Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Sep 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-263 From Set 55): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Toothbrushing/ 3349 2 toothbrush:.mp. 3757 3 ((tooth or teeth) adj5 brush:).mp. 744 4 ((tooth or teeth) adj5 unbrush:).mp. 1 5 (brush: adj5 (week: or day: or frequenc:)).mp. 588 6 Toothpaste/ 1206 7 ((tooth or teeth) adj3 (paste: or powder:)).mp. 200 8 toothpaste:.mp. 1667 9 or/1-8 5692 10 exp Tooth demineralization/ 22604 11 demineralization.mp. 1614 12 caries.mp. 15267 13 caires.mp. 1 14 craies.mp. 0 15 careis.mp. 4 16 carise.mp. 0 17 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 422 18 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 217 19 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 276 20 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 254 21 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 182 22 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 374 23 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 321 24 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 249 25 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 12 26 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 20 27 (active adj decay).mp. 9 28 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 14 29 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 30 30 (white adj spot:).mp. 507 31 carious.mp. 2073 32 cariology.ti,ab. 56 33 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 15 34 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 2 35 Tooth remineralization/ 472 36 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 98 37 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 50 38 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 97 39 caries-free.mp. 602 40 cariesfree.mp. 17 41 Cariogenic agents/ 728 42 precavit:.mp. 8 43 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 510 44 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 116 45 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 6 46 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 28 47 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 24 48 dft.mp. 411 49 dfs.mp. 1246 50 dmf:.mp. 6389 51 cariogeni:.mp. 1783 52 or/10-51 32194 53 9 and 52 1450 54 limit 53 to (human and english language and yr=1975-2000) 844 55 limit 54 to (infant < 1 to 23 months > or preschool child < 563 2 to 5 years > or child < 6 to 12 years > or adolescence < 13 to 18 years >) 56 from 55 keep 1-300 300 57 from 55 keep 301-563 263 *************************** <1> UI - 91357235 AU - Blinkhorn AS IN - Dental Department, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow. TI - Fluoride and caries prevention: 2. Clinical rationale. SO - Dental Update 1991 May;18(4):146-9 AB - In order to achieve the greatest clinical benefit from the use of fluoride, we must understand its mechanism of action, so that fluoride can be given at the right time, by the best route, at the optimum dosage and in the most suitable form. The first article in this two-part series reviewed the scientific rationale behind the use of fluoride. Part 2 now illustrates fluoride therapy in practical terms, by examining nine clinical cases. <2> UI - 91346089 AU - Nyyssonen V AU - Honkala E AU - Borovsky EV AU - Smirnova TA IN - Department of Community dentistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI - Background factors of enamel focal demineralization in groups of Finnish and Russian children. SO - Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 1991 Spring;15(3):174-8 AB - The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of EFD lesions in relation to some background factors in Finnish and Soviet children. Children aged 7, 9 and 12 years (n = 1187) were examined clinically in Helsinki, Kuopio (Finland), Moscow and Leningrad (USSR). A questionnaire sent to the parents was used to collect data on toothbrushing frequency, use of sweets, cakes, soft drinks, sugar-sweetened tea/coffee and mother's education. In addition to bivariate analysis, log-linear regression models were used for comparing the simultaneous association in two ethnic groups. In general, the Finnish children had more EFD lesions than the Soviet children did. Among the Finns no consistent associations were found between the number of EFD lesions and the use of different sugar products or differences in toothbrushing habits. The number of EFD lesions decreased consistently according to mother's education with the Finnish children, but not with the Soviet children. The final multivariate model for Finnish children included age, toothbrushing frequency, place of residence (Kuopio) and use of soft drinks. The respective model for the Soviet children included age and place of residence (Leningrad). Evidently, the demineralization process or tooth resistance differs in these two ethnic groups. <3> UI - 91347139 AU - Schou L AU - Wight C AU - Wohlgemuth B IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. TI - Deprivation and dental health. The benefits of a child dental health campaign in relation to deprivation as estimated by the uptake of free meals at school. SO - Community Dental Health 1991 Jul;8(2):147-54 AB - The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the overall effect of the 1989 Lothian dental health education campaign on 8-year-old school children's dental health knowledge and behaviour and to examine the relationship between free meals and the children's benefit from the campaign. Altogether 874 children were randomly selected and included in the study. Sugar-free meals and drinks were provided in all primary schools throughout the campaign week. Dental officers held 30-minute information sessions with each class and encouraged teachers to continue dental health activities. Dental knowledge and behaviour were evaluated by interviews immediately before and after the campaign. The results showed a significant increase in knowledge about diet and dental health and a significantly higher proportion of children claimed to choose non-cariogenic foods and drinks as a result of the campaign. Toothbrushing frequency also increased significantly. Ninety-eight per cent of the children enjoyed the campaign and 66 per cent discussed it with their family. Each school was classified according to the proportion of children receiving free school meals, and this showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the proportion of children who chose non-cariogenic meals and drinks before the campaign but not afterwards. Toothbrushing frequency showed a significant negative correlation with free meals both before and after the campaign. A positive correlation was found between free meals and the proportion of children who claimed to have received new information during the campaign and ate healthier food because of it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <4> UI - 91360311 AU - Griffen AL AU - Goepferd SJ IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus. TI - Preventive oral health care for the infant, child, and adolescent. [Review] [23 refs] SO - Pediatric Clinics of North America 1991 Oct;38(5):1209-26 AB - Although we have the knowledge and technology necessary to prevent it, most children experience dental disease, and a few children continue to experience high rates of decay. The appropriateness and effectiveness of preventive measures vary throughout the life of a child, and recommendations should be tailored to the needs of the individual. Water fluoridation continues to be the most cost-effective preventive measure available. For patients who do not have access to fluoridated water, dietary supplementation offers similar benefits. A wide variety of professionally applied and home use topical fluoride products such as dentrifrices, gels, and rinses can also reduce the risk of dental caries, particularly on the smooth surfaces of the teeth. The most common site of decay in children is the fissures of the molar teeth. These areas can be protected by the professional application of plastic sealants. Dietary practices influence caries rates, and patients should be advised to limit the frequency of carbohydrate exposures rather than the total amount of carbohydrates consumed. Parents of infants should be advised to discontinue bottle feeding around the age of 12 months to avoid nursing caries. Although oral hygiene practices are not as effective in reducing caries rates as is generally believed, daily toothbrushing and flossing are unquestionably effective in preventing periodontal disease. In order to be maximally effective, preventive efforts should be initiated early in the life of the child. Although most children experience dental disease, a mouth free of caries and periodontal disease is a potentially attainable goal for all children when they use currently available techniques. [References: 23] <5> UI - 91366473 AU - Ran F AU - Gedalia I AU - Fried M AU - Hadani P AU - Tved A IN - Dental Research Unit, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. TI - Effectiveness of fortnightly tooth brushing with amine fluorides in caries-prone subjects. SO - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1991 Jul;18(4):311-6 AB - The aim of this study was to assess the caries incidence and plaque accumulation in schoolchildren at caries risk, after brushing the teeth fortnightly with gels containing 0, 0.4% F, 1.25% F as amine fluoride (AmF) or the common amine fluoride toothpaste containing 0.125% F. The study was conducted double blind over an 18-month period, and after 6 months discontinuation of brushing. Only the group that brushed with the 1.25% AmF gel showed a significant decrease in caries development compared to the group that brushed with the 0.125% AmF toothpaste. During the 6-month discontinuation period, the incidence of caries increased in all groups; the differences in caries development between all groups were not significant. Plaque indices were significantly lower in the AmF-treated groups. The highest fluoride concentration in the gel reduced the development of caries to zero, probably due to increased fluoride levels in the oral milieu of caries risk children. In order to maintain a positive effect of fluoride over an extended time period, caries-prone subjects should continue an initiated fluoride programme. <6> UI - 91275904 AU - Denes J AU - Gabris K IN - Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary. TI - Results of a 3-year oral hygiene programme, including amine fluoride products, in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. SO - European Journal of Orthodontics 1991 Apr;13(2):129-33 AB - This paper reports the results of a 3-year study on children treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. They were all regularly instructed in oral hygiene maintenance and used a standardized fluoride-free toothpaste during the course of the study. The patients were divided into three groups. Groups one and two, respectively, had a fluoride gel and fluoride fluid (Elmex amine fluoride products, GABA International Ltd, Basle, Switzerland) applied. Group three used only the toothpaste supplied, had oral hygiene instruction, but not topical applications. Caries increments were lowest and gingival health best in the two groups using amine fluorides, especially the gel group. <7> UI - 91300510 AU - Petersson LG AU - Birkhed D AU - Gleerup A AU - Johansson M AU - Jonsson G IN - Medical and Dental Health Center, Halmstad, Sweden. TI - Caries-preventive effect of dentifrices containing various types and concentrations of fluorides and sugar alcohols. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(1):74-9 AB - The caries-inhibiting effect of unsupervised daily use of four different toothpastes was compared in a 3-year clinical and microbiological study: (1) 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) with 3% xylitol and 6% sorbitol; (2) 0.03% sodium fluoride with 3% xylitol and 6% sorbitol; (3) 0.8% MFP with 9% sorbitol, and (4) 0.03% sodium fluoride with 9% sorbitol. In all 284 children, 12-13 years old at baseline, took part in the study. After 3 years, no statistically significant differences were found between the different toothpaste groups concerning either development of initial or gross caries lesions or number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva. However, children with no detectable approximal caries at baseline, who used the MFP toothpaste with the xylitol-sorbitol mixture, showed a lower (p less than 0.05) caries increment as compared with children who used the MFP toothpaste with sorbitol alone. <8> UI - 91294423 AU - Riordan PJ IN - Community Dental Services, Health Department of Western Australia, Como. TI - Dental caries and fluoride exposure in Western Australia. