onset of the appliances, 48-h-old plaque was sampled. An increasing prevalence of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque from both retaining materials was found. A tendency to colonize more frequently around the composite retained brackets was noticed for both types of bacteria. The proportion of mutans streptococci in relation to the total viable count was significantly higher in plaque samples from composite retained brackets compared to GIC retained 1 month after onset of treatment. The results suggest that a less caries inducing microflora may develop when GIC is used as luting agent in orthodontic dentistry. <11> UI - 92336743 AU - Bjertness E AU - Eriksen HM IN - Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. TI - Design of a socio-ecologic caries model and testing on 50-year-old citizens of Oslo, Norway. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1992 Jun;50(3):151-62 AB - The purpose of the present study was to design a socio-ecologic caries model based on a general health model and to test the fit of data collected from a random sample of 200 50-year-old Oslo citizens to this designed model. The intention was also to investigate the relative importance of the four items environmental, behavioral, human biology, and health care organization factors. The dependent variable, number of carious surfaces, was recorded clinically and radiologically. The mean number of carious surfaces was 3.0 (SD, 3.5), with a range from 0 to 17, and the four items explained 5%, 25%, 28%, and 13% of the variance in number of carious surfaces, respectively. The complete model explained 42%, whereas traditionally used variables on the basis of the Keyes triad explained only 22% of the variance. The findings from the present study indicate that dental caries is a multifactorial disease with both behavioral and biologic determinants, and the socio-ecologic caries model represents a relevant supplement to the Keyes triad. <12> UI - 92344384 AU - Sturr MG AU - Marquis RE IN - Department of Microbiology, University of Rochester, New York 14642. TI - Comparative acid tolerances and inhibitor sensitivities of isolated F-ATPases of oral lactic acid bacteria. SO - Applied & Environmental Microbiology 1992 Jul;58(7):2287-91 AB - pH activity profiles and inhibitor sensitivities were compared for membrane ATPases isolated from three oral lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 4646, Streptococcus mutans GS-5, and Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 10904, with, respectively, high, moderate, and low levels of acid tolerance. Membranes containing F1F0 ATPases were isolated by means of salt lysis of cells treated with muralytic enzymes. Membrane-free F1F0 complexes were then isolated from membranes by detergent extraction with Triton X-100 or octylglucoside. Finally, F1 complexes free of the proton-conducting F0 sector were obtained by washing membranes with buffers of low ionic strength. The pH activity profiles of the membrane-associated enzymes reflected the general acid tolerances of the organisms from which they were isolated; for example, pH optima were approximately 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0, respectively, for enzymes from L. casei, S. mutans, and S. sanguis. Roughly similar profiles were found for membrane-free F1F0 complexes, which were stabilized by phospholipids against loss of activity during storage. However, profiles for F1 enzymes were distinctly narrower, indicating that association with F0 and possibly other membrane components enhanced tolerance to both acid and alkaline media. All of the enzymes were found to have similar sensitivities to Al-F complexes, but only F1F0 enzymes were highly sensitive to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The procedures described for isolation of membrane-free F1F0 forms of the enzymes from oral lactic acid bacteria will be of use in future studies of the characteristics of the enzymes, especially in studies with liposomes. <13> UI - 92332855 AU - Marsh PD AU - Percival RS AU - Challacombe SJ IN - Pathology Division, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, England. TI - The influence of denture-wearing and age on the oral microflora. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1992 Jul;71(7):1374-81 AB - The effects of denture-wearing and age on the prevalence of selected bacteria of dental significance and on the carriage of opportunistic pathogens in molar plaque and whole saliva were determined in 120 healthy subjects, 41 of whom wore partial dentures. The subjects were divided into four age groups: 20-39 years (group A), 40-59 years (group B), 60-79 years (group C), and greater than or equal to 80 years (group D). The proportions, mean log10 viable counts, and isolation frequency of yeasts and lactobacilli in saliva and plaque were consistently higher in partial-denture wearers. The proportions of staphylococci and mutans streptococci were also raised in denture wearers, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. When the data were analyzed for age effects, both yeasts and lactobacilli were found to be increased in saliva with age, but statistically significant differences were generally found only between denture wearers in group D and subjects in the control group A. The isolation frequency of yeasts from plaque was also significantly higher in denture wearers of the oldest age group (D) compared with those in group A. A. viscosus predominated over A. naeslundii in the older age groups, regardless of the presence of dentures. Enterobacteria were isolated occasionally but only from the saliva of denture wearers in group D. Spirochetes and black-pigmented anaerobes were generally found in lower numbers in denture wearers. Collectively, the data show that components of the oral microflora in adults can be independently influenced by both age and the wearing of partial dentures. <14> UI - 92331084 AU - Matee MI AU - Mikx FH AU - Maselle SY AU - Van Palenstein Helderman WH IN - Department of Microbiology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. TI - Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in breast-fed children with rampant caries. SO - Caries Research 1992;26(3):183-7 AB - This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of selected components of the oral microflora in breast-fed children who developed rampant caries (resembling nursing caries) under hitherto unexplained circumstances. Dental plaque and saliva samples were collected from breast-fed children, aged between 1 and 2.5 years, with and without rampant caries. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were isolated from dental plaque of all children with rampant caries and from most caries-free children. None of the colonies of mutans streptococci resembled those of Streptococcus sobrinus. The mean counts of the mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were 100-fold higher in plaque samples from children with rampant caries as compared with caries-free children. No difference could be found between the numbers of mutans streptococci in plaque overlaying cavities and that from adjacent sound enamel. In contrast, the counts of lactobacilli in plaque were approximately 100-fold higher from cavities than from sound surfaces. The levels of mutans streptococci in saliva were directly related to the presence of rampant caries. The results show that caries-free and caries-active breast-fed children, aged 1 to 2.5 years, harbour mutans streptococci and lactobacilli on their teeth. Rampant caries in these children can occur in the absence of nursing bottles or any other feeding abuse during weaning and in the presence of an aciduric plaque microflora, as has been reported for children with nursing bottle caries. <15> UI - 92325276 AU - Wallman C AU - Krasse B IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. TI - Mutans streptococci in margins of fillings and crowns. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1992 Jun;20(3):163-6 AB - A significant correlation was found between the number of mutans streptococci in saliva and the proportional distribution of these microorganisms in pooled plaque from the margins of all restorations. At high salivary numbers there was a tendency towards a higher porportion of mutans streptococci in plaque from the margins of separate restorations. At low and medium salivary numbers, plaque samples could, however, contain greater than 10 per cent mutans streptococci and even less than 1 per cent was found in plaque from margins of restorations at high salivary numbers. The reproducibility of the plaque sampling method was good. Plaque material collected on different occasions from the same margins did not vary significantly in terms of proportions of mutans streptococci. The numbers of mutants streptococci in plaque samples from different restorations of the same kind collected on the same occasion in the same mouth could, however, show a considerable variation. The observations made in this study, indicate that a low salivary number of mutans streptococci does not exclude a high proportion of these microorganisms in plaque from the margins of separate restorations. This has to be considered when efforts are made to reduce the risk of recurrent decay. <16> UI - 92323888 AU - Wright JT AU - Cutter GR AU - Dasanayake AP AU - Stiles HM AU - Caufield PW IN - University of Alabama, Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Public Health. TI - Effect of conventional dental restorative treatment on bacteria in saliva. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1992 Jun;20(3):138-43 AB - Dental caries results from the dissolution of mineralized dental tissues by the metabolic by-products of oral bacteria colonizing the surface of teeth. The principal modality for dealing with this infectious process is through restorative treatment which removes the pathologic tissue and replaces it with a variety of inert materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of traditional restorative treatment on select oral bacterial populations. Fifty-two females demonstrating high levels of mutans streptococci (greater than or equal to 2.5 x 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) per ml saliva) with no more than four missing posterior teeth were recruited for this study. Salivary levels of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, total streptococci, and total cultivable bacteria were evaluated before, during, and after restorative treatment. Initial DMFS scores were established by two standardized examiners using bitewing radiographs and clinical examination, which was conducted under optimal conditions. All restorative treatment was completed by faculty members of the University of Alabama School of Dentistry using treatment plans developed by the DMFS examiners. The participants received a mean of 16.4 restored surfaces, which resulted in significant reductions of all the bacterial populations tested. All microbial populations monitored were predicted to return to their baseline levels within 151 days after restorative treatment in 50% of the participants. This study shows that conventional restorative treatment results in a significant reduction of bacterial populations including those associated with the dental caries process, i.e., mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <17> UI - 92321924 AU - Takei T AU - Ogawa T AU - Alaluusua S AU - Fujiwara T AU - Morisaki I AU - Ooshima T AU - Sobue S AU - Hamada S IN - Department of Oral Microbiology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan. TI - Latex agglutination test for detection of mutans streptococci in relation to dental caries in children. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1992 Feb;37(2):99-104 AB - A simple and rapid system based on a latex agglutination (LA) reaction was devised for the detection of mutans streptococci in dental plaque. Latex particles were sensitized with antibodies against whole cells of Streptococcus mutans strains MT8148 (serotype c), MT703R (e) and OMZ175 (f) and Strep. sobrinus strains B13 (d) and 6715 (g). These sensitized particles were agglutinated within a few minutes after addition of 1.0-10 ng serotype-specific antigen from the homologous organisms or the nitrous acid extract of whole cells at 10(5)-10(6) c.f.u. The LA test specifically differentiated not only mutans streptococci from the other oral streptococci but also Strep. sobrinus from Strep. mutans. The LA test was also applicable to extracts of plaque from 206 human subjects who harboured mutans streptococci. In clinical trials, the outcome of the LA test correlated significantly with the number of mutans streptococci found in plaque (p less than 0.0001), which was quantified by the selective cultivation of mutans streptococci. Furthermore, the LA test discriminated between Strep. mutans and Strep. sobrinus from human dental plaque. The sensitivity and the specificity of the LA test for detection of mutans streptococci were 78.9 and 100%. The degree of reactivity in the LA test correlated significantly with the number of decayed tooth surfaces (p less than 0.0001) and decayed and filled tooth surfaces (p less than 0.0001). These results suggest that the LA test could be useful clinically for the detection of mutans streptococci in dental plaque as well as serving as a caries-activity test. <18> UI - 92276609 AU - Zero DT AU - Fu J AU - Anne KM AU - Cassata S AU - McCormack SM AU - Gwinner LM IN - Eastman Dental Center, Rochester, New York 14620. TI - An improved intra-oral enamel demineralization test model for the study of dental caries. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1992 Apr;71 Spec No:871-8 AB - The intra-oral enamel demineralization test (IEDT) was introduced by Brudevold et al. (1984). This caries model involves human subjects wearing palatal appliances each holding eight bovine enamel blocks covered by a bacterial cell layer prepared by the harvesting of cultures of Streptococcus mutants (test plaque). The original model used the iodide permeability test for assessment of the extent of demineralization of bovine enamel blocks resulting from acid production by the test plaque after dietary substrate challenge. The IEDT model has been expanded and improved by us in the following ways: (1) Based on encouraging findings from an in vitro study (Zero et al., 1990), the surface microhardness test has been adopted to measure the extent of demineralization occurring at three sites on the enamel blocks corresponding to an area over which the effective plaque thickness is 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm; (2) intra-oral pH of the test plaque is measured by means of a Beetrode miniature pH electrode at baseline, then at five, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min after the start of a test; (3) plaque samples are collected at the end of a test and analyzed for organic acid content by means of HPLC; (4) the bacterial test challenge has been expanded to include different cariogenic bacteria which are grown under various growth conditions. The improved model has the capability of studying fundamental aspects of the caries process, namely, the relationships among dietary substrate challenge, plaque pH change, plaque organic acid profiles, microbial virulence properties, and enamel demineralization. Furthermore, the model has the potential for use in more applied research on caries-preventive agents such as fluoride. <19> UI - 92245328 AU - Camling E AU - Gahnberg L AU - Emilson CG AU - Lindquist B IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Goteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden. TI - Crevicular IgG antibodies and recovery of Streptococcus mutans implanted by mouthrinsing. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1992 Apr;100(2):104-6 AB - After challenge with a streptomycin-resistant strain of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a tendency to higher recovery of S. mutans was found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from surfaces with a low IgG antibody activity against S. mutans than in GCF from surfaces with a high antibody activity. This suggests that antibodies in GCF may interfere with the establishment of S. mutans on gingival tooth surfaces. In GCF collected from some sites, considerably higher IgG antibody activity was observed than in homologous serum, indicating that part of the IgG response to S. mutans was locally derived. <20> UI - 92245330 AU - Karjalainen S AU - Karjalainen M AU - Forrester D IN - Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Physiologic variation of sucrase activity and microbial counts in human saliva. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1992 Apr;100(2):111-6 AB - Quantitation of salivary sucrase activity has been proposed as a method for the estimation of the level of sucrose consumption. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the physiologic variability of the sucrase activity and microbial counts in paraffin-wax-stimulated saliva of subjects with sound sucrose consumption habits. Variation was analyzed by repeated sampling studies. Intraday variability was investigated by serial analyses of 16 individuals who gave eight samples at 2-h intervals on a single day. Interday variation was studied by analyzing the morning value of 24 individuals on three consecutive days. Interday variability of salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts was tested using semiquantitative commercial test kits. The diurnal variation of sucrase activity revealed that the activity in the morning was significantly higher than at noon or at later sampling times of the day. Interday variation was considerable in subjects with high sucrase values. The day-to-day variability of the salivary microbes was considerable for lactobacilli and relatively small for yeasts. A weak positive correlation ranging from 0.732 to 0.741 was found between high sucrase activity values and salivary lactobacilli. Salivary samples should be collected in the morning to differentiate between subjects with high and low sucrase activities. <21> UI - 92245337 AU - Andreen I AU - Kohler B IN - Folktandvarden Oskarshamn, Department of Cariology, Gothenburg, Sweden. TI - Effects of Weight Watchers' diet on salivary secretion rate, buffer effect and numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1992 Apr;100(2):93-7 AB - The aim of this investigation was to study how a change to the dietary regimen of the Weight Watchers' (WW) affected salivary secretion rate, buffer effect and number of cariogenic bacteria. Thirty-three women joining the WW were saliva sampled at the evening prior the day of the start of the dietary regimen and after 4 and 8 wk on the dietary regimen. No significant changes were found regarding saliva secretion rate and buffer effect. A significant decrease of salivary numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli occurred. Between the 4th and 8th wk of dietary regimen an increase of cariogenic bacteria occurred but not back to the baseline values. At baseline 15 of the WW carried Streptococcus sobrinus in addition to Streptococcus mutans. The total number of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli was significantly higher in those subjects. In conclusion the dietary regimen of the WW, based on food choice and distributions of meals in agreement with a non-cariogenic diet, reduced the number of cariogenic bacteria in most subjects, but not in all, while the secretion rate and buffer effect remained the same. <22> UI - 92209211 AU - Sundin B AU - Granath L AU - Birkhed D IN - Department of Pedodontics, Lund University, School of Dentistry, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Variation of posterior approximal caries incidence with consumption of sweets with regard to other caries-related factors in 15-18-year-olds. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1992 Apr;20(2):76-80 AB - The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between caries incidence and a number of caries-related factors in 15-18-yr-olds, in order to estimate the explanatory value of consumption of sweets under different conditions. Sixty-nine 18-yr-olds were interviewed about consumption of sweets and other sugar-containing products during the past 3 yr. Data on oral hygiene, salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, salivary flow rate and oral sugar clearance time were collected when the individuals were 15 and 18 yr old. Caries incidence for the 3-yr period was expressed as a percentage of the number of caries-free approximal surfaces of premolars and molars at the age of 15. Simple linear correlations between caries incidence and the different variables showed that lactobacilli count ranked first (r = 0.26), sweets second (r = 0.25), and mutans streptococci count third (r = 0.24). The r value for caries incidence and consumption of sweets increased in subgroups with combinations of poor oral hygiene, a high intake of other sugary products and a low salivary flow rate (r = 0.67-0.70). In conclusion, consumption of sweets should still be considered an important caries-related factor and particularly harmful when oral hygiene is poor and consumption of other sugary products is high. <23> UI - 92209210 AU - Disney JA AU - Graves RC AU - Stamm JW AU - Bohannan HM AU - Abernathy JR AU - Zack DD IN - Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7450. TI - The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment study: further developments in caries risk prediction. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1992 Apr;20(2):64-75 AB - Over 4000 first and fifth grade children from the areas surrounding Aiken, South Carolina, and Portland, Maine, participated in a 4-yr study to develop caries risk assessment models. The predictors used at baseline included detailed clinical examinations, salivary microbiological tests, and sociodemographic and dental behavior data. Mean 3-yr caries increments in South Carolina were twice those in Maine. For the four risk assessment models (two grade cohorts at two sites) specificity values averaged 0.83 and sensitivity values averaged 0.60. Clinical predictors such as prior DMFS, pit and fissure morphology, and predicted caries risk status were the major contributors to the models. <24> UI - 92225665 AU - Shi Y AU - Barmes D AU - Bratthall D AU - Leclercq MH IN - Beijing Medical University, People's Republic of China. TI - WHO pathfinder caries survey in Beijing extended with data for prevalence of mutans streptococci. SO - International Dental Journal 1992 Feb;42(1):31-6 AB - A pathfinder caries survey was carried out in Beijing, People's Republic of China, using WHO standard methodologies, in order to estimate the trend by comparing the results with the 1981 caries survey, performed in the same area. Simultaneously, the levels of mutans streptococci in the group were estimated in order to define the proportion of children with high and low mutans levels. Twelve-year-old children were randomly selected from schools in five districts within the city limits. Examinations for caries were performed according to 'WHO Oral Health Surveys' by two calibrated examiners. A total of 178 children were examined for caries and 156 of them were randomly selected for saliva sampling of mutans streptococci, using the 'Strip mutans' method. The number of colonies adhering to the strips were compared with a chart, supplied by the manufacturer, and given a score between 0 and 3, indicating low to very high saliva mutans counts, respectively. The results showed a mean DMFT of 1.87 (1.61-0.06-0.20, for decayed, missing and filled teeth respectively); 66.3 per cent of the children were affected. Fourteen per cent had mutans class 0, 28 per cent class 1, 35 per cent class 2 and 23 per cent class 3. The mean DFT, for each mutans class was 0.82, 1.48, 2.09 and 2.69, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (P = 0.0015). In the lowest mutans class, 50 per cent had caries and the mean number of teeth requiring conservative care was 0.68. For the high mutans group, the corresponding values were 72 per cent and 2.11 teeth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <25> UI - 92233451 AU - Johansson I AU - Saellstrom AK AU - Rajan BP AU - Parameswaran A IN - Department of Cariology, University of Umea, Sweden. TI - Salivary flow and dental caries in Indian children suffering from chronic malnutrition. SO - Caries Research 1992;26(1):38-43 AB - Chronic protein-energy malnutrition during the period of growth and development causes permanent disturbances of salivary gland function and tooth structure. Moderate protein-energy deficiency also causes impaired saliva secretion rate and composition in the adult rat. These impairments have been shown to coincide with an increased incidence of dental caries. In the present investigation we studied the effect of chronic malnutrition on saliva secretion rate and susceptibility to dental caries in Indian children. It was found that chronic malnutrition reduced the secretion rate of stimulated saliva, but not that of unstimulated saliva. The salivary buffer capacity was continuously decreased as the secretion rate decreased with the level of malnutrition in the Indian children. The malnourished children developed increased caries. Thus, it could be concluded that chronic malnutrition in growing children enhances the cariogenic potential stemming from fermentable carbohydrates. <26> UI - 92191525 AU - Scheinin A AU - Pienihakkinen K AU - Tiekso J AU - Holmberg S IN - Department of Cariology, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Multifactorial modeling for root caries prediction. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1992 Feb;20(1):35-7 AB - The study was part of a series of investigations aiming at the development of diagnostic caries tests for screening of risk subjects. The material consisted of 100 adult subjects (mean 62 yr, range 47-79 yr), 50 of these under chronic medication. The series of tests included two chairside registrations, i.e. incipient demineralization of exposed root surfaces without cavitation (RD 1) and quantitation of visible plaque (VPT%), three microbiological tests for mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and candida/yeasts and three tests on stimulated saliva, i.e. secretion rate, buffering capacity and sucrase activity. A thorough clinical examination was conducted at the baseline and 1-yr registration phases, caries being registered at a tooth surface level according to WHO recommendations separately for coronal and root caries. Considerably more root caries than coronal caries developed during the observation period. For coronal caries increment, the predictive value of any of the tests was not significant. For root caries, however, the association between several tests and prospective caries increment was significant. Subsequent multifactorial modeling yielded the highest predictive value to the combination of Past Root Caries Experience (OR 25.0, Visible Plaque (OR 4.2), Candida (OR 8.0) and Lactobacilli (OR 5.8). A positive finding of Past Root Caries (RDFS) or the combination of the other three tests (Can, LB, VPT%) as criteria for selection in screening for root caries produced good accuracy (84.0) and a relative risk of 5.5. <27> UI - 92319564 AU - Grindefjord M AU - Dahllof G AU - Wikner S AU - Hojer B AU - Modeer T IN - Department of Pedodontics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. TI - Prevalence of mutans streptococci in one-year-old children. SO - Oral Microbiology & Immunology 1991 Oct;6(5):280-3 AB - Colonization with mutans streptococci was studied in 1095 1-year-old children living in suburban Stockholm. During a scheduled vaccination appointment at a child health centre, a bacterial sample was obtained from the child's tongue and a structured questionnaire was completed by the accompanying parent. Six percent of the subjects were colonized with mutans streptococci. The variables most strongly correlated with presence of mutans streptococci were: non-Swedish background, consumption of sugar-containing beverages at night and total consumption of sugar-containing beverages. The results indicate that, by the age of 1 year, maternally influenced behaviour patterns such as dietary habits that may predispose to early colonization of mutans streptococci are already established. Such early colonization with mutans streptococci may predict high caries risk in the primary dentition. <28> UI - 92319563 AU - Kimmel L AU - Tinanoff N IN - University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington. TI - A modified mitis salivarius medium for a caries diagnostic test. SO - Oral Microbiology & Immunology 1991 Oct;6(5):275-9 AB - A new medium, MSKB, composed of mitis salivarius agar base, sorbitol, kanamycin sulfate and bacitracin, has been developed that is more selective for recovery of mutans streptococci (mutans) than the so called mitis salivarius bacitracin (MSB) medium. MSB and MSKB were compared for recovery and selectivity of mutans by plating saliva samples as well as pure cultures on both media. Sixty saliva samples were plated and counted for mutans and non-mutans colonies. Thirty-six samples had greater numbers of non-mutans on MSB than on MSKB, and 14 of the 36 had non-mutans colonies that could be visually confused with mutants. The recovery of mutans on MSKB was approximately 13% less than on MSB. The selectivity and recovery of MSB and MSKB were evaluated over 1-5 months of storage at 4 degrees C. Streptococcus anginosus grew on MSB after 1 month, but not on MSKB. Streptococcus milleri type 2 grew on both media after 4 months. <29> UI - 92254096 AU - Stabholz A AU - Mann J AU - Sela M AU - Schurr D AU - Steinberg D AU - Shapira J IN - Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. TI - Caries experience, periodontal treatment needs, salivary pH, and Streptococcus mutans counts in a preadolescent Down syndrome population. SO - Special Care in Dentistry 1991 Sep-Oct;11(5):203-8 AB - The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal treatment needs in an institutionalized population with Down syndrome was examined and the relationship between caries prevalence, salivary pH, and salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans was studied. Thirty-two children with Down syndrome, aged 8 to 13, were compared with two control groups of similar age ranges: healthy children and non-Down mentally retarded (MR) children living in the same institution as the Down syndrome population. The gender ratio mixtures in each group also matched the study sample. Caries experience as indicated by decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMF-S) showed significantly lower mean scores for the Down syndrome group compared with both control groups. A similar pattern was found when evaluating the mean numbers of decayed surfaces. Streptococcus mutans counts, expressed as number of colony-forming units on mitis salivarius agar plates among the Down syndrome group, were the lowest, although not statistically significant compared with the counts of the healthy children. Both groups had bacterial counts which were significantly lower than those of the MR group. Significant differences between the two institutionalized groups and the healthy group were recorded for the salivary pH levels. The periodontal treatment needs as evaluated by the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs showed significant difference between the MR group versus both the healthy population and the Down syndrome group. On the whole, 84% of the Down syndrome children were cariesfree. <30> UI - 92263181 AU - Shapira J AU - Stabholz A AU - Schurr D AU - Sela MN AU - Mann J IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem. TI - Caries levels, Streptococcus mutans counts, salivary pH, and periodontal treatment needs of adult Down syndrome patients. SO - Special Care in Dentistry 1991 Nov-Dec;11(6):248-51 AB - The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal treatment needs in an institutionalized Down syndrome (DS) population was examined as well as the relationship between caries prevalence, salivary pH and salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans. Twelve patients with DS, aged 20 to 48, were compared with two similar age and gender control groups: healthy, and non-Down institutionalized mentally retarded patients. The pH levels did not differ significantly among the three groups. As to periodontal needs expressed by the CPITN, the institutionalized groups had the highest needs compared with the healthy group. Down adults, who were cariesfree, had significantly lower S. mutans counts compared with the patients with caries. In addition, the cariesfree patients with DS had much lower CPITN scores compared with the patients with caries. <31> UI - 92240633 AU - Forss H AU - Jokinen J AU - Spets-Happonen S AU - Seppa L AU - Luoma H IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI - Fluoride and mutans streptococci in plaque grown on glass ionomer and composite. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(6):454-8 AB - The aim of this study was to compare the levels of fluoride and mutans streptococci in plaque grown on glass ionomer (Ketac-Fil) and composite (Silar) restorations in vivo. From tunnels left under the brackets bonded either with glass ionomer or composite, 14-day-old plaque samples were collected 14, 28, and 42 days after bonding. For glass ionomer the mean counts of mutans streptococci in plaque were 0.5 x 10(3), 6.7 x 10(3), and 8.8 x 10(3) CFU at the first, second, and third collection, respectively, whereas for composite restorations the corresponding values were 32.1 x 10(3), 14.6 x 10(3), and 120.6 x 10(3) CFU. For glass ionomer the mean concentrations of fluoride were 19,985, 5,788, and 5,019 ppm at first, second, and third collections of 14-day-old plaque samples, respectively, whereas for composite restorations the mean concentrations of fluoride were about 200 ppm throughout the study. The results show that the fluoride level in plaque growing on glass ionomer is much higher than that on composite restorations which seems to affect the level of mutans streptococci in dental plaque. <32> UI - 92240631 AU - Isokangas P AU - Tenovuo J AU - Soderling E AU - Mannisto H AU - Makinen KK IN - Public Health Center, Ylivieska, Finland. TI - Dental caries and mutans streptococci in the proximal areas of molars affected by the habitual use of xylitol chewing gum. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(6):444-8 AB - The relationship between the caries status and the microbiological status [mutans streptococci (MS)] in the proximal areas of lower right and upper left molars was investigated in subjects of the Ylivieska xylitol study in Finland (1982-1985) in a cross-sectional follow-up in 1988. Those children who had used xylitol chewing gum regularly since 1982 showed significantly lower caries indices in 1988, including the proximal caries scores. The presence of MS (expressed in log10 colony-forming units) in the proximal areas studied was significantly lower in habitual xylitol consumers. Carious interproximal areas of all subjects had significantly higher total levels of MS than clinically and radiographically sound interproximal areas. The present study supports the idea of a close association between MS and dental caries, and shows that the total level of MS in the human dentition can be influenced by xylitol. It is likely that the long-term (between 1982 and 1988) habitual xylitol consumption had decreased the prevalence of MS in the interproximal areas of the present subjects and, subsequently, decreased the proximal and overall caries indices. <33> UI - 92235589 AU - Baumgartner JC AU - Falkler WA Jr IN - Microbiology Branch, United States Army Institute of Dental Research, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC. TI - Bacteria in the apical 5 mm of infected root canals. SO - Journal of Endodontics 1991 Aug;17(8):380-3 AB - Ten freshly extracted teeth which had carious pulpal exposures and periapical lesions contiguous with the root apex were placed inside an anaerobic chamber and the apical 5 mm of the root canals cultured. In addition to anaerobic incubation, duplicate cultures were incubated aerobically. Fifty strains of bacteria from the 10 root canals were isolated and identified. The most prominent bacteria cultured from the 10 root canals were Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, black-pigmented Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, nonpigmented Bacteroides, Veillonella, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus mutans. Of the 50 bacterial isolates, 34 (68%) were strict anaerobes. This study demonstrates the presence of predominantly anaerobic bacteria in the apical 5 mm of infected root canals in teeth with carious pulpal exposures and periapical lesions. <34> UI - 92176430 AU - Meurman JH AU - Laine P AU - Murtomaa H AU - Lindqvist C AU - Torkko H AU - Teerenhovi L AU - Pyrhonen S IN - Department of Cariology, University of Helsinki, Finland. TI - Effect of antiseptic mouthwashes on some clinical and microbiological findings in the mouths of lymphoma patients receiving cytostatic drugs. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1991 Sep;18(8):587-91 AB - 51 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma participated in this double-blind, cross-over study in which 2 antiseptic mouthwashes were tested for their effects on various periodontal index scores and salivary microbial counts. All patients were receiving combination cytostatic treatment based on methotrexate and doxorubicin. The patients (49 +/- 14 years old, 28 men, 23 women) were allotted at random to 2 groups. One rinsed with a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) solution, the other with a 0.025% amine-stannous fluoride (AmF + SnF) solution 2x daily for 2 weeks. Both groups then continued rinsing with a 0.05% sodium fluoride (F) solution for 2 weeks, before switching over to AmF + SnF or CHX, respectively. All solutions had been prepared in such a way that they had the same colour and taste. Visible plaque index and gingival bleeding index scores were significantly reduced after periods of rinsing with CHX solution (P less than 0.001) and AmF + SnF solution (P less than 0.05). Microbiological cultivations of saliva specimens revealed significant reductions in mutans streptococci immediately after commencing rinsing, while lactobacilli and yeast counts were not affected. <35> UI - 92153064 AU - Liew VP AU - Frisken KW AU - Touyz SW AU - Beumont PJ AU - Williams H IN - Periodontics Unit, Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School, Sydney. TI - Clinical and microbiological investigations of anorexia nervosa. [Review] [27 refs] SO - Australian Dental Journal 1991 Dec;36(6):435-41 AB - Several studies have examined the relationship between anorexia nervosa and oral status. However, none has used control subjects. Furthermore, none has examined bacteriological data in these subjects to determine whether dietary restrictions, particularly of carbohydrates, change the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species. Fifteen female subjects recently hospitalized for anorexia were studied along with fifteen age- and sex-matched control subjects. The parameters examined included salivary pH and flow rate, levels of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp., DMFT scores, facial and palatal plaque scores, periodontal pocketing, gingival recession and bleeding following gentle probing. Compared with control subjects, anorexics had significantly lower salivary pH (7.1 +/- 0.4 vs 7.6 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.01), more facial and lingual surfaces with plaque scores of 1 (facial plaque 38 per cent vs 18 per cent, p less than 0.01, lingual plaque 47 per cent vs 29 per cent, p less than 0.01), more surfaces with gingival recession (1 mm-7.9 per cent vs 1.8 per cent, p less than 0.001; 2 mm-1.7 per cent vs 0.2 per cent, p less than 0.001; greater than 2 mm-0.6 per cent vs 0.0 per cent, p less than 0.001), more surfaces with bleeding on probing (16.9 per cent vs 6.5 per cent, p less than 0.001) and fewer sextants with CPITN scores of 0 (1.9 +/- 1.5 vs 3.2 +/- 1.0, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) [References: 27] <36> UI - 92150268 AU - Anderson MH AU - Molvar MP AU - Powell LV IN - University of Washington, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Seattle 98195. TI - Treating dental caries as an infectious disease. [Review] [46 refs] SO - Operative Dentistry 1991 Jan-Feb;16(1):21-8 <37> UI - 92134189 AU - Rudney JD AU - Krig MA AU - Neuvar EK AU - Soberay AH AU - Iverson L IN - Department of Oral Science, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455. TI - Antimicrobial proteins in human unstimulated whole saliva in relation to each other, and to measures of health status, dental plaque accumulation and composition. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1991;36(7):497-506 AB - Saliva antimicrobial proteins may interact in a common system to influence the oral ecology. Clinical studies of antimicrobial protein action thus may require a multiple-protein approach. Multivariate statistical methods have been used to describe possible patterns of interaction for lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase and secretory IgA in stimulated parotid saliva. However, oral microbes are most likely to encounter antimicrobial proteins in mixed resting saliva. Relationships among levels of lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase, and secretory IgA therefore were investigated in whole saliva from 216 subjects, and an attempt made to relate interperson variation in those proteins to differences in health and status, and dental plaque accumulation and composition. All proteins were significantly (alpha = 0.05) correlated with each other (r = 0.38-0.52, p less than 0.001). There was only one axis of common variation among proteins, and that axis was significantly correlated (p less than 0.001) with total protein (r = 0.84) and flow rate (r = -0.56). That pattern deviated from the previous finding that proteins of acinar origin tended to vary independently from proteins of ductal origin in stimulated parotid saliva. The difference between parotid and whole saliva may reflect constitutive secretion of all proteins at low levels of stimulation. Common variation of unstimulated saliva proteins suggests that antimicrobial actions can be compared in subjects at population extremes. There were no significant associations between antimicrobial proteins in whole saliva and measures of health status or plaque accumulation. However, the proportions of Streptococcus sanguis were significantly correlated with lysozyme (r = -0.26), lactoferrin (r = -0.34), peroxidase (r = -0.30), total protein (r = -0.37), flow rate (r = 0.24) and principal-components scores (r = -0.33) in a subset of subjects (n = 85) where commercial biochemical tests were used to supplement species identification by colony morphology. Those findings may indicate that saliva antimicrobial proteins can affect the composition of dental plaque. <38> UI - 92129729 AU - Van Houte J AU - Sansone C AU - Joshipura K AU - Kent R IN - Department of Oral Microbiology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. TI - Mutans streptococci and non-mutans streptococci acidogenic at low pH, and in vitro acidogenic potential of dental plaque in two different areas of the human dentition. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1991 Dec;70(12):1503-7 AB - Samples of human dental plaque were obtained from sound tooth surfaces in the lower anterior and upper posterior areas of each of 11 subjects with various degrees of caries experience. Both types of plaque were compared for: (1) their pH-lowering potential [pH at 10 and 60 min after sugar addition and the pH drop between 0 and 10 min (delta pH)] with an in vitro method involving dispersed plaque suspensions and excess glucose supply; (2) the proportions of mutans streptococci; and (3) the distribution of the predominant non-mutans streptococci according to their final pH in glucose broth. Compared with plaque from the lower anterior area, plaque from the upper posterior area exhibited a significantly higher pH-lowering potential, i.e., a lower pH at 10 and 60 min and a greater delta pH and significantly higher levels of mutans streptococci. The final pH values for the non-mutans streptococci exhibited a wide range from about 4.4 to over 5.0. The proportions of such organisms designated as capable of acidogenesis at low pH (final pH less than 4.6), whether expressed as a percentage of the total non-mutans streptococci or of the total plaque flora, were significantly increased in plaque from the upper posterior area. The proportions of non-mutans streptococci capable of acidogenesis at low pH in plaque from the upper posterior area were also significantly increased, with decreasing pH values at 10 and 60 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <39> UI - 92108367 AU - Lindquist B AU - Emilson CG IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. TI - Interactions between and within Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus isolated from humans harboring both species. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1991 Dec;99(6):498-504 AB - The prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus was examined in plaque samples from small discrete areas of the buccal tooth surfaces of seven subjects. Strains of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were isolated and tested for bacteriocin-mediated interactions between and within the two species, using the stab inoculation technique. S. mutans and S. sobrinus did not colonize each tooth surface uniformly and, in plaque from small discrete sites, S. mutans and S. sobrinus were either undetected or present in different interspecies proportions. Within the same subject, there were no bacteriocin-mediated interactions between strains of the same mutans species and no difference in bacteriocin activity was found between the strains of S. mutans and S. sobrinus from different sites. When bacteriocin interactions were tested between isolated strains from all seven subjects a somewhat higher inhibition ability was found for producer strains isolated from plaque compared with those isolated from saliva. S. mutans appeared to be more bacteriocinogenic than S. sobrinus. Replacing the glucose in the medium with sucrose enhanced the bacteriocin activity of S. mutans towards other S. mutans strains but reduced the inhibitory interaction towards strains of S. sobrinus. <40> UI - 92111237 AU - Kohler B AU - Persson M IN - Department of Cariology, University of Goteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden. TI - Salivary levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in dentate 80- and 85-year-old Swedish men and women. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Dec;19(6):352-6 AB - The number of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and lactobacilli in whole stimulated saliva was examined in 130 dentate 80- and 85-yr-old persons. 88.5% were positive for mutans streptococci and 29% carried greater than 10(6) cfu per ml saliva. S. mutans was most frequently isolated and was found in 114 persons (88%) alone or in combination with S. sobrinus. S. sobrinus was detected in 33 persons (25%), who also showed significantly higher salivary numbers of both mutans streptococci and lactobacilli than persons from whom S. sobrinus was not isolated. The S. sobrinus carriers also had significantly lower stimulated saliva secretion rates than the non-carriers. 95% of the subjects had detectable levels of lactobacilli in saliva with 35% having greater than 10(5) cfu per ml saliva. When the subjects were divided into classes according to the number of intermaxillary contacts, i.e. the Eichner classification, the distribution of subjects with high and low salivary counts of cariogenic bacteria varied. Thus fewer subjects belonging to Eichner class A showed higher salivary numbers of mutans streptococci (14% had greater than 10(6) cfu/ml) as well as lactobacilli (21% had greater than 10(5) cfu/ml) than, for example, subjects belonging to Eichner class B (26% had greater than 10(6) cfu/ml of mutans streptococci, 35% had greater than 10(5) cfu/ml of lactobacilli). Subjects who carried a removable denture(s) had significantly higher salivary numbers of both mutans streptococci and lactobacilli than subjects without removable dentures. <41> UI - 92094311 AU - Ostela I AU - Karhuvaara L AU - Tenovuo J IN - Department of Cariology, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Comparative antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine and stannous fluoride-amine fluoride containing dental gels against salivary mutans streptococci. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1991 Oct;99(5):378-83 AB - Forty-five young adults were divided into three groups of equal size and given a professional toothcleaning (3 times during 1 wk) with dental gels containing either chlorhexidine (CHX, 1%), or a SnF2-amine fluoride (AmF) combination (F- content 1.20%). The control group received toothcleaning with a placebo gel. The study was done double blind. The number of salivary mutans streptococci was monitored for 11 wk after the gel treatment using both mitis-salivarius-bacitracin agar plates and the chairside method based on the adhesion of mutans streptococci on plastic strips (Dentocult-SM Strip mutans). Professional toothcleaning with a CHX gel was clearly most effective (P less than 0.001) but the baseline levels of streptococci returned in 11 wk. SnF2-AmF gel also reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) mutans streptococci but recolonization occurred already in 7 wk. Placebo gel, i.e. professional toothcleaning as such, did not show any statistically significant effect on the numbers of salivary mutans streptococci. None of the treatments affected the levels of lactobacilli or the total aerobic flora in saliva samples. Professional toothcleaning with a CHX gel, or with a SnF2-AmF gel, can be regarded as an alternative to the commonly used, but more patience demanding, application of gel in mouth trays at home for individuals with high caries activity. <42> UI - 92083990 AU - Forsberg CM AU - Brattstrom V AU - Malmberg E AU - Nord CE IN - Department of Orthodontics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. TI - Ligature wires and elastomeric rings: two methods of ligation, and their association with microbial colonization of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. SO - European Journal of Orthodontics 1991 Oct;13(5):416-20 AB - Twelve orthodontic patients undergoing treatment with fixed appliances took part in the present study. In all patients elastomeric rings were used for ligation on one side of the dental arch midline, whereas steel wires were used on the opposite side. The number of micro-organisms in samples of plaque, taken from the labial surface of the upper lateral incisors, was recorded on five occasions during treatment. In samples of saliva, the numbers of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli were recorded on the same occasions. This registration was also made on two occasions before insertion of the fixed appliance, and 6 weeks after the period of active treatment. The results showed that, in the majority of patients, the incisor which was attached to the arch-wire with an elastomeric ring, exhibited a greater number of micro-organisms in the plaque than the incisor ligated with steel wire. Following insertion of fixed appliances the number of S. mutans and lactobacilli in saliva increased significantly. Variations in the number of micro-organisms in the saliva during active treatment were not reflected in any relative increase or decrease in microbial colonization on either steel ligatures or elastomeric rings. The use of retainers after active treatment was not associated with increased numbers of micro-organisms in the saliva. <43> UI - 92083572 AU - Seppa L AU - Hausen H AU - Pollanen L AU - Karkkainen S AU - Helasharju K IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI - Effect of intensified caries prevention on approximal caries in adolescents with high caries risk. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(5):392-5 AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two preventive programs carried out in Public Dental Clinics for children with high caries risk. From all the 13-year-olds living in Kuopio (n = 871), 323 (37%) were selected as a high-risk group on the basis of the level of salivary mutans streptococci or DS score. They were randomly divided into two groups. The first group continued with the preventive care they had received before the study. The dentists treating the children in the second group were specifically informed about their high caries risk, and instructions concerning intensified prevention were given. For comparison, half of the 13-year-olds with low caries risk were included in the study (group 3, n = 248). No special instructions concerning these children were given. After 2 years, approximal caries increment in the two risk groups was three times that of the low-risk group (2.6, 2.3 and 0.7 in groups 1-3, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two risk groups in spite of the fact that significantly more preventive procedures were provided for group 2 than for group 1. The results indicate that assessment of the subjects as high and low-risk groups was successful, but caries prevention targeted for the risk groups failed to lower the rate of caries to the same level as that of the children with an anticipated low risk. For children at high risk, the intensified prevention program monitored by dental authorities was no more successful than prevention planned by individual dentists. <44> UI - 92083570 AU - Ravald N AU - Birkhed D IN - Department of Periodontology, Public Dental Service, Linkoping, Sweden. TI - Factors associated with active and inactive root caries in patients with periodontal disease. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(5):377-84 AB - The aim of this study was to analyze a number of microbial, salivary, and dietary factors in patients with clinically active and inactive root caries. 147 patients, aged 30-78 years, referred for specialist treatment of periodontal disease, were randomly selected. 645 decayed and 539 filled root surfaces were found. Out of the carious lesions, 372 (58%) were recorded as clinically active and 273 (42%) as inactive. 30 patients showed no lesions (group 1), 46 had only fillings or inactive lesions (group 2), and 35 showed 1-2 (group 3) and 36 greater than or equal to 3 active lesions (group 4). The lactobacillus count differed significantly between all groups, except group 1 vs. 2, and the mutans streptococcus count between groups 1 vs. 4 and 2 vs. 3 and 4. Group 4 differed in plaque score from the other groups, and the salivary buffer effect differed between the inactive groups 1 and 2 and the active group 4. By stepwise multiple regression analysis, it was shown that lactobacillus count, plaque index, salivary buffer effect, dietary habit index, and number of exposed root surfaces contributed significantly to the coefficient of determination. <45> UI - 92083566 AU - Imfeld T AU - Schmid R AU - Lutz F AU - Guggenheim B IN - Animal Research Unit, University of Zurich, Switzerland. TI - Cariogenicity of Milchschnitte (Ferrero GmbH) and apple in program-fed rats. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(5):352-8 AB - The cariogenicity of Ferrero Milchschnitte and apple was tested in rats using a frequency-controlled feeding machine. Twelve litters of Osborne-Mendel rats orally infected with Streptococcus sobrinus OMZ-176 and Actinomyces viscosus Ny-1 were used. Four treatment groups were tested: (1) cooked starch/sucrose 1:1 as positive control; (2) Ferrero Milchschnitte; (3) apple; (4) gastric intubation only as negative control. Groups 1-3 were additionally fed by gastric intubation with essential nutrients. Rats on Milchschnitte and apple had less fissure and smooth-surface caries than rats on a starch/sucrose diet, but significantly more than the negative controls. The Milchschnitte group exhibited less plaque extent than the positive and the negative control. The apple group showed a higher plaque extent and massively extended erosions on molar surfaces. The CFU means of S. sobrinus were decreasing from treatment 1-4. Although differences between treatments were not significant, they were associated by concomitantly decreasing caries incidence. The test foods were also assessed using intraoral plaque-pH telemetry in 6 human volunteers. Both Milchschnitte and apple were acidogenic in human telemetry. They can therefore not be regarded as safe for teeth. <46> UI - 92067052 AU - Neiderud J AU - Birkhed D AU - Neiderud AM IN - Department of Paediatrics, Central Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden. TI - Dental health and dietary habits in Greek immigrant children in southern Sweden compared with Swedish and rural Greek children. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1991;15(4):187-96 AB - Dental health and dietary habits were surveyed in 40 Greek immigrant (GI) children, 2-8 years old, born and living in Helsingborg, Sweden; comparisons were made with 45 Swedish (S) and 54 rural Greek (G) children of the same age. The caries situation was virtually the same in the GI and the S group, where the primary teeth were caries-free in 31-33%, mainly children 2-3 years old. The G group had a higher incidence of decayed and filled tooth surfaces in both primary and permanent teeth than the other two groups and only 15% were caries-free in the primary teeth. The S group had the lowest gingival bleeding index. The distribution of the mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts in saliva did not differ significantly between the three groups, except that the proportion of GI children with "not detectable" mutans streptococci was lower in either the S or the G group. The toothbrushing frequency was highest in the S group, followed by the GI group. Approximately 80% of the S children who brushed their teeth used a fluoride toothpaste compared to 50 and 55% respectively in the G and the GI group. The intake frequency for 5 out of 6 preselected snack-food items was highest in the G group. The carbohydrate content of the diet, including sucrose, was approximately the same in the three groups. Thus, the dental health and dietary habits of the Greek immigrant and the Swedish children were generally very similar, while the Greek rural children showed a less favourable cariological status. <47> UI - 92076761 AU - Beighton D AU - Hellyer PH AU - Lynch EJ AU - Heath MR IN - Hunterian Dental Research Unit, London Hospital Medical College, England. TI - Salivary levels of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, yeasts, and root caries prevalence in non-institutionalized elderly dental patients. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Oct;19(5):302-7 AB - Root caries prevalence was recorded for a consecutive sample of dental patients (n = 146), aged over 55 yr and with at least 12 natural teeth. The mean root DFS score of the males (n = 49) was 6.34 +/- 4.55 and for the females (n = 97) 3.76 +/- 3.31 (P less than 0.001). The salivary levels of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts were determined in addition to salivary flow rate and buffering capacity. Subjects with greater than 1 root DFS had significantly higher salivary levels of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts. They also had fewer teeth and more exposed root surfaces. In step-wise multivariate analyses the factors significantly related to the root DFS score were the number of exposed root surfaces, number of teeth, sex and salivary yeast levels (R2 = 0.41). In the multivariate analyses salivary levels of mutans streptococci were not significantly related to any clinical measurement of root caries experience due to the greater strength of association between the root DFS score and salivary levels of yeasts. Subjects prescribed medicines with a reported xerostomic effect had significantly fewer active root lesions than those not prescribed such medicines and salivary levels of all microorganisms studied were significantly elevated in subjects prescribed medications containing sucrose. <48> UI - 92050901 AU - Eisenberg AD AU - Mundorff SA AU - Featherstone JD AU - Leverett DH AU - Adair SM AU - Billings RJ AU - Proskin HM IN - Eastman Dental Center, Rochester, New York. TI - Associations of microbiological factors and plaque index with caries prevalence and water fluoridation status. SO - Oral Microbiology & Immunology 1991 Jun;6(3):139-45 AB - Plaque indices, numbers of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and total viable flora in plaque and saliva were assessed as part of a large-scale cross-sectional study designed to determine the factors that are associated with high caries activity in children. Subjects, 12 to 15 years old, residing in areas where the water supplies were either fluoridated (n = 140) or fluoride-deficient (n = 173) were studied. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli numbers in saliva were positively correlated with plaque index. Plaque indices were significantly higher in the high-caries group than in the zero-caries group of the fluoride-deficient community. In the fluoridated community, there was no difference in the plaque index between the zero- or high-caries groups. In each community, pooled dental plaque and saliva harbored fewer mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the zero-caries than the high-caries group. Greater numbers of mutans streptococci were found in the dental plaque and saliva of the zero-caries subjects in the fluoridated community than in the fluoride-deficient community, suggesting that a greater caries challenge can coexist with zero-caries status in the fluoridated community. <49> UI - 92052041 AU - Kinnear ME AU - Forgay MG IN - Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. TI - Monitoring levels of Streptococcus mutans: a clinical tool in caries prevention. SO - Probe 1991 Summer;25(2):64-6 <50> UI - 92005619 AU - Schaeken MJ AU - Schouten MJ AU - Van Den Kieboom CW AU - Van Der Hoeven JS IN - Institute of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. TI - Influence of contact time and concentration of chlorhexidine varnish on mutans streptococci in interproximal dental plaque. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(4):292-5 AB - This study describes the effects of varnishes containing 0, 25, 33 and 40% chlorhexidine diacetate on mutans streptococci in human approximal dental plaque. The chlorhexidine release from the varnishes was determined in vitro. Eleven subjects participated in the clinical experiment, each with at least five approximal areas harboring high levels of mutans streptococci. The approximal areas in each of the individuals were randomly assigned to five experimental groups, in each of which one of the varnishes was tested; 40% chlorhexidine varnish was tested in two experimental groups. The varnish treatment consisted of a single application of a small amount of varnish onto the selected approximal areas. From one of the sites receiving the 40% chlorhexidine varnish, all visible varnish was removed 15 min after application. The volunteers were asked to leave the varnish on the remaining treated sites and not to brush their teeth for 8 h. All chlorhexidine varnishes strongly suppressed mutans streptococci until 4 months after the varnish application. The extent of the suppression depended upon the concentration of chlorhexidine in the varnish, 40% chlorhexidine varnish giving the greatest suppression of mutans streptococci. No significant difference was found between the numbers of mutans streptococci from sites where the 40% varnish was removed after 15 min and sites where the 40% chlorhexidine varnish was left. The results suggested that 40% chlorhexidine varnish can be used successfully for the long-term suppression of mutans streptococci. A contact time of the varnish with the tooth surface of only 15 min is sufficient to achieve this long-term suppression. <51> UI - 92005621 AU - Frostell G AU - Birkhed D AU - Edwardsson S AU - Goldberg P AU - Petersson LG AU - Priwe C AU - Winholt AS IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden. TI - Effect of partial substitution of invert sugar for sucrose in combination with Duraphat treatment on caries development in preschool children: the Malmo Study. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(4):304-10 AB - The aim was to study the effect of substitution of invert sugar for sucrose, in combination with fluoride varnish (Duraphat) treatment twice a year, on caries development in preschool children. One hundred and eighty-seven 4-years-olds were divided randomly into four sugar groups: (1) sucrose (S), (2) sucrose-Duraphat (SD), (3) invert sugar (I), and (4) invert sugar-Duraphat (ID). All families were asked to buy beverages, biscuits, breakfast cereals, marmalade, ice cream, jam, ketchup, sweets and table sugar, totally 32 different food items, sweetened with invert sugar or sucrose. The substitution was, thus, restricted to a number of sugar-rich between-meal products. The study was carried out double-blind for 2 years. The children of those parents who did not want to participate in the sugar groups were divided randomly into one of the following two groups: (5) Duraphat (D), and control (C). Because of lack of cooperation, only 114 of the 187 children (61%) were considered to have completed the study. The mean caries increment, including initial lesions, was 3.86 dmfs in the combined groups S and SD (n = 63) and 3.10 dmfs in the combined groups I and ID (n = 51) during the 2 years (p = 0.34). The corresponding values for the 2nd year only were 1.84 and 0.67 dmfs, respectively (p = 0.09). The mean caries increment was 2.86 dmfs in group D (n = 113) and 4.10 dmfs (p = 0.08) in group C (n = 93). If initial caries lesions were excluded from the index, the difference between groups D and C was significant (p = 0.008).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <52> UI - 92019664 AU - Persson RE AU - Truelove EL AU - LeResche L AU - Robinovitch MR IN - Department of Oral Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Washington, Seattle. TI - Therapeutic effects of daily or weekly chlorhexidine rinsing on oral health of a geriatric population. SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 1991 Aug;72(2):184-91 AB - The effects of a chlorhexidine rinse on salivary Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans counts and on periodontal conditions (gingival index, plaque index, pocket depths) were studied in 42 elderly subjects. Under supervision, they rinsed either daily or weekly for 6 weeks with a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution (Peridex). Saliva samples were taken for chemical and microbiologic examinations, and periodontal conditions were assessed at baseline, week 6, and 6 weeks after final rinse. Significantly lower S. mutans counts were found at week 6 for both rinsing groups (p less than 0.001). Lactobacillus and Candida counts were also generally lower at week 6, with the clearest improvement among persons with the highest counts of bacteria and yeast. Periodontal conditions were improved at week 6 (p less than 0.001) in both groups. Such improvements were not maintained 6 weeks after the rinsing regimen was completed. At baseline poor oral conditions were noticed, which placed most of the subjects at risk for tooth decay and periodontal disease. Without any other dental procedures but daily or weekly supervised rinsing, oral conditions were improved and this risk was reduced. Daily rinsing was not superior to weekly rinsing with 0.12% chlorhexidine. <53> UI - 92015015 AU - Graves RC AU - Abernathy JR AU - Disney JA AU - Stamm JW AU - Bohannan HM IN - Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7450. TI - University of North Carolina caries risk assessment study. III. Multiple factors in caries prevalence. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1991 Summer;51(3):134-43 AB - The baseline caries experienced of approximately 5,000 children in South Carolina and Maine was used as the dependent variable in caries risk assessment analyses. Clinical, microbiologic, and demographic factors served as independent variables in a multivariate relationship to caries through regression and discriminant function analyses. Four factors--number of dental visits by the child in the past year, presence of white spot lesions, and both the urgency of need for restorative care and the future caries increment predicted by the examiner--associated significantly and consistently with caries prevalence in primary and permanent teeth of first and fifth graders at both study sites. Several factors associated significantly with caries prevalence at only one site or grade within a site, suggesting that wide applicability of a specific caries risk assessment model may be limited. In these analyses, sensitivity ranged from .60 to .72 and specificity varied from .86 to .91 in the four grade-site groups. The ultimate goal of this longitudinal study is to identify highly caries-prone children in time to prevent the occurrence of a future caries increment. Although the lack of consistent association of many variables, including microbiologic factors, with baseline caries prevalence was unexpected, it is expected that some of these variables will contribute predictive power in the prospective study. <54> UI - 91322965 AU - Fujiwara T AU - Sasada E AU - Mima N AU - Ooshima T IN - Department of Pedodontics, Osaka University, Faculty of Dentistry, Japan. TI - Caries prevalence and salivary mutans streptococci in 0-2-year-old children of Japan. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Jun;19(3):151-4 AB - The prevalence of caries and the number and species distribution of salivary mutans streptococci in 356 children (aged 0-2 yr old) in Japan were examined twice at an interval of 1 yr. No mutans streptococci were isolated from the predentate children. The detection rate of mutans streptococci and the prevalence of caries increased with age. Mutans streptococci were isolated from 39.9% of the subjects. The majority of isolates were identified as Streptococcus mutans. The concentration of mutans streptococci correlated with the number of erupted teeth (r = 0.339). In addition, the concentration of mutans streptococci was more closely correlated to the caries prevalence of the next year (r = 0.465) than that of the year when the salivary concentration of mutans streptococci was first evaluated (r = 0.368). The children who had no caries but harbored mutans streptococci in the first year showed significantly higher caries prevalence in the next year than did the children with neither caries nor mutans streptococci. These results indicate that the establishment of mutans streptococci is associated with caries initiation in early childhood. <55> UI - 91331287 AU - Bentley CD AU - Broderius CA AU - Crawford JJ IN - Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. TI - Evaluation of the Cariescreen SM method for enumeration of salivary mutans streptococci. SO - General Dentistry 1991 May-Jun;39(3):188-91 <56> UI - 91344128 AU - Twetman S AU - Frostner N IN - Department of Pedodontics, Lanssjukhuset, Halmstad, Sweden. TI - Salivary mutans streptococci and caries prevalence in 8-year-old Swedish schoolchildren. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1991;15(3):145-51 AB - The aim of this study was to obtain cross-sectional information about the quantitative distribution of salivary mutants streptococci assessed with a clinically applicable microbiological method and the relation to dental caries in young schoolchildren. A total of 355 8-year-old children were examined for the presence and number of mutants streptococci in saliva by a specially prepared strip, the "Strip-mutans" method, cultivated in a selective broth. The strips were first visually examined and grouped by aid of a templet provided by the manufacturer and thereafter transferred to a laboratory for enumeration of colony forming units (CFU) with aid of a stereomicroscope. Caries scores were obtained from the dental records. Mutans streptococci were identified in 70% of all children. 46% were free from the bacterium or harboured low levels (0-10 CFU) while high levels (greater than or equal to 500 CFU) were found only in 6% of the material. Strong positive correlations (p less than 0.001) were found between different levels of mutans streptococci infection and the caries experience in both the primary (dmfs) and the permanent (DMFS) dentition. A statistically significant correlation between the direct examination and the microscopic enumeration was disclosed (r = 0.84). The bacterial culturing technique used in this study proved to be practical and reliable and thus useful in clinical routines of pediatric dentistry. <57> UI - 91282690 AU - Hahn CL AU - Falkler WA Jr AU - Minah GE IN - Department of Endodontics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, MO 64108. TI - Microbiological studies of carious dentine from human teeth with irreversible pulpitis. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1991;36(2):147-53 AB - Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were made from 29 extracted teeth with irreversible pulpitis to identify the predominant flora in different parts of deep carious lesions. Most isolates were Gram-positive rods, in which lactobacilli were the most frequent organisms, then other Gram-positive, non-branching rods. Gram-positive cocci were the next most common; only a low number of Streptococcus mutans was recovered. Two types of carious lesions were found, one with high numbers of lactobacilli, the other with low. In the 15 lesions with high numbers, lactobacilli constituted 91.9% of the total flora at the pulpal site and gradually decreased in number as the sampling moved away from the pulp. Strep. mutans and alpha-haemolytic streptococci were not recovered from pulpal or deep carious sites in this group. In the 14 lesions with low numbers of lactobacilli, the flora was diverse. Gram-positive cocci, anaerobic Gram-positive non-branching rods, branching rods and/or Bacteroides were the main isolates in a few of this group. <58> UI - 91284136 AU - Lindquist B AU - Emilson CG IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. TI - Dental location of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in humans harboring both species. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(2):146-52 AB - The distribution and prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were determined in plaque samples from the cervical areas of all buccal, lingual and approximal tooth surfaces and from the fissures of all occlusal sites in 40 subjects harboring both species. S. mutans was detected more often and in higher numbers than S. sobrinus. There were more teeth detected with S. mutans only than with S. sobrinus only. Most teeth harbored both of these mutans streptococci species, indicating a positive association. The highest numbers of CFU for both species were detected on the molars, with the lowest incidence on the anterior teeth. The presence of S. mutans was relatively similar on all teeth tested, while the presence of S. sobrinus was relatively higher on the molars compared to the anterior teeth. S. mutans and S. sobrinus were found to colonize the buccal surfaces in almost equal numbers. On all other surfaces, S. mutans was detected more frequently or in higher numbers compared to S. sobrinus. No significant differences could be found in the relative proportions of S. mutans and S. sobrinus between sound, decayed or filled tooth surfaces. <59> UI - 91284137 AU - Soderling E AU - Isokangas P AU - Tenovuo J AU - Mustakallio S AU - Makinen KK IN - Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Long-term xylitol consumption and mutans streptococci in plaque and saliva. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(2):153-7 AB - The effect of 4 to 6 years of habitual use of xylitol gum (greater than or equal to 2 times per day) on the viable counts of mutans streptococci in both plaque and saliva was evaluated in a cross-sectional study of participants of the Ylivieska xylitol study (Finland, 1982-1984). Paraffin-stimulated saliva was collected first, whereafter the remaining plaque was collected from all available tooth surfaces and pooled. The habitual xylitol consumers (n = 15) had less plaque than the controls (n = 21). The total viable counts of mutans streptococci in the plaque collected from the habitual xylitol users were about 10% of those determined in controls (p less than 0.01). The salivary mutans streptococci levels were relatively high in both habitual xylitol consumers and controls, as determined using a plate count and with an adhesion-based assay; no significant differences were detected between these groups. Thus, habitual xylitol consumption appeared not to be associated with a reduction in the total numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva. The plaque and the mutans streptococci were, however, more loosely bound to the tooth surfaces of the habitual xylitol users. The results of the plate count and the adhesion-based assay for salivary mutans streptococci were in good agreement for both habitual xylitol consumers and the controls. This suggests that it was the accumulation of plaque rather than the adhesiveness of mutans streptococci that was affected by the habitual consumption of xylitol. <60> UI - 91303558 AU - Percival RS AU - Challacombe SJ AU - Marsh PD IN - Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Guy's Hospital, London. TI - Age-related microbiological changes in the salivary and plaque microflora of healthy adults. SO - Journal of Medical Microbiology 1991 Jul;35(1):5-11 AB - The effect of age on quantitative or qualitative differences in selected bacteria of dental significance and on the carriage of opportunistic pathogens and transient oral species was determined in 79 healthy, non-denture wearing individuals divided into four age groups: 20-39 years (group A), 40-59 years (group B), 60-79 years (group C) and greater than or equal to 80 years (group D). Samples of dental plaque and whole saliva were cultured on appropriate selective and non-selective bacteriological media. The total numbers of viable bacteria in saliva, and the prevalence of mutans streptococci in plaque and saliva were similar in all age groups. Similarly, there was no correlation between the numbers of spirochaetes in plaque and age. In contrast, statistically significantly higher mean proportions (p = 0.004), mean log10 viable counts (p = 0.001) and isolation frequencies (p less than 0.01) of lactobacilli were found in the saliva of those aged greater than or equal to 70 years compared to subjects in group A. The isolation frequency (p less than 0.05) and proportions (p = 0.056) of staphylococci in saliva were also higher in those aged greater than or equal to 70 years. Yeasts were isolated most often and in higher numbers from saliva in those aged greater than or equal to 80 years and the proportion of yeasts was higher after 60 years of age, but these differences were not significant in comparison with results from individuals in group A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <61> UI - 91300510 AU - Petersson LG AU - Birkhed D AU - Gleerup A AU - Johansson M AU - Jonsson G IN - Medical and Dental Health Center, Halmstad, Sweden. TI - Caries-preventive effect of dentifrices containing various types and concentrations of fluorides and sugar alcohols. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(1):74-9 AB - The caries-inhibiting effect of unsupervised daily use of four different toothpastes was compared in a 3-year clinical and microbiological study: (1) 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) with 3% xylitol and 6% sorbitol; (2) 0.03% sodium fluoride with 3% xylitol and 6% sorbitol; (3) 0.8% MFP with 9% sorbitol, and (4) 0.03% sodium fluoride with 9% sorbitol. In all 284 children, 12-13 years old at baseline, took part in the study. After 3 years, no statistically significant differences were found between the different toothpaste groups concerning either development of initial or gross caries lesions or number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva. However, children with no detectable approximal caries at baseline, who used the MFP toothpaste with the xylitol-sorbitol mixture, showed a lower (p less than 0.05) caries increment as compared with children who used the MFP toothpaste with sorbitol alone. <62> UI - 91300506 AU - Macpherson LM AU - MacFarlane TW AU - Weetman DA AU - Stephen KW IN - Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Glasgow Dental School, UK. TI - Comparison of the plaque microflora from natural and appliance-borne enamel surfaces. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(1):58-64 AB - Human enamel sections and slabs, mounted on a mandibular removable appliance, were worn by 5 adult subjects for a 1-week period. Plaque was allowed to accumulate on the in situ test sites and on the adjacent natural dentition. At the end of the experimental period, the plaque microflora associated with (1) the enamel sections, (2) the enamel slabs, and (3) the acrylic base of the appliance test site was compared with that obtained from lingual and interproximal areas of the lower molar teeth. In addition, the acid anion and pH profiles of plaque obtained from both the exogenous and natural tooth surfaces were also determined. Although some quantitative differences were found between the proportions of isolates obtained from the different enamel surfaces, qualitatively the microflora was very similar, and no significant differences were found in the plaque lactate/acetate ratios or pH measurements following a sucrose mouthrinse. Thus, human tooth specimens mounted on the intra-oral device produced a plaque ecosystem similar to that present on the adjacent natural dentition, suggesting that the model is suitable for studies on early plaque development and the microbiology of enamel demineralization. <63> UI - 91291029 AU - Alaluusua S AU - Takei T AU - Ooshima T AU - Hamada S IN - Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, University of Helsinki, Finland. TI - Mutacin activity of strains isolated from children with varying levels of mutants streptococci and caries. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1991;36(4):251-5 AB - A total of 157 isolates of mutants streptococci from plaque and saliva of 94 children were studied for their serotypes, mutacin production, frequency and spectrum of activity. Of these isolates 71% were identified as serotype c and 22% as serotype e. Serotypes f, d and g, and one untypable strain made up about 7% of the isolates. More than one serotype was found in 13% of the children. Mutacin was produced by 83% of the isolates against one or more of the 14 indicator strains representing mutants streptococci. Streptococcus sanguis, Strep. oralis, Strep. gordonii, Strep. salivarius and Strep. pyogenes. Isolates that had a broad inhibitory spectrum also produced larger inhibition zones than isolates that inhibited fewer strains. When evaluating the effect of mutacin in vivo on plaque ecology, it was found that the counts of mutans streptococci or the proportion of mutans streptococci in the total streptococcal count of plaque did not differ between plaques containing strains that produced much mutacin and those with little production. The findings also failed to reveal an association between caries experience and mutacin activity. <64> UI - 91262468 AU - van Dijken J AU - Persson S AU - Sjostrom S IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Umea, Sweden. TI - Presence of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in saliva and on enamel, glass ionomer cement, and composite resin surfaces. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1991 Feb;99(1):13-9 AB - The quantity of S. mutans, total streptococci, and lactobacilli on sound enamel surfaces and 1-yr-old glass ionomer cement and composite resin fillings with the cervical margins placed subgingivally was compared intra-individually. The amount of bacteria was compared to their number in saliva. The evaluation was done in a cross sectional study, where the patients continued to use their customary oral hygiene procedures and during a 14-day period of experimental plaque formation. The number of lactobacilli and S. mutans recovered from the test surfaces indicated that the critical salivary concentrations necessary for the isolation of S. mutans and lactobacilli from glass ionomer cement and composite resin surfaces are the same as for the enamel surfaces. The fluoride levels in plaque adjacent to glass ionomer cement will not become high enough to inhibit the accumulation of the investigated bacteria. <65> UI - 91266562 AU - Russell JI AU - MacFarlane TW AU - Aitchison TC AU - Stephen KW AU - Burchell CK IN - University of Glasgow, Scotland. TI - Prediction of caries increment in Scottish adolescents. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Apr;19(2):74-7 AB - Salivary, clinical, and microbiological factors were compared with subsequent 2-yr caries increment in a group of 372 Scottish adolescents. The caries increment was significantly correlated with previous caries experience, salivary buffering capacity and counts of lactobacilli, mutans streptococci and candida. Veillonella levels and salivary flow rate were not correlated with caries increment. Significant improvements in the predictions were obtained when the results of more than one test were included using stepwise regression analysis. On an individual basis, using stepwise discriminant analysis, the caries increment group (low, medium, or high) was identified correctly in 49% of all subjects, but this was reduced to 45% if previous caries experience was excluded from the analysis. <66> UI - 91266566 AU - Rask PI AU - Emilson CG AU - Krasse B AU - Sundberg H IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. TI - Dental caries and salivary and microbial conditions in 50-60-year-old persons. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Apr;19(2):93-7 AB - In a group of 124 persons, 50-60 yr old, the prevalence at baseline of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli and the salivary secretion rate and buffer capacity were examined. The mean secretion rate was 1.58 mL/min with a flow rate below 1 mL/min found in 20% of the persons. A buffer capacity below end pH 5.5 was observed in 64% of the subjects. MS was not detected in 5% of the persons whereas 17% had 10(6) or more MS per ml saliva. Lactobacilli were not found in 10% of the persons while 21% had counts in excess of 10(5) CFU mL. A new examination 5 yr later in 1986 revealed no significant changes in secretion rate and buffer capacity or in the population of lactobacilli, whereas markedly elevated levels of salivary MS were found. S. sobrinus was detected in 35-37% of the persons at the two examinations. Persons with both S. mutans and S. sobrinus had more MS than persons with only S. mutans. <67> UI - 91266567 AU - del Rio Gomez I IN - Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, University of Lund, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Dental caries and mutans streptococci in selected groups of urban and native Indian schoolchildren in Mexico. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Apr;19(2):98-100 AB - Two groups of Mexican children aged 12-14 yr were examined for dental caries and salivary mutans streptococci counts. One hundred lived in Mexico City and 100 belonged to a native Mazahua Indian population. The prevalence of caries, diagnosed according to WHO, was 90% in Mexico City and 82% in the Indian community. Mean DMFT was 5.98 and 3.57 respectively. Saliva samples were analyzed for mutans streptococci by the "Strip mutans" method. Further identification of the biotype/serotype was done. Mutans streptococci were found in 95% of the urban children and 75% of the Indians. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of mutans streptococci between the city and the rural samples. Streptococcus mutans was more frequently found than Streptococcus sobrinus. <68> UI - 91271839 AU - Spets-Happonen S AU - Luoma H AU - Forss H AU - Kentala J AU - Alaluusua S AU - Luoma AR AU - Gronroos L AU - Syvaoja S AU - Tapaninen H AU - Happonen P IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry and Cariology, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI - Effects of a chlorhexidine-fluoride-strontium rinsing program on caries, gingivitis and some salivary bacteria among Finnish schoolchildren. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1991 Apr;99(2):130-8 AB - In order to find out if it is possible to prevent caries and gingivitis by periodical use of chlorhexidine-fluoride mouthrinses with or without strontium, and to find out what effects they have on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts, a total of 243 schoolchildren aged 11 yr with high DMFS scores were randomly divided into four groups. One group (C) served as a basic control. Subjects in the second group (CXF) rinsed their mouths twice a day every third week with a rinsing solution containing 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.04% NaF. In the third group (CXFS) the rinsing solution contained 500 ppm Sr during the first and second year and 15 ppm during the last 6 months, in addition to chlorhexidine and fluoride. In the fourth group (CX) the solution contained only 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate. All the rinsing solutions had pH 5.8 buffered with succinic acid-NaOH buffer. After 2 yr and 9 months, the mean DMFS (SD) increments in the C, CXF, CXFS, and CX groups were 3.8 (5.7), 2.5 (3.2), 3.5 (4.8), and 3.4 (5.5), respectively. The percentage of subjects with bleeding gingival units had decreased from initial to final values as follows: C, 81-38; CXF, 88-42; CXFS, 89-56; CX, 89-37. The number of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci in saliva remained virtually unchanged throughout the study. For caries increment and gingival bleeding, the differences between groups were not statistically significant. The chlorhexidine-fluoride combination tended to prevent caries, but the effect on gingival bleeding and salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli was negligible. <69> UI - 91232415 AU - Johnson IH IN - School of Dental Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. TI - Dextranase activity of streptococcal isolates from human dental plaques. SO - Microbios 1991;65(264-265):155-67 AB - Streptococci were isolated from sixty human dental plaques. Of those isolates which exhibited dextranolytic activity on culture media containing dextran, three were selected for further investigation. Two of these isolates were identified as Streptococcus mitior and the other was a strain of Streptococcus mutans. The organisms were cultivated in a dialysed medium and enzyme activities isolated from culture supernatants by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, dialysis and lyophilization. Decolourized annuli surrounding wells in agar plates containing Blue Dextran 2000 provided evidence of dextranase activity present in culture supernatants, precipitated and redissolved proteins, dialysis retentates and lyophilized materials. The pH optima for the crude enzyme preparations were determined using the modified assay of Koh and Khouw (1970). Dextranases from the Streptococcus mitior isolates had optima at pH 6, and the optimal activity for the enzyme from the Streptococcus mutans isolate occurred at pH 5.5. Additional studies of the purified enzymes are necessary to increase understanding of the possible effects of these enzymes in human dental plaques. <70> UI - 91217299 AU - Meyerowitz C AU - Featherstone JD AU - Billings RJ AU - Eisenberg AD AU - Fu J AU - Shariati M AU - Zero DT IN - Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Rochester, New York 14642. TI - Use of an intra-oral model to evaluate 0.05% sodium fluoride mouthrinse in radiation-induced hyposalivation. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1991 May;70(5):894-8 AB - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a twice-daily topical application of a 0.05% NaF mouthrinse on de- and remineralization in the oral cavities of subjects suffering from radiation-induced hyposalivation. Six subjects each wore a bonded intra-oral appliance containing a sound and a demineralized human enamel slab for four weeks. During that period, the subjects used 0.05% NaF rinses, twice daily, instead of the 1.1% NaF gel that had previously been a part of their preventive regimen. Salivary flow rates, plaque pH profiles following a 10% sucrose rinse, S. mutans and lactobacillus counts, fluoride clearance, and enamel microhardness were determined during the study. Sound enamel samples displayed no evidence of demineralization, and the previously demineralized enamel showed remineralization in the outer 50 microns in three of the six subjects. The results suggest that a twice-daily oral rinse with 0.05% NaF can prevent demineralization and enhance remineralization in subjects with radiation-induced hyposalivation. <71> UI - 91189953 AU - Gregory RL AU - Kindle JC AU - Hobbs LC AU - Malmstrom HS IN - Department of Oral Biology, Emory University School of Postgraduate Dentistry, Atlanta, GA 30322. TI - Effect of smokeless tobacco use in humans on mucosal immune factors. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1991;36(1):25-31 AB - To assess the effects of smokeless tobacco on the secretory immune system and dental caries, we examined users of smokeless tobacco and non-tobacco users. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of DMFS between users and non-users. There was significantly more salivary IgA, IgA2 and J-chain in users. Levels of salivary lysozyme and lactoferrin were significantly lower in users than controls. Because there was no difference in levels of secretory component in relation to the increased IgA levels of smokeless tobacco users, this suggests an effect of smokeless tobacco on secretory epithelial cells responsible for synthesis of secretory component, lysozyme and lactoferrin, and for the packaging of secretory component on IgA. There were only slight differences in salivary or serum antibody levels to Streptococcus mutans. These findings indicate that although smokeless tobacco has a significant influence on the synthesis of secretory IgA, the numbers of DMFS were similar between smokeless tobacco users and controls. <72> UI - 91189955 AU - Filler SJ AU - Gregory RL AU - Michalek SM AU - Katz J AU - McGhee JR IN - Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294. TI - Effect of immune bovine milk on Streptococcus mutans in human dental plaque. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1991;36(1):41-7 AB - The use of a mouthrinse of bovine milk containing antibodies to Streptococcus mutans resulted in an initial reduction in the numbers of recoverable Strep. mutans in a group of 9 individuals. Ten volunteers who used control bovine milk that contained no antibody activity to Strep. mutans had variable levels of plaque Strep. mutans. In addition, after culture on Mitis Salivarius and Gold's agar, the plaque Strep. mutans from subjects who used the immune bovine milk rinse formed smaller colonies than those from pre-treatment plaque and from all plaque samples of subjects who used the control rinse. <73> UI - 92102827 AU - Childers NK AU - Michalek SM AU - Pritchard DG AU - McGhee JR IN - Department of Community and Public Health Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294. TI - Mucosal and systemic responses to an oral liposome-Streptococcus mutans carbohydrate vaccine in humans. SO - Regional Immunology 1990-91;3(6):289-96 AB - Purified polysaccharide antigens are often poorly immunogenic, especially when given by the oral route. However, it has been shown in experimental animals that liposomes can greatly increase the immunogenicity of certain polysaccharide antigens. Here we report the induction of immune responses in humans to an oral vaccine consisting of liposomes containing purified serotype carbohydrate antigen of Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of dental caries. Four volunteer subjects swallowed enteric coated gelatin capsules containing liposomal-antigen for seven consecutive days. Pre- and post-immunization samples of saliva and plasma were analyzed for antibody activity to S. mutans carbohydrate by ELISA. Salivary anticarbohydrate IgA responses were detected in all four subjects between day 21 and day 32. Upon second and third immunizations, subjects experienced salivary responses earlier than following the first immunization. Early (day 4-7) plasma IgA responses to the carbohydrate were found in three subjects which consisted of both polymeric and monomeric forms. Variable levels of plasma IgG anti-carbohydrate antibody activity were seen in three individuals. These results show that orally administered liposomal-S. mutans serotype carbohydrate antigen induces a salivary IgA response in humans and provides evidence for the efficacy of liposomal antigen delivery system in the induction of a protective mucosal immune response against microbial pathogens. <74> UI - 91279251 AU - Bowden GH AU - Ekstrand J AU - McNaughton B AU - Challacombe SJ IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. TI - Association of selected bacteria with the lesions of root surface caries. SO - Oral Microbiology & Immunology 1990 Dec;5(6):346-51 AB - Plaque from the root surfaces of 165 subjects (mean age 65.5 years, 22-26 teeth/subject) was analysed for specific bacteria. Five subject groups were defined: A (DMFS 16.4), B (DMFS 55.9), C1 (DMFS 55.