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1991 Jul;70(7):1029-34 AB - Most water supplies in Western Australia (WA) have been fluoridated since about 1968, but one region has persistently resisted. Supplement use has been encouraged there, and fluoride toothpaste is widely used. Caries prevalence and caries experience in children in Perth (F- 0.8 mg/L) have declined steadily since fluoridation, but in the Bunbury region (F- less than 0.2 mg/L), caries measures remain higher than in Perth. The purpose of this study was to correlate the magnitude and timing of fluoride exposure with caries experience. Altogether, 592 randomly selected children born in 1978 (mean age, 11.8 years) in Perth and the Bunbury region provided residence and fluoride exposure information for the periods from birth to four and from four to 12 years of age. Caries experience was recorded clinically in accordance with DMFT and WHO criteria. Sixty-one percent had been continuous residents of fluoridated areas from birth to four years, and 51% between the ages of four and 12 years. Fluoride supplement use was low. By the age of 1.5 years, 42% had used toothpaste. The prevalence of caries was 0.38 in Perth and 0.61 in the Bunbury region, and mean DMFT scores were 0.89 (SD, 1.39) and 1.57 (SD, 1.60), respectively. Bivariate analysis revealed all fluoride exposure to be associated with reduced caries experience, but there were large correlations between some variables. When unconditional logistic regression analysis was used, the most important (p less than 0.05) odds ratios associated with no caries experience were for residence in a fluoridated area from four to 12 years of age and early use of toothpaste.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <9> UI - 91266104 AU - Evans DJ IN - South Glamorgan Health Authority, Temple of Peace and Health, Cathays Park, Cardiff. TI - A study of developmental defects in enamel in 10-year-old high social class children residing in a non-fluoridated area. SO - Community Dental Health 1991 Mar;8(1):31-8 AB - This study investigated the relationship between reported exposure to fluoride in the form of toothpaste and fluoride supplements, the level of observed developmental defects in enamel and the caries experience in a sample of 10-year-old children. Using a modified and simplified version of the developmental defects of enamel index, 300 10-year-old children who had been continually resident in non-fluoridated high social class areas were examined. The examination was followed by a questionnaire to parents on their child's fluoride supplement and toothpaste usage, and toothbrushing habits in early childhood. The prevalence of developmental defects in enamel was lower than that reported elsewhere. A large number of children had diffuse developmental defects but had no history of exposure to fluoride supplements. The only differentiating factor between this group and a similar group with no diffuse defects was in the amount of toothpaste dispensed during toothbrushing prior to the age of six. There was no association between caries experience and the presence or absence of developmental defects. It was concluded that parents of children from a high social class background should supervise the brushing of their children's teeth and use only a pea-sized amount of toothpaste. <10> UI - 91266562 AU - Russell JI AU - MacFarlane TW AU - Aitchison TC AU - Stephen KW AU - Burchell CK IN - University of Glasgow, Scotland. TI - Prediction of caries increment in Scottish adolescents. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Apr;19(2):74-7 AB - Salivary, clinical, and microbiological factors were compared with subsequent 2-yr caries increment in a group of 372 Scottish adolescents. The caries increment was significantly correlated with previous caries experience, salivary buffering capacity and counts of lactobacilli, mutans streptococci and candida. Veillonella levels and salivary flow rate were not correlated with caries increment. Significant improvements in the predictions were obtained when the results of more than one test were included using stepwise regression analysis. On an individual basis, using stepwise discriminant analysis, the caries increment group (low, medium, or high) was identified correctly in 49% of all subjects, but this was reduced to 45% if previous caries experience was excluded from the analysis. <11> UI - 91271835 AU - Kallestal C IN - Department of Pedodontics, University of Umea, Sweden. TI - Dental caries in 16- and 18-year-old adolescents in northern Sweden. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1991 Apr;99(2):100-5 AB - An epidemiologic study on the prevalence and distribution of dental caries in 16- and 18-yr-olds was carried out in 1987 in the county of Vasterbotten, northern Sweden. The subjects had participated in the Public Dental Health Service, including prophylactic programs, since early childhood. The results showed the mean DFS-value to be 5.7 for the 16-yr-olds and 8.1 for the 18-yr-olds. The DFT and DFS-values were higher in the urban than in the rural areas for both age groups, mainly due to more occlusal surfaces being filled in the urban area. Earlier studies have shown a higher prevalence of caries in rural compared to urban areas, explained by a lower socioeconomic level in the rural areas. Although the socioeconomic differences between urban and rural areas persist, the difference in caries prevalence seems to have been eradicated. Both age groups included small subgroups with a high number of DF-surfaces, requiring individualized preventive programs. <12> UI - 91208894 AU - Carvalho JC AU - Ekstrand KR AU - Thylstrup A IN - Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. TI - Results after 1 year of non-operative occlusal caries treatment of erupting permanent first molars. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1991 Feb;19(1):23-8 AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate a treatment program designed to control occlusal caries on the basis of intensive patient education and professional toothcleaning. The sample consisted of 56 6-8-yr-old children with their permanent right first molars in different stages of eruption. Data from the program were compared with previous data recorded in a similar sample of children. After 1 yr the majority of children in the study group had their permanent right first molars in full occlusion. A significant decrease of surfaces with easily detectable plaque and an increase of surfaces without plaque was observed. The proportion of arrested lesions increased and active enamel lesions decreased. Fissure sealing was only needed in two teeth in contrast to more than 2/3 of molars in a comparable sample of children. The program proved to be an efficient alternative to fissure sealing in preventing occlusal caries in erupting teeth. <13> UI - 91169664 AU - Attwood D AU - Blinkhorn AS IN - Dental Department, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK. TI - Dental health in schoolchildren 5 years after water fluoridation ceased in south-west Scotland. SO - International Dental Journal 1991 Feb;41(1):43-8 AB - A follow-up study of the dental health of children resident in two towns in south-west Scotland, one of which had fluoridated water until 1983, was carried out at the end of 1988. Comparison with an identical 1980 study allowed trends in the prevalence of caries to be examined. In 1988, the mean, decayed, missing and filled deciduous teeth (dmft) score for 5-year-old children in Stranraer, the formerly fluoridated town, was 3.08, 24 per cent worse than the score of 2.48 reported in 1980. In Annan, mean dmft for 5-year-old children was 3.18 in 1988, 27 per cent lower than the 1980 dmft score of 4.38. The difference in caries prevalence between the two towns in 1988 was a non-significant 3.1 per cent compared with the 44 per cent difference found in 1980. Similar trends in caries prevalence were also found in 10-year-old children with mean DMFT scores of 2.28 in Stranraer and 2.56 in Annan in 1988, a 10.9 per cent difference compared with the 50 per cent difference reported in 1980. The Stranraer DMFT score was 37.4 per cent higher than the DMFT of 1.66 recorded in 1980, while in Annan, the mean DMFT of 2.56 was 23.6 per cent lower than the 1980 score of 3.35. The comparison confirms a trend to lower caries levels in Annan children in line with the general trend in caries prevalence in much of western Europe. However, despite the almost universal use of fluoride toothpaste, caries prevalence in Stranraer children has increased since fluoridation ceased to almost parity with children in the non-fluoridated area. This study shows that there is still a benefit to be gained in terms of lower caries rates by implementing water fluoridation despite the general decline in dental caries. <14> UI - 91171963 AU - Douglas RM IN - National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra. TI - Fluoridation of public water supplies. An old controversy revisited. SO - Medical Journal of Australia 1991 Apr 1;154(7):435-6 <15> UI - 92179066 AU - Ooshima T AU - Abe K AU - Kohno H AU - Izumitani A AU - Sobue S IN - Dept. of Pedodontics, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry. TI - Oral manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VII: histological examination of a primary tooth. SO - Pediatric Dentistry 1990 Apr-May;12(2):102-6 AB - A two-year, 2-month old girl with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type VII is described. The patient presented with bleeding after tooth brushing, and exhibited microdontia and yellow discoloration of teeth. She had carious teeth, but did not exhibit periodontal disease, poor wound healing after extraction, radiographic evidences of pulp stones, or malformed roots. Microscopic examination of a decalcified section of an extracted tooth stained with H & E demonstrated some inclusions in the dentin, around which collagen was either missing or scanty, as confirmed by counterstaining with van Gieson's solution. The sections of pulp stained with van Gieson's solution showed an abnormal pattern of fibrous tissue. Furthermore, the radiopacity of the dentin of this patient was significantly higher than that of the control dentin. <16> UI - 92030474 AU - Akizawa Y AU - Sakurai Y AU - Hara N AU - Fujita Y AU - Nagai M AU - Nakamura Y AU - Sakata K AU - Yanagawa H IN - Department of Disease Prevention, Chiyoda-ku Kojimachi Public Health Center, Tokyo, Japan. TI - An epidemiological study of the influence of sweets intake and toothbrushing on dental caries among children in Japan. SO - Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 1990;4(4):242-50 AB - The study was designed to determine the influence of confectionery and beverages intake and of toothbrushing on infant dental caries. The participants were 700 three year old Japanese children from an urban area near Tokyo. The prevalence of caries in those who frequently consumed confectionery and beverages was higher than the prevalence in those who did not take them. However, the prevalence in children with a habit of toothbrushing did not differ from that of those without the habit. This study shows that restricting consumption of confectionery and beverages may be effective in preventing dental caries; however, encouragement of toothbrushing may not be effective in limiting dental caries progression. <17> UI - 91357231 AU - Rugg-Gunn AJ AU - Murray JJ IN - The Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne. TI - Current issues in the use of fluorides in dentistry. SO - Dental Update 1990 May;17(4):154-8 AB - Britain, along with many other developed countries, has experienced a dramatic decline in prevalence of dental caries. This has been attributed to the widespread use of fluoride toothpastes, which has done much to improve children's dental health. Studies indicate that fluoridation of water supplies would confer an additional benefit to dental public health, while other fluoride vehicles (mouthrinses, topical gels and varnishes, tablets and drops) are valuable in preventing caries in high-risk patients. The authors review the issues involved. <18> UI - 91277512 AU - Hussey DL AU - Burnett AC AU - Linden GJ IN - School of Clinical Dentistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland. TI - Characteristics of dental students in Ontario and Northern Ireland. SO - Journal of the Irish Dental Association 1990;36(4):133-5 AB - The aim of the study was to investigate whether differences existed between the behaviour and attitudes of dental students in London, Ontario, and Belfast, Northern Ireland. While there was no difference in the frequency of brushing in the two groups, a higher proportion of the Canadian students practised interdental cleaning. One surprising result was the difference between the two groups regarding the methods of caries prevention which they would recommend for children. <19> UI - 91262860 AU - Ljungberg G AU - Birkhed D IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. TI - Dental caries in players belonging to a Swedish soccer team. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1990;14(6):261-6 AB - Since dental caries is associated with frequent use of sugar-containing products and since there is a potential risk for such a consumption among sportsmen, we conducted a clinical study of a group (n = 30) of 17-30-year old elite soccer players, including DFS and various caries-related factors, such as plaque index, numbers of cariogenic microorganisms in saliva and sugar intake frequency. Each player was asked to identify one friend of the same age, sex and social background but not active in any sport (n = 28). The mean values for DFS, plaque index, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were less favourable for the players, but none of the differences were statistically significant, except for the dietary score (p less than 0.05). Thus, soccer players on an elite level seem to have a somewhat higher risk to develop dental caries than nonplayers. However, their regular use of fluoride-containing toothpaste probably to some part compensates for this increased risk. <20> UI - 91182638 AU - Petersen PE AU - Hadi R AU - Al-Zaabi FS AU - Hussein JM AU - Behbehani JM AU - Skougaard MR AU - Vigild M IN - Institute for Community Dentistry and Graduate Studies, The Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. TI - Dental knowledge, attitudes and behavior among Kuwaiti mothers and school teachers. SO - Journal of Pedodontics 1990 Spring;14(3):158-64 AB - In one region in the state of Kuwait children in first grade have been offered a systematic dental health care program. The purpose of this study was to assess (1) dental knowledge, attitudes, and health behavior among the mothers of children in first grade, and (2) dental knowledge and attitudes of schoolteachers, and their involvement in health education. Before the children were enrolled in the program 187 mothers (response 76%) were interviewed. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on schoolteachers (n = 135, response 695). Most of the mothers (74%) answered that dental caries is caused by sweets/candy; the role of bacteria was mentioned by 9%. Half of the mothers were aware of the harmful effect of sugary drinks, and 50% knew about the preventive effect of fluoride. Knowledge about causes and prevention of periodontal disease was diffuse. According to the mothers, 68% of the children were in need for dental treatment; 37% were seen by a dentist once a year for symptomatic reasons, and 49% brushed their teeth at least twice a day. Sixteen-percent of the mothers helped their child in brushing every day. Sugar consumption among mothers and children was high, e.g. 66% of the children had chocolate bars and 44% had soft drinks several times a day. The level of dental knowledge was higher among teachers than mothers; the mothers were mostly informed through television/radio, while teachers had received information from various sources, including the dentists. The teachers responded positively to prevention of dental diseases among children and should be considered key persons in dental health education. For the Kuwaiti children and the mothers the active involvement principle, group presentations, and one-to-one communications are recommended for the school based dental health program. <21> UI - 91161785 AU - Rugg-Gunn AJ IN - Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. TI - Fluoride in the prevention of caries in the preschool child. [Review] [16 refs] SO - Journal of Dentistry 1990 Dec;18(6):304-7 AB - The use of fluorides has benefited greatly the dental health of preschool children. Water fluoridation cuts caries by half in the deciduous dentition as it does in the permanent dentition. In the absence of water fluoridation, fluoride dietary supplements can be used and are effective. For practical reasons it may be useful to limit their use to those at risk from caries and those seen to be prone to caries. There has been some concern over links between early use of fluoride toothpastes and the occurrence of very mild fluorosis. Although this is not perceived as a problem by parents or the community, it is prudent to recommend that parents clean their children's teeth with a pea-size amount of toothpaste. Fluoride varnishes are effective and are useful for preventing caries in young children. [References: 16] <22> UI - 91021926 AU - Haugejorden O AU - Lervik T AU - Birkeland JM AU - Jorkjend L IN - Department of Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway. TI - An 11-year follow-up study of dental caries after discontinuation of school-based fluoride programs. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1990 Aug;48(4):257-63 AB - The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the caries-preventive effect of school-based programs with fluoride (F) mouthrinsing or toothbrushing was evident at the end of a post-treatment follow-up period of 11 years. Two groups of subjects examined at 14 years of age (born in 1960), who had participated in fortnightly F rinsing (n = 52) or in F brushing 4-5 times a year at school (n = 50), were re-examined radiographically and completed a questionnaire at age 25 years. A comparison group of 25-year-olds (n = 51) was also included. Analyses of variance showed that the benefits of participation in school-based F programs seem to have been lost. It appears that these caries-preventive programs have delayed rather than prevented caries and that F toothpaste and other caries-preventive efforts have been insufficient to avert a substantial caries activity during the follow-up period. <23> UI - 91010109 AU - Dummer PM AU - Oliver SJ AU - Hicks R AU - Kindon A AU - Addy M AU - Shaw WC IN - Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. TI - Factors influencing the initiation of carious lesions in specific tooth surfaces over a 4-year period in children between the ages of 11-12 years and 15-16 years. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1990 Aug;18(4):190-7 AB - An analysis of factors influencing the initiation of carious lesions on specific tooth surfaces over a 4-year period in children between the ages of 11-12 years and 15-16 years is presented. Approximately 1000 children, resident in the County of South Glamorgan, Wales, were assessed for caries status and oral cleanliness in 1980 when aged 11-12 years and again in 1984 when aged 15-16 years. On both occasions, the children completed detailed questionnaires on dental health-related topics. Surfaces which were sound when the children were 11-12 years were identified and subsequently awarded a score of zero if they remained sound at 15-16 years or a score of one if they had developed carious lesions or had been filled. For each child, a mean mouth caries initiation score was computed for specific groups of surfaces, namely pit and fissure surfaces in posterior teeth, approximal surfaces in posterior teeth, buccal and lingual smooth surfaces of all teeth and approximal surfaces of anterior teeth. One-way analysis of variance and multiple regression techniques revealed that a number of factors had a significant influence on the initiation of caries. The factors and their level of significance varied between the surfaces. However, relatively little (less than 6 per cent) of the total variance in caries initiation score could be explained by the identified factors. Overall, more lesions developed in pit and fissure surfaces in posterior teeth than in the other surfaces included in the analyses. <24> UI - 90335678 AU - Bedi R AU - Sutcliffe P AU - Balding JW IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Edinburgh, UK. TI - Dental health related behaviour of Scottish and English secondary schoolchildren. SO - Community Dental Health 1990 Jun;7(2):149-56 AB - The purpose of this investigation was to compare the dental health related behaviour of groups of 13-14-year-old English and Scottish schoolchildren, in order to explain the differences in caries experience demonstrated by the 1983 national children's dental health survey. The data-bank of health-reported behaviour of schoolchildren in the United Kingdom held by the Schools Health Education Unit (SHEU), Exeter University was used. Seventy-four secondary schools in England and 8 secondary schools in Scotland participated in the study. The information obtained from the questionnaires of 2283 children in England and 259 children in Scotland was examined. The daily intake of sweets, sugary fizzy drinks and a 'sugary' carbohydrate index were analysed from a 24-hour recall dietary record. There was a general consistency between the findings from the SHEU data and the 1983 United Kingdom children dental health survey (Todd & Dodd 1985) with regard to toothbrushing behaviour and dental attendance. Therefore, as dietary information was not gathered in the 1983 survey, exploration of the SHEU data bank allowed a comparison of the dietary habits between Scottish and English schoolchildren. Scottish schoolchildren consumed more sugar-containing items than English schoolchildren. Children from lower social groups in both countries consumed more sugar; however, the major dietary difference between the two countries was not in the mean number of sweets consumed or the daily sugary carbohydrate index, but in the mean number of sugary fizzy drinks consumed. <25> UI - 90353728 AU - Mackie IC AU - Blinkhorn AS IN - University of Manchester Dental School. TI - The neglected adolescent mouth. SO - Dental Update 1990 Apr;17(3):122-3 AB - Many adolescent patients go through phases where oral hygiene and caries control lapse. In this case a young patient presented with a severely compromised mouth. Treatment was complicated by his belonging to a travelling family, and the fact that he was also undergoing orthodontic therapy. This study describes how suitable behaviour management techniques were used to motivate him to achieve control of caries and periodontal disease, and allow the orthodontic treatment to proceed. <26> UI - 90310916 AU - Thomas M TI - The prevention of dental disease in pre-school children. SO - Practitioner 1990 Apr 22;234(1487):423-6 <27> UI - 90305804 AU - Frencken JE AU - Truin GJ AU - Sarita P AU - Van 't Hof MA AU - Konig KG IN - Department of Cariology and Endodontology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. TI - Caries prevalence in the deciduous dentition of a Tanzanian urban and rural child population in relation to levels of fluoride in drinking water in 1984, 1986 and 1988. SO - East African Medical Journal 1990 Apr;67(4):237-45 AB - A mixed-longitudinal study to determine the prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition of a Tanzanian child population was carried out in Morogoro Region between 1984 and 1988. Since 1978 shallow wells have been constructed in the study areas which contained water in the range of the assumed optimal fluoride level in tropical countries (0.5-1.0 ppm). Three areas were distinguished, urban, rural and villages in rural areas with an average fluoride concentration of 0.5 ppm or more in all drinking water sources present. There were no fluoridated toothpaste for sale nor were organised oral health programmes implemented in the study areas. The following background parameters were studied; age, locality, socioeconomic status and sex. School children aged 7- to 9-year (= 694), 7- to 11-year (n = 652) adn 7- to 13-year (n = 555) were examined in 1984, 1986 and 1988 respectively. For all three years of investigation, children living in villages with naturally fluoridated water were found to have significantly lower mean number of dentinal lesions than those living in urban and/or rural areas. There were no restorations found. Over the three years of investigation the mean dft*-scores were low and varied between 1.67 (urban area in 1984) and 0.79 (naturally fluoridated rural areas in 1984). No SES and sex effect on the dft-condition were found. It is recommended that water samples be collected from all drinking water sources in all regions of Tanzania and to map the results of the fluoride analyses for use in prioritization setting in planning oral health services at national and regional level. <28> UI - 90291271 AU - Nunn JH AU - Murray JJ IN - Department of Child Dental Health, Dental School, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. TI - Dental health of handicapped children; results of a questionnaire to parents. [Review] [32 refs] SO - Community Dental Health 1990 Mar;7(1):23-32 AB - A questionnaire survey of parents of handicapped children, to complement a clinical examination, was carried out in 25 special schools in Newcastle and Northumberland. From the data collected a number of important issues are raised. Some parents have to travel greater distances than are necessary given the availability of dental services locally, either because it is more convenient or because their child requires special care. As a result perhaps the frequency of attendance of children with handicaps is poorer than that of normal children. With exceptions, most children were assessed as being amenable to routine dental care, and over one third of wheelchair bound patients claimed to be regular attenders, yet a smaller minority of handicapped child patients were seen routinely in general dental practice, compared with the usual child population. The need for greater efforts on the part of parents, dentists and other health care providers in improving the dental health of handicapped children is underlined. [References: 32] <29> UI - 90299401 AU - Khan MU AU - Abu-Zeid HA AU - Eid O IN - Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University, Medical College, Abha, Saudi Arabia. TI - Factors influencing development of caries teeth. SO - Indian Journal of Pediatrics 1990 Jan-Feb;57(1):109-13 AB - A cross sectional study was conducted on the children of 146 randomly selected urban families of Abha, Saudi Arabia, to find out the common factors associated with caries teeth. The factors considered for association were per capita monthly income, sources of drinking water, consumption of soft drinks, daily brushing of teeth, daily consumption of candy, and the education levels of mothers. All children up to 12 years of age were examined by visiting their families. The results showed that the per capita monthly income, sources of drinking water and habit of drinking soft drinks had no significant relation with the prevalence rates of caries teeth in children. But the habit of nonbrushing of teeth daily, daily consumption of candies, and low or no education of mothers had significant association with the presence of caries teeth. Adequate health education of children about the ill effects of these practices and raising the educational levels of mothers and prospective mothers may contribute towards achieving dental health by the year 2000 as targetted by the World Health Organization. <30> UI - 90267312 AU - Carr LM TI - Fluoridation: the Brisbane fallacy [letter]. SO - Australian Dental Journal 1990 Apr;35(2):191-2 <31> UI - 90260576 AU - Seppa L AU - Tolonen T IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI - Caries preventive effect of fluoride varnish applications performed two or four times a year. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1990 Apr;98(2):102-5 AB - The efficacy of Duraphat varnish applications performed two or four times a year was compared in a 2-yr clinical trial. 254 children aged 9-13 yr and having higher than average DMFS values participated in the study. The children were randomly divided into two treatment groups. Clinical and radiographical examinations were performed at baseline and after 2 yr by one dentist. For the group receiving applications every 3 months, the 2-yr DMFS increment was 2.90 (SD 4.45) and for the group receiving applications every 6 months, 2.92 (4.47). There were no significant differences in DMFS increments between the groups for any type of tooth surfaces. Neither was there any difference between the groups when the children were divided into two subgroups on the basis of baseline DMFS values. The increments for the children with high (greater than or equal to 10) baseline DMFS values were 4.25 (4.81) and 4.30 (5.53) in the groups receiving applications four times and twice a year, respectively. The results suggest that fluoride varnish applications performed more frequently than twice a year may not provide additional caries protection in a population with relatively low caries activity. <32> UI - 90236516 AU - Allan DN AU - Howe GL AU - Noble HW AU - Ture TE TI - Dental survey: patient attitudes in Jordan. SO - International Dental Journal 1990 Apr;40(2):122-6 AB - A questionnaire was used to assess the attitude of family members in Jordan to the state of their teeth, their personal oral hygiene and their acceptance of dental care. The questions were formulated to provide information without the need for dental examination. In industrial societies there is evidence of a reduction in the rate of dental decay whereas in countries such as Jordan the reverse is true. Consideration of this trend, in combination with the results of this survey, provides a strong indication that instruction in oral hygiene must be given together with increased facilities for treatment. <33> UI - 90211041 AU - Brown LP AU - Mulqueen TF AU - Storey E IN - Dental Health Services Branch, Health Department Victoria. TI - The effect of fluoride consumption and social class on dental caries in 8-year-old children. SO - Australian Dental Journal 1990 Feb;35(1):61-8 AB - School dental service data indicate that whilst Melbourne eight-year-old children had worse dental health than similar children in the Geelong area in 1979, the situation in 1985 was the reverse. In order to investigate this, and determine the effects of socio-economic level (SEL), residential history, and fluoride history on dental caries status, 208 eight-year-old children in the Melbourne area and 209 eight-year-old children in the Geelong area were examined for dental caries. A questionnaire was administered to gain details of subjects' exposure to water and supplement fluorides. The SEL of the subjects' school was used in place of individual SEL. A high proportion (46 per cent) of Geelong subjects used a fluoride supplement at some stage, but few continued this for most of their life. Residential history was important, with 2.4 per cent of the Melbourne subjects living most of their life in a nonfluoridated area and 3.4 per cent of Geelong subjects living most of their life in a fluoridated area. There was a significant difference between the dmft in Melbourne and Geelong when only children who had lived all their life in the city in which they were examined and did not use a fluoride supplement were included. A large part of this difference is attributed to water fluoridation in Melbourne. A substantial number of children would benefit from fluoridation of the reticulated water supply in Geelong, particularly those in the lower social classes. <34> UI - 90201616 AU - Turabian JL AU - de Juanes JR IN - Health Centre, Polfgono Industrial, Toledo, Spain. TI - Dental health of Spanish children: an investigation in primary care. SO - Family Practice 1990 Mar;7(1):24-7 AB - The oral hygiene of patients between seven and 14 years old from a health centre in Toledo was studied through case-finding from March to December 1987. A total of 304 interviews were held; bad dental care (frequency of teeth brushing with fluoride toothpaste less than once per day and/or daily consumption of chocolate and sweets) was found in 83%, and caries were diagnosed through inspection in 92% of the patients. Seventy three per cent reported washing their teeth only occasionally or never; 40% consumed sweets daily; 53% had never visited the dentist; and 50% had not received preventive care for dental disease. These results contrast with those from the United Kingdom and other developed countries, indicating a precarious state of dental health in Spain, a fact which should be taken into account by the Spanish health organization when comparing the health levels between different countries. <35> UI - 90187451 AU - O'Mullane DM IN - University Dental School, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. TI - The future of water fluoridation. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1990 Feb;69 Spec No:756-9; discussion 820-3 AB - Recently, questions have been raised about the possible reduced effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of water fluoridation in the prevention of dental caries in developed countries. The increase in environmental fluorides since water fluoridation was first introduced in 1945 (particularly from fluoride toothpastes, mouthrinses, and from foods and drinks) generally provided the basis for these questions. A related phenomenon which might decrease the efficiency of water fluoridation is the reduced caries levels in many developed countries. It has also been suggested that excessive fluoride intake, especially in fluoridated communities where there is widespread use of fluoride toothpastes, is likely to manifest itself in an increased dental fluorosis prevalence. In this paper, recent data from Ireland which are similar to those recorded in many developed countries are used to answer these questions in part. It is concluded that water fluoridation continues to be an effective and cost-effective strategy for caries prevention in areas where the overall caries level has declined and where the cost of water fluoridation implementation has increased. Also, there is no evidence of excessive fluoride intake in fluoridated communities where fluoride toothpastes are widely used. <36> UI - 90187400 AU - Dummer PM AU - Oliver SJ AU - Hicks R AU - Kingdon A AU - Kingdon R AU - Addy M AU - Shaw WC IN - Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff. TI - Factors influencing the caries experience of a group of children at the ages of 11-12 and 15-16 years: results from an ongoing epidemiological survey. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1990 Feb;18(1):37-48 AB - An analysis of factors influencing the caries experience of adolescents in South Wales is presented. Approximately 1000 children were assessed for caries status and oral cleanliness in 1980 when aged 11-12 years and again in 1984 when aged 15-16 years. In addition, on both occasions, the children completed detailed questionnaires on dental health-related topics. When aged 11-12 years, the observed mean DMFT, DMFS and DFS scores of the children were 4.0, 6.7 and 5.5 respectively. The corresponding scores at age 15-16 years were 6.5, 11.8 and 10.2. A preliminary analysis using conventional multiple regression techniques revealed that a number of factors had a significant influence on the caries experience of the children. The significance of the factors depended on the sex of the population subgroup, the age of the children and the particular caries index studied. However, at both ages the factors of most significance were the number of erupted teeth, total mean plaque score and the reported amount of money spent on sweets per week. A further evaluation using analysis of covariance with the number of erupted teeth and surfaces as the covariates confirmed the significant influence of the total mean plaque score and amount of money spent on sweets. In addition, both analyses indicated that toothbrushing frequency and social class had a significant influence on the caries experience of boys. <37> UI - 90090572 AU - Koch G AU - Bergmann-Arnadottir I AU - Bjarnason S AU - Finnbogason S AU - Hoskuldsson O AU - Karlsson R IN - Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jonkoping, Sweden. TI - Caries-preventive effect of fluoride dentifrices with and without anticalculus agents: a 3-year controlled clinical trial. SO - Caries Research 1990;24(1):72-9 AB - A 3-year, double-blind, randomized caries trial was conducted to evaluate the relative anticaries efficacy of four sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 250 ppm fluoride, 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonate (HEBP), and 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium azacycloheptylidene-2.2-bisphosphonate (AHBP). As a positive control, a monofluorophosphate dentifrice (1,000 ppm fluoride) was used. At outset 1,161 Icelandic children, 11 and 12 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of the five treatment groups and 1,035 subjects completed the trial. After 3 years of unsupervised brushing, the dentifrice containing 250 ppm fluoride was significantly less effective in controlling the caries increment. The combination of sodium fluoride and AHBP was significantly more effective than the positive control. <38> UI - 90112217 AU - Szpunar SM AU - Burt BA IN - Program in Dental Public Health School of Public Health II, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. TI - Fluoride exposure in Michigan schoolchildren. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1990 Winter;50(1):18-23 AB - Recent trends in the prevalence of dental caries in children, as well as a possible increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis, have prompted some researchers to suggest the reassessment of water fluoride concentration standards. Instead of reducing water fluoride concentrations, an alternative approach would be to limit the use of, or reduce the fluoride concentration of, dentifrices, mouthrinses, and supplements. Information about the use of these other sources of fluoride, however, is scarce. Using data from a 1987 survey of Michigan schoolchildren, exposure to selected fluoride sources as well as toothbrushing habits are described. Responses from questionnaires revealed that, overall, 98.5 percent of the children have used fluoride dentifrices, 27 percent have used topical fluoride rinses, 72.5 percent have had at least one exposure to professionally applied topical fluoride, and 27 percent have used dietary fluoride supplements. Although the use of fluoride dietary supplements was appropriate for most children residing in fluoride-deficient Cadillac, the percentages of children in the other communities who have ingested these supplements suggest that these products are being prescribed improperly. Given the almost universal use of fluoride dentifrices at an early age, it may be time to investigate the use of reduced fluoride dentifrices for children. In addition, continuing efforts to decrease inappropriate dietary fluoride supplementation are required. <39> UI - 90110568 AU - Lissau I AU - Holst D AU - Friis-Hasche E IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. TI - Dental health behaviors and periodontal disease indicators in Danish youths. A 10-year epidemiological follow-up. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1990 Jan;17(1):42-7 AB - The purpose of the present study was to analyse the epidemiologic relationship between dental health behaviors and periodontal disease. Indicators of periodontal disease in terms of bleeding and calculus were measured dichotomously (absence/presence). Periodontal pockets were as follows: normal pockets (0-3 mm), shallow pockets (4-5 mm), and deep pockets (6+ mm). The indicators were measured on 4 surfaces on 6 index teeth (16, 11, 26, 36, 31, 46) in 1984-85. The highest value for each tooth of bleeding (0/1), calculus (0/1) and pockets (0/1/2) was used for calculation of the bleeding index, the calculus index and the pocket index. The participation rate in 1984-85 was 86%, and the study population involved 368 males and 388 females. Information concerning dental health behavior was obtained both in childhood (1974) when the individuals were 9-10 years of age, and in adulthood (1984-85) when the individuals were 20-21 years of age. Information concerning dental health behaviors in adulthood, i.e., regularity of dental visits, frequency of tooth brushing, and regular use of interdental aids, was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire (1984-85). Dental health behaviors in childhood (1974) was operationalized as level of plaque, gingivitis, and dmfs. The results showed that dental health behaviors in childhood and in adulthood were together responsible for 9.4-13.8% of the variance in level of periodontal disease indicators. Determinants of early dental health behaviors in terms of plaque and dmfs at age 9-10 years were significant predictors in pocket index at age 20-21.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <40> UI - 90292325 AU - Renson CE TI - Global changes in caries prevalence and dental manpower requirements: 1. Assembling and analyzing the data. SO - Dental Update 1989 Sep;16(7):287-8, 291-3, 296-8 AB - A Joint Working Group of the WHO and FDI was formed in 1981 to investigate the dramatic decrease in caries in children and young people that had been observed in a number of industrialized countries in the 1970s. The results of this investigation are reported in this series of 3 articles. Part 1 describes the assembly and analysis of all available data on oral health, sugar consumption, fluoride availability and other preventive programmes from 20 selected countries. These data showed that nine developed countries had achieved substantial reductions in caries (25-60%) in 5- and 12-year-old children. The most probable reasons will be examined in Part 2, where it will be concluded that the single most important factor was the availability of fluoride toothpaste. The possible effects on dental manpower needs of a declining caries incidence will be discussed in Part 3. <41> UI - 90167517 AU - Songpaisan Y AU - Davies GN TI - Attitudes to oral health, preventive practices and dental services in a Thai population. SO - Community Dental Health 1989 Dec;6(4):377-90 AB - 1500 subjects aged 15-18 and 35-44 years, providers of oral health care and village headmen from 6 north Thailand districts with different dental services were interviewed about their knowledge of and attitudes to oral health, preventive practices and oral health services. Current oral symptoms mentioned by the 1500 subjects included pain (20.7 per cent), holes in teeth (10.5 per cent), ulcer, lump or swelling (5.9 per cent), loose teeth (5.2 per cent), calculus (2.9 per cent) and bleeding gums (1.3 per cent). Those complaining of holes in teeth had a significantly higher mean number of DMFT (2.05) than those who had no current problem (0.60). There was a general lack of appreciation of periodontal disease as a clinical problem. 57.5 per cent of those with a current problem did nothing about it because of lack of time or because they did not know where to go. 98 per cent said they used a toothbrush and 75.1 per cent used it two or more times a day. 58 per cent said that oral disease was preventable. Virtually all methods mentioned referred to dental caries which was a minor problem in this age group. A significant number had received advice on oral health from primary health care workers. In two districts primary oral health care workers trained at the Intercountry Centre for Oral Health for two weeks to do superficial tooth scaling provided care for 110 subjects, 85-88 per cent of whom were satisfied with the care received. Village headmen were sceptical about preventing oral disease and wanted more frequent visits from mobile dental units. The dentist and dental nurses were unable to cope with the range of work required and wanted additional training. Sub-district health workers and primary oral health workers were frustrated by the limitations of their work and wanted additional training to do fillings and extractions. <42> UI - 90109357 AU - Winter GB AU - Holt RD AU - Williams BF IN - Institute of Dental Surgery, Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK. TI - Clinical trial of a low-fluoride toothpaste for young children. SO - International Dental Journal 1989 Dec;39(4):227-35 AB - In this double-blind trial, the anticaries effectiveness of a test toothpaste formulated for young children with 550 ppm F was compared with that of a positive control toothpaste containing 1055 ppm fluoride. More than 3000 2-year-old children were enrolled in the study and after 3 years of toothpaste use, 2177 (72 per cent) were examined. From a clinical and radiographic assessment, more than half the children were found to be caries free and only 32 (1.5 per cent) had evidence of rampant caries. There appeared to be little or no difference between children who had used test or control pastes, either in caries or in plaque levels. On the basis of this clinical trial the experimental toothpaste with 550 ppm fluoride would appear to have a similar anticaries efficacy to that of the control toothpaste. Differences were seen in relation to sex of the child and to social class. Girls had lower levels of plaque than boys but more carious teeth. Children from families in higher social classes had fewer carious teeth and lower levels of plaque. <43> UI - 90075678 AU - Normark S AU - Mosha HJ IN - Institute for Community Dentistry and Graduate Studies, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. TI - Relationship between habits and dental health among rural Tanzanian children. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1989 Dec;17(6):317-21 AB - The study was done in 1982/83 as an oral health baseline for a comprehensive health project involving primary school children in rural areas of Tanzania. A number of 399 standard two pupils with a mean age of 10.9 yr were dentally examined and interviewed using closed questions. Interexaminer reproducibility for caries was 99%, inter-interviewer reliabilities for population correspondence were between 81% and 100%. DMFS + defs was 1.1 for the 92% brushing their teeth daily and 1.9 for children brushing once a week or less. The amount of plaque, calculus, and gingivitis showed no relation to brushing, if it was performed more than once a week. The effect of using chewing sticks or plastic toothbrushes was identical. Children eating cakes, biscuits and/or sweets at least three times a day seemed to have more caries than the rest, DMFS + defs being 1.5 and 1.1, respectively. Consumption of sugar cane did not show any relation to the caries amount. In one of five districts traditional removal of primary tooth germs had caused a mean loss (or deformity) of 1.0 permanent tooth, thereby being the most injurious dental condition. The study confirms the need of educational interventions. It does not indicate any justification for prompting children in general to brush more than once a day or restricting sweet snacks to less than once a day. <44> UI - 90075672 AU - Ainamo J AU - Parvianinen K IN - Department of Periodontology, University of Helsinki, Finland. TI - Influence of increased toothbrushing frequency on dental health in low, optimal, and high fluoride areas in Finland. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1989 Dec;17(6):296-9 AB - In our previous report we found that the dental health of Finnish 13-15-yr-old children had significantly improved from 1973 to 1982. The aim of this study was to assess whether the improved dental health was associated with frequency of toothbrushing and associated use of fluoride dentifrice. In both 1973 and 1982 some 360 children were scored for the DFS index. In each of three towns with 0.2 ppm, 1.0 ppm, and 2.5 ppm fluoride in the drinking water, samples of about 40 children were randomly picked from each age cohort of 13, 14, and 15 yr. The children were grouped into "infrequent", "daily", or "frequent" brushers. Overall, from 1973 to 1982 the proportion of "daily" and "frequent" brushers had increased from 56% to 75% (P less than 0.001). The overall DFST (T = total) and DFSA (A = approximal) scores had declined significantly in all brushing frequency groups. Looking at separate fluoride areas, the actual decline was found to have occurred in the low fluoride area where in 1982 the DFS scores were 50% or less of the 1973 scores (P less than 0.05). In the low fluoride area in 1973, no association was found between brushing frequency and DFS scores whereas in 1982, high brushing frequency was found to be associated with low DFS scores (P less than 0.05). The decrease in DFS scores was suggested at least partly to be associated with the increased frequency of brushing the teeth with fluoride dentifrice. <45> UI - 90036043 AU - Currie C AU - Schou L AU - McQueen DV TI - Dental health-related behaviour in Scottish schoolchildren aged 11, 13 and 15 from Edinburgh city. SO - Health Bulletin 1989 Jul;47(4):182-91 AB - The two most important individually-mediated factors for the control of dental decay and periodontal diseases are frequency of sugar consumption commonly in the form of sweets, and toothbrushing. Most dental health education efforts have therefore been concentrating on informing and motivating parents and children to restrict sugar intake and to brush their teeth twice a day. The present investigation was undertaken, as part of a wider survey of health related behaviour in Scottish schoolchildren, to determine the frequency of tooth brushing and sweet consumption in relation to age, gender and social background. Data was collected from 4,890 children aged 11, 13 and 15 years from independent and state schools in Lothian. Subjects completed a questionnaire, anonymously, in class. <46> UI - 89374996 AU - Milosevic A AU - Slade PD TI - The orodental status of anorexics and bulimics. SO - British Dental Journal 1989 Jul 22;167(2):66-70 AB - This study aims to assess the dental status of anorexics and bulimics by comparison to age-matched controls. One hundred and eight individuals participated, of which 58 had an eating disorder. This group were further subdivided into bulimics who induced vomiting (33), bulimics who did not vomit (7), and anorexics (18). The caries experience (DMFS), plaque levels, gingival inflammation and buffering capacity of saliva were assessed and total vomiting episodes estimated from the product of vomiting frequency and duration. Statistical analysis (one way ANOVA) revealed no significant differences with most of the dental variables between the eating disorder groups and the controls. A linear association (Pearson correlation coefficient) between vomiting frequency, duration or total vomiting episodes and tooth wear was not found, although the frequency of pathological tooth wear is significantly high in the vomiting bulimic group, especially if the total number of vomiting episodes is greater than 1100. <47> UI - 89356868 AU - Ogaard B TI - Incidence of filled surfaces from 10-18 years of age in an orthodontically treated and untreated group in Norway. SO - European Journal of Orthodontics 1989 May;11(2):116-9 AB - The present study was conducted to examine the incidence and location of filled surfaces from 10-18 years of age in individuals subjected to and not subjected to treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Each group comprised 65 individuals. About 5 years had elapsed since the appliances were removed. No statistically significant difference in filled surfaces was found between the groups at age 10 to 18. The incidence in filled surfaces from 10-18 years was 6.34 in the orthodontic group, and 7.22 in the untreated group. The difference was not statistically significant. The distribution of fillings in the dentition in the two groups showed no significant differences. Most of the fillings were recorded in the fissures of the molars. In the first molars most of the fillings in the fissures were already present at the age of 10. It was concluded that in individuals with relatively low caries activity, the present fluoride regimes are sufficient to prevent any excess caries lesion development requiring filling during or after orthodontic therapy. <48> UI - 89341107 AU - Beiswanger BB AU - Lehnhoff RW AU - Mallatt ME AU - Mau MS AU - Stookey GK IN - Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202. TI - A clinical evaluation of the relative cariostatic effect of dentifrices containing sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate. [Review] [28 refs] SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1989 Jul-Aug;56(4):270-60 AB - A three-year clinical trial was conducted to determine whether a sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice had greater cariostatic effects than a sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) dentifrice. Both dentifrices contained 1100 ppm fluoride and silica abrasive systems. A panel of 3,290 children, age 6-16, received one of the two dentifrices for ad libitum home use. The subjects were examined for caries at the baseline and after 2 and 3 years. Results were analyzed both for all children and for those children age 11 years or older at the baseline. The older children were found to have about 50 percent higher new caries increments than did the entire panel of children. In the older, caries- prone children, the subjects using the NaF product experienced significantly (15 percent and 12 percent) fewer new lesions than did the subjects using the Na2PO3F product after 2 and 3 years respectively. In the panel of all children, subjects using the NaF product had numerically, but not significantly, fewer new lesions. The results for this study, showing significantly greater cariostatic benefits in caries-prone children for a sodium fluoride dentifrice with a highly compatible system, are consistent with findings of other investigators. [References: 28] <49> UI - 89332634 AU - Ekman A IN - Department of Pedodontics, University of Umea, Sweden. TI - Dental health, dental health knowledge and behaviour in 14-year-old children of Finnish immigrant families in the north of Sweden. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1989;13(3):95-102 AB - In this study, dental health in a group of Finnish teenagers from immigrant families is compared to that in a group of matched Swedish teenagers. Knowledge of dental disease and dental health behaviour is also compared. Seventy-seven Finnish and 85 Swedish 14-year-olds were examined for caries, gingivitis, calculus and presence of gingival pockets. They were interviewed about toothbrushing habits, use of fluorides and knowledge regarding dental health. A food habit history was taken. Data were collected concerning individual prophylaxis in the last 36 months. It was also noted whether or not the child met the selection criteria for inclusion in such a programme. The average D1FS (approximal initial lesions included) was 17.4 for the Finnish and 13.8 for the Swedish teenagers. The mean GBI% was 8.5 and 7.0 respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in toothbrushing or flossing frequency or use of fluorides. Between-meal eating of sucrose-containing products was more frequent in the Finnish group. Knowledge about gingivitis was equally good in the two groups, but knowledge about the etiology of dental caries was less good in the Finnish group. Although the Finnish teenagers had received almost twice as many hours of individual prophylaxis as the Swedish, 64% and 76% respectively of those fulfilling the selection criteria had not been offered this kind of pRophylaxis. For about 2/3 of the children in each group the individual prophylaxis given was considered adequate. <50> UI - 89256201 AU - Mass E AU - Zilberman UL IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Maurice and Gariela Goldschleager, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. TI - Endodontic treatment of infected primary teeth, using Maisto's paste. [Review] [25 refs] SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1989 Mar-Apr;56(2):117-20 AB - A method of endodontic treatment, using a modification of Maisto's paste, is suggested for preservation of infected primary teeth. Adding more zinc-oxide reagent and other anti-bacterial materials to the original Walkhoff's paste (Kri 1), for pulp canal medication and final filling, seems to improve the pharmacological effect of the paste by reducing the resorption rate. The literature is reviewed and a case with a follow-up time of three and a half years is described, in which the tooth remained stable. [References: 25] <51> UI - 89256217 AU - Kozai K AU - Iwai T AU - Miura K IN - Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Japan. TI - Residual contamination of toothbrushes by microorganisms. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1989 May-Jun;56(3):201-4 AB - Procedures for maintaining the cleanliness of oral cleaning instruments have been discussed infrequently. S. mutans and pathogenic microorganisms can be transferred readily when a toothbrush is used, increasing the risk of dental caries and infectious diseases. It is suggested that sterilization equipment or specific detergents be used. <52> UI - 89283923 AU - Stecksen-Blicks C AU - Holm AK AU - Mayanagi H IN - Department of Pedodontics, University of Umea, Sweden. TI - Dental caries in Swedish 4-year-old children. Changes between 1967 and 1987. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1989;13(1-2):39-44 AB - The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of dental caries in 4-year-olds in the town of Umea in 1987, and compare that data with data from 4-year-olds examined in 1967, 1971, 1976 and 1980/81, using the same diagnostic methods and criteria. The reduction in the mean dmfs value amounting to 75% between 1967 and 1980/81 did not continue up to 1987, but there was an increase in the number of children without caries from 50% in 1980/81 to 58% in 1987. There was also an increase in the proportion of children with 10 or more dmf-surfaces during the same period. The mean value for dmfs remained the same in these years. An analysis was made of the correlation between the frequency of tooth-brushing, use of fluoride toothpaste, snack consumption and the dmfs-value in 1987. A statistically significant difference in mean values for dmfs was found between children who had their teeth brushed greater than or equal to 2/day and less than or equal to 1/day. When fluoride toothpaste was used, the difference was less pronounced. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean intake frequency of snack products among children with and without caries, but a higher proportion of caries-free children was found among those with a low intake frequency of such products. <53> UI - 89234833 AU - Carvalho JC AU - Ekstrand KR AU - Thylstrup A IN - Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. TI - Dental plaque and caries on occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in relation to stage of eruption. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1989 May;68(5):773-9 AB - The occlusal surfaces of partly and fully erupted first right permanent molars were examined with respect to the occurrence and distribution of plaque and dental caries in a group of 57 six- to eight-year-old children. The children were classified into four groups ranging from one tooth partially erupted to full occlusion. Occlusal plaque was recorded at two levels of examination: (1) visible plaque and (2) detailed mapping by means of a plaque detector system. Dental caries was recorded after professional cleaning. The recording of plaque was repeated after 48 hr without oral hygiene. The findings showed a significant reduction in the easily detectable plaque in fully erupted teeth, compared with the three groups representing partly erupted teeth. The detailed mapping of plaque showed a clear pattern of preferential locations related to the macromorphology of the occlusal surfaces, and revealed reduction in the frequency of thick plaque accumulation in the fully erupted teeth. The proportion of active lesions was reduced in fully erupted teeth, and arrested lesions were mainly observed in the same group. This indicated that erupting teeth are more likely to develop dental caries, due to favorable conditions for plaque accumulation. Functional usage of teeth in addition to improved access for toothbrushing promoted arrestment of lesions initiated during eruption. <54> UI - 89139979 AU - Duckworth RM AU - Morgan SN AU - Burchell CK IN - Gibb's Dental Division, Unilever Research, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, Wirral, England. TI - Fluoride in plaque following use of dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1989 Feb;68(2):130-3 AB - Previous work showed that plaque fluoride increased with increasing NaF content of mouthwashes following daily use. The main aim of this study was to test whether a similar relationship was detectable after regular use of dentifrices containing amounts of sodium monofluorophosphate equivalent to 1000, 1500, and 2500 micrograms F/g. Plaque was collected from three groups, each consisting of approximately 80 children, who had each used one of the dentrifrices for one year. Plaque fluoride increased significantly with increasing Na2FPO3 content of the dentifrices. For the 1000-micrograms-F/g group, plaque fluoride also increased significantly with increasing frequency of dentifrice use, but did not correlate with amount of dentifrice applied per brushing. The inverse correlation observed between mean plaque fluoride concentrations and mean three-year caries increments suggests that oral fluoride measurements may prove valuable in estimating the likely anti-caries efficacy of fluoride-containing dental products. <55> UI - 89127976 AU - Fan-Hsu JC AU - Handelman SL TI - Patients' knowledge of caries prevention. A study. SO - New York State Dental Journal 1989 Feb;55(2):28-30 AB - This study explored the caries prevention awareness of a population of regular dental patients. Although regular dental patients have an overall high knowledge about certain aspects of caries population, they do not have accurate information about fluoride, tooth-brushing and minimal knowledge about sealants. Establishing the patients' knowledge of the prevention of tooth decay is important in determining strategies and implementation of public health education programs and education programs in individual dental offices. <56> UI - 89335185 AU - Triol CW AU - Ripa LW AU - Leske GS AU - Volpe AR TI - A clinical study of the anticaries efficacy of three fluoride dentifrices containing anticalculus ingredients: one and two-year results. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1988 Fall;1(2):48-50 <57> UI - 89162271 AU - Ekman A AU - Holm AK IN - Department of Pedodontics, University of Umea, Sweden. TI - Dental health and dental health behaviour in 8-year-old Finnish immigrant children in the north of Sweden. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1988;12(6):233-40 AB - The aim was to investigate whether the observed difference in dental health between Finnish immigrant children and Swedish children at ages 4-6 persisted at the age of eight. The study also included knowledge of dental health and dental health behaviour. Dmft, dmfs, DMFT, DMFS and GBI were recorded in 70 Finnish and 97 Swedish children included in an earlier study. The children were interviewed about toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoride and dietary habits. Questions about knowledge of dental health were included. Dmfs and DFS averaged 13.1 and 3.8 for the Finnish children and 8.9 and 2.6 for the Swedish. Only 19% of the Finnish and 28% of the Swedish children had cariesfree permanent teeth. The mean GBI was 7.9% in the Finnish and 5.9% in the Swedish group. More Finnish children had bad or poor dietary habits, with more frequent between-meal eating of sucrose containing products than the Swedish children. There were no statistically significant differences in the use of fluorides or in individual prophylaxis within the last 36 months. <58> UI - 89077891 AU - Stephen KW AU - Creanor SL AU - Russell JI AU - Burchell CK AU - Huntington E AU - Downie CF IN - University of Glasgow, Scotland. TI - A 3-year oral health dose-response study of sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices with and without zinc citrate: anti-caries results. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Dec;16(6):321-5 AB - A 3-yr clinical trial has been conducted on 3000 12-yr-old children in Lanarkshire, Scotland, with the aim of investigating the effects on oral health of toothpastes containing both sodium monofluorophosphate and zinc citrate, the former being present at fluoride levels of 1000, 1500, and 2500 ppm F. No significant difference in caries increments was found between the group of children using toothpastes incorporating zinc citrate and their counterparts using zinc-free pastes. However, a significant anti-caries dose-response was demonstrated over the SMFP range used. This dose-response was evident for boys and girls and also for the various types of teeth and tooth surfaces. <59> UI - 89077898 AU - Grytten J AU - Rossow I AU - Holst D AU - Steele L IN - Institute of Community Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway. TI - Longitudinal study of dental health behaviors and other caries predictors in early childhood. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Dec;16(6):356-9 AB - This longitudinal study of 231 preschoolchildren from a medium sized Norwegian town had three aims: firstly, to examine the children's early dental behavior, secondly to study the variation of dental health behavior according to mother's education, mother's dental health, and her dental attendance pattern, and thirdly to identify any behavioral or social predictors of dental caries in 36-month-old children. Data were collected at health centers, using precoded questionnaires and examinations, when the children were 6, 18, and 36 months old. Data about the mothers were collected at the maternity ward. At 36 months of age, 80% of the children were caries free. Favorable dental behaviors were related to toothbrushing and use of fluorides. These behaviors were so well established and consistent at all ages that they can be regarded as norms for this community. The most unfavorable and inconsistent behavior was related to sugar consumption. Dental health education could be most usefully applied to this area, where the greatest potential for improvement in behavior exists. A relationship was found between the children's caries experience and the number of missing teeth of the mother, her dental attendance pattern and her level of education. None of the social or behavioral variables tested had a strong enough association with caries experience to justify their use as caries predictors in this age group. <60> UI - 89067273 AU - Osuji OO AU - Leake JL AU - Chipman ML AU - Nikiforuk G AU - Locker D AU - Levine N IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. TI - Risk factors for dental fluorosis in a fluoridated community. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1988 Dec;67(12):1488-92 AB - We conducted a case-control study to determine the sources of fluoride which are particular risk factors to dental fluorosis. Cases and non-cases were identified by the screening of 8-, 9-, and 10-year-old schoolchildren in the fluoridated community of East York, Ontario. Parents were interviewed about the child's first five years of residence and about diet and preventive caries practices. The Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio and associated chi-square tests were used to assess the association of fluorosis with several potential sources, controlling for other sources of fluoride and mother's education. The prevalence of mild fluorosis [1-4 on the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (1978) Index] was 13%. Those who brushed their teeth before the age of 25 months had 11 times the odds of fluorosis compared with those beginning toothbrushing later; prolonged use of infant formula (greater than or equal to 13 months) was associated with 3.5 times the risk of fluorosis, compared with no, or shorter duration of, formula use. We estimate that these factors were responsible for 72% and 22%, respectively, of the cases in our population. Dental fluorosis is not a public health problem in East York, but parents should be advised to supervise toothbrushing by children under 2 years of age. <61> UI - 89029676 AU - Carlsson P AU - Struzycka I AU - Wierzbicka M AU - Iwanicka-Frankowska E AU - Bratthall D IN - Department of Cariology, University of Lund, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Effect of a preventive program on dental caries and mutans streptococci in Polish schoolchildren. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Oct;16(5):253-7 AB - The effect of a preventive program was studied in Polish schoolchildren. The study was carried out in a group of 133 children, aged 10-12 yr, divided into a test and a control group. Children in the test group were initially treated with temporary restorations and were then given oral health education and preventive treatment by a specially trained chairside assistant. The preventive treatment included prophylaxis and topical fluoride treatment and was carried out at least 10 times a year. The mean 3-yr DFS increment was 1.7 in the test and 10.9 in the control group. The salivary counts of mutans streptococci were similar in test and control group at baseline and after 1 and 2 yr. At the examination after 3 yr, a difference was established between the two groups. <62> UI - 89036896 AU - Sterritt GR AU - Frew RA IN - Public Health Service, Aberdeen, SD 57401. TI - Evaluation of a clinic-based sealant program. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1988 Fall;48(4):220-4 AB - In 1984 a comprehensive sealant program was initiated for Guamanian children in grades one through eight. The goal of the program was to reduce caries rates in children on the fluoride-deficient island to a level at or below US mainland scores. At the initiation of the program, decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) scores on Guam were approximately double those for US mainland children under 17 years of age. For the clinic-based preventive program, children in grades one through eight were bussed to one of two public health clinics for preventive services. These services included oral health education, toothbrushing instructions, and sealant application. Baseline and follow-up dental examinations (DMFS) were conducted in 1984 and 1986 on 1,061 and 987 children respectively, in grades one through eight to evaluate program impact. From 1984 to 1986, after the advent of a pit and fissure sealant program where over 15,000 children annually had sealants applied to their teeth, DMFS scores decreased 45 percent. The entire reduction in DMFS scores occurred on pitted and grooved surfaces and the effect reduced the DMFS by 2.4 surfaces/child in two years. The overall participation rate for both the elementary and middle schools was 80 percent and the first annual follow-up showed an overall sealant retention rate of 94 percent. <63> UI - 89008222 AU - Grobler SR AU - Kotze TJ IN - Oral and Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa. TI - Fluoride distribution in the enamel of the mesio-lingual cusps of pairs of erupted and unerupted third molars of man with a low fluoride background. SO - Journal de Biologie Buccale 1988 Jun;16(2):89-94 AB - The enamel fluoride concentrations at different depths were determined at 5 different sites on the mesio-lingual cusps of 16 pairs of erupted and unerupted third molars. Six successive acid etchings were done on each of the 5 sites. The 16 subjects (18 to 33 years) were living continuously since birth in a low fluoride area (F less than 0.10 ppm). They did not take any systemic fluoride since birth nor did they practise any other anti-caries fluoride program than brushing their teeth once or twice a day with fluoride-containing dentrifrices with about 1,000 ppm fluoride. The fluoride level in the etch solution was measured with the use of an adapted fluoride selective electrode. Statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) were found in the mean etch depth between the erupted and unerupted molars, to a depth of approximately 5 micron. The mean enamel fluoride concentrations of the erupted and unerupted molars also differed significantly to a depth of approximately 5 micron. There was no influence of fluoride from the oral environment on enamel levels of approximately 10 micron and deeper. Over an exposure period of 1 to 16 years, sixty percent more enamel fluoride (at a depth of approximately 2 micron) was found in the erupted enamel relative to the unerupted enamel (with a low background fluoride) as a result of tooth brushing with fluoride-containing dentifrices. More enamel fluoride was found near the incisal edge than near the cervical margin of 14 of the 16 subjects independently of the age of the subjects. <64> UI - 88314320 AU - Honkala E AU - Kannas L AU - Rimpela M AU - Wold B AU - Aaro LE AU - Gilles P TI - Dental health habits in Austria, England, Finland and Norway. SO - International Dental Journal 1988 Jun;38(2):131-8 AB - Individually, people can prevent dental caries by sugar restriction and periodontal disease by toothbrushing. The aim of this study was to determine the toothbrushing frequency and consumption of sweets and soft drinks in some European countries. The data were obtained during the winter of 1983-84 from schoolchildren aged 11.5, 13.5 and 15.5 in Austria, England, Finland and Norway. Except for England, the samples were nationally representative. The questionnaires were completed at school. Dental health habits apparently were best in Norway, as the toothbrushing frequency was highest and the consumption of sweets and soft drinks was lowest. The toothbrushing frequency of boys was lowest in Finland. The consumption of sweets and soft drinks was very high in Austria and England. Such international comparisons should be used when evaluating and directing national programmes of preventive dentistry. <65> UI - 88311788 AU - Warnakulasuriya KA IN - Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. TI - Social factors and oral hygiene habits among caries free children in a low fluoride area in Sri Lanka. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Aug;16(4):212-4 AB - The relationship of toothcleaning habits and caries free status of a group of 13-16-yr-old children who were not subjected to any caries preventive measures in Sri Lanka were studied. Despite lack of prevention, 31% of the subjects were caries free, and a higher proportion of these were boys. All subjects reported brushing their teeth at least once a day. The study failed to show any relationship between either brushing frequency or the use of brush or finger for toothcleaning, and caries. Although social status by father's employment was not related to the caries status, it was seen that a higher proportion of children of employed mothers' were caries free. Significant differences in oral hygiene habits except brushing frequency were noted among different social groups. <66> UI - 88310965 AU - Holmen L AU - Mejare I AU - Malmgren B AU - Thylstrup A IN - Department of Structural Properties of Materials, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen. TI - The effect of regular professional plaque removal on dental caries in vivo. A polarized light and scanning electron microscope study. SO - Caries Research 1988;22(4):250-6 AB - This study aims to describe the histological and ultrastructural enamel reactions to regular disturbance/removal of dental plaque, using an in vivo caries model. Fourteen young volunteers undergoing orthodontic treatment participated in the study. To create local protected areas, orthodontic bands with a buccal space were placed in homologous pairs of premolars. One tooth in each pair served as control and had the band cemented for the entire test period of 5 weeks. The other band was removed weekly and the buccal surface cleaned, either by careful pumicing with a nonfluoride toothpaste, or by simple cleaning with a cotton pellet. Results indicated that 5 weeks with completely undisturbed plaque accumulation resulted in visible enamel demineralization in all 14 individuals, whilst a weekly performed professional plaque removal was able to prevent lesion progress independent of the cleaning procedure. It is therefore concluded that regular mechanical disturbance of dental plaque is able to suppress bacterial activity and hence caries development. <67> UI - 88299283 AU - Bruun C AU - Thylstrup A IN - Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen N, Denmark. TI - Dentifrice usage among Danish children. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1988 Aug;67(8):1114-7 AB - The usage of dentifrice was studied in 179 Danish children of approximate ages 3, 7, 9, and 16 years. The usage was assessed by measurement of the aggregated quantities used at home during a two-week period. Information was also obtained on toothbrushing habits. The mean daily usage with the same brand of dentifrice increased from 1.1 g among 3-year-olds to 1.5, 2.3, and 3.4 g among 7-, 9-, and 16-year-olds, respectively. The amount used showed a significant, positive relationship to the orifice diameter of the tube. However, the lengths of ribbon of paste squeezed out per brushing were quite similar, regardless of tube orifice diameter. When the usage data were considered in light of the fact that young children swallow an average of 15 to 30% of the dentifrice used for brushing, it became obvious that a notable number of the 3- and 7-year-olds can be expected to ingest fluoride from 1000- and 1500-ppm-F dentifrices in quantities exceeding recommended daily doses. <68> UI - 88242158 AU - Conti AJ AU - Lotzkar S AU - Daley R AU - Cancro L AU - Marks RG AU - McNeal DR IN - Department of Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville. TI - A 3-year clinical trial to compare efficacy of dentifrices containing 1.14% and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Jun;16(3):135-8 AB - A 3-yr daily supervised toothbrushing study with a double blind design was conducted to evaluate the anticaries effectiveness of a 1.14% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) dentifrice (1500 ppm F) compared to a 0.76% MFP dentifrice (1000 ppm F). This study began with nearly 4000 children, primarily aged 8-11, in grades 3-5, residing in a nonfluoridated community in Florida. A total of 2415 children completed 3 yr of the study, representing 61% of the children who began the study. The results indicate a statistically significant (P less than 0.001) anticaries benefit was derived over a 3-yr period from the use of the higher fluoride dentifrice (1500 ppm F) when compared to the positive control (1000 ppm F). Percent reductions in mean dental caries increments were 20.9%, 22.1%, 21.8%, 24.3%, and 35.2% for DMFT, DFT, DMFS, DFS, and DFS Interproximal, respectively. <69> UI - 88204982 AU - Smith GE TI - Fluoride and fluoridation. [Review] [148 refs] SO - Social Science & Medicine 1988;26(4):451-62 AB - To date, many of the ways of controlling tooth decay involve the use of fluorides. Either systemically via fluoridated water and tablets, or, topically, with fluoride-containing toothpaste and mouthrinses. There is now evidence that the prevalence of dental caries is declining in communities with unfluoridated water, as well as in those with fluoridated water. This phenomenon may be related to an increase of fluoride in the food chain; the unintentional ingestion of fluoride-containing dental health products; and the increasing contamination of the total environment with fluoride emissions and solid wastes from many industries. The apparent usefulness of fluoride as a preventive against dental caries does not mean that unnecessary exposure to the element should be tolerated. Fluoride at very low concentrations is phytotoxic and harmful to livestock; and in man, excessive intakes of fluoride over many years may lead to a well-defined disorder--skeletal fluorosis. In addition, a number of recent studies have suggested that fluoride may be genotoxic. [References: 148] <70> UI - 88196232 AU - Addy M AU - Griffiths GS AU - Dummer PM AU - Kingdon A AU - Hicks R AU - Hunter ML AU - Newcombe RG AU - Shaw WC TI - The association between tooth irregularity and plaque accumulation, gingivitis, and caries in 11-12-year-old children. SO - European Journal of Orthodontics 1988 Feb;10(1):76-83 <71> UI - 88136450 AU - Haugejorden O IN - Department of Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway. TI - Adoption of fluoride-based caries preventive innovations in a public dental service. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Feb;16(1):5-10 AB - In dentistry comparative studies of diffusion of disease preventive innovations are rare and usually atheoretical. For these reasons the present study was designed 1) to determine whether or not normal distribution assumptions applied to decisions to adopt caries preventive fluoride programs in a public dental service; 2) to compare rates of adoption of two school-based and one clinic-based fluoride program, and 3) to look for evidence indicating which type of decision-making may have been involved. The programs studied were school-based fluoride brushing 4-5 times per year, fluoride mouthrinsing at least once a month, and professional topical fluoride applications at least once a year. Data were collected by postal questionnaires from public dental officers in Norway in 1972, 1977 and 1982. To determine the length of time which had elapsed from the time of innovation of the technologies to adoption, the dental literature was reviewed. The adoption curves for school-based fluoride brushing and rinsing, as well as for clinic-based topical fluoride application did not comply with the normal distribution assumption. The time lapse from innovation to adoption was in excess of 10 yr and the rates of adoption differed between programs. Decision-making would appear to have been primarily individual or collective. It was concluded that generalization beyond the innovations studied and the social and organizational setting of this particular investigation is inadmissible. Consequently, there is a need for more and larger scale comparative analytical studies to increase our understanding of diffusion and adoption of innovations in dentistry. <72> UI - 88081471 AU - Manau C AU - Cuenca E AU - Martinez-Carretero J AU - Salleras L IN - Department of Health and Social Security, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. TI - Economic evaluation of community programs for the prevention of dental caries in Catalonia, Spain. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1987 Dec;15(6):297-300 AB - The purpose of the present study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of three alternative community programs to prevent dental caries among Catalonia's schoolchildren. The programs were: fluoridation of the public water supply, fort-nightly 0.2% NaF mouthrinses administered in schools, and supervised toothbrushing with a fluoride toothpaste in schools. Caries prevalence data for Catalan children are given and the methodology for the study is described. The estimated cost of saving 1 DMFS with each program was: 53.40 Pts (US$ 0.39) with fluoridation of the water supply; 305.20 Pts (US$ 2.26) with fluoride mouthrinses; and 1498 Pts (US$ 11.09) with supervised toothbrushing. The feasibility of the programs in Catalonia and their educational values for the target population are considered. <73> UI - 88061952 AU - Blount RL AU - Baer RA AU - Stokes TF TI - An analysis of long-term maintenance of effective toothbrushing by head start schoolchildren. SO - Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1987 Sep;12(3):363-77 <74> UI - 87309098 AU - Lu KH AU - Ruhlman CD AU - Chung KL AU - Sturzenberger OP AU - Lehnhoff RW TI - A three-year clinical comparison of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice with sodium fluoride dentifrices on dental caries in children. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1987 Jul-Aug;54(4):241-4 AB - This study compared the anticaries effects of these three fluoride-containing dentifrices: 1100 ppm F as NaF (positive control); 2800 ppm F as SMFP; and 2800 ppm F as NaF. The group using the 2800 SMFP dentifrice showed no significant differences in DMFS or DMFT, compared to the positive control, at anytime during the study. This indicated that higher levels of sodium monofluorophosphate in a dentifrice offer no advantage in caries protection over the conventional level of sodium fluoride, 1100 ppm F. <75> UI - 87302865 AU - Wierzbicka M AU - Carlsson P AU - Struzycka I AU - Iwanicka-Frankowska E AU - Bratthall D TI - Oral health and factors related to oral health in Polish schoolchildren. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1987 Aug;15(4):216-7 AB - The oral health and factors related to oral health were surveyed in 168 schoolchildren, aged 10-12 years, attending one school in Warsaw. The children were examined for dental caries and gingival status, dental plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts. An interview on dietary habits and use of fluoridated toothpaste was also performed. The results showed a mean DMFT of 4.7 in the sample. Gingival Index 1 and Plaque Index 3 were median scores for the majority of the children. S. mutans was demonstrated in 94% of the children and high numbers were found in 15%. Lactobacillus sp. were present in all examined children, with high counts in 56% of the subjects. The interview revealed that most of the children eat five or six times per day and consume candies or cakes each day. Fluoridated toothpaste was not used regularly by any of the children. In conclusion this study shows a high prevalence of dental disease and an unfavorable combination of etiologic factors. <76> UI - 87278798 AU - Milen A TI - Role of social class in caries occurrence in primary teeth. SO - International Journal of Epidemiology 1987 Jun;16(2):252-6 AB - The independent effect of social class on (A) the risk of having any caries (deft greater than or equal to 1) and on (B) the risk of having a few caries defects (deft greater than or equal to 3) in primary teeth was studied. The data, which were representative for all Finnish children of this age group, were collected by questionnaires from health centres and homes for 1637 children aged 2.5 to 7.5 years. The response rate was 83%. According to logistic regression analyses, children in the upper social class were clearly at lower risk of having caries than were children in the middle social class, independent of the child's age or sex, reported frequency of toothbrushing, consumption of sugar or use of fluoride tablets. In contrast, children in the lower social class had a higher risk of caries, which was independent of the reported dental health behaviour of the children. The results indicate that the differences among social classes in caries occurrence could not be eliminated by changes in dental health habits. Basic and applied research is needed to identify the relevant factors in socioeconomic status related to caries occurrence so that the differences in dental health between preschool children in different social classes can be reduced. <77> UI - 87157304 AU - Jackson D TI - Has the decline of dental caries in English children made water fluoridation both unnecessary and uneconomic?. SO - British Dental Journal 1987 Mar 7;162(5):170-3 <78> UI - 87253866 AU - Barbers BC AU - Rojas AC TI - Effects of combined toothbrushing and sweet diet limitation in dental caries prevention in a school setting after two-and-a-half years. SO - Journal of the Philippine Dental Association 1986 Jul-Aug;36(1):3-9 <79> UI - 87168892 AU - Shizukuishi S AU - Tsunemitsu A AU - Sobue S AU - Nakagawa H AU - Morisaki I AU - Usui M AU - Ohmae H AU - Pal V TI - Epidemiologic survey on oral diseases in Fiji. II. Survey on dental caries, mottled teeth, missing teeth and frequency of daily toothbrushing. SO - Journal of the Osaka University Dental School 1986 Dec;26:219-29 <80> UI - 87112468 AU - Addy M TI - Plaque control as a scientific basis for the prevention of dental caries. [Review] [63 refs] SO - Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1986;79 Suppl 14:6-10 <81> UI - 87080589 AU - Artun J AU - Brobakken BO TI - Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances. SO - European Journal of Orthodontics 1986 Nov;8(4):229-34 <82> UI - 87047361 AU - Renson CE TI - Changing patterns of dental caries: a survey of 20 countries. SO - Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1986 Jul;15(3):284-98 AB - Data on oral health, sugar consumption, fluoride availability and other preventive programmes from twenty selected developed and developing countries were reviewed to identify the changes in oral health in children and causes associated with these changes during the past 20 years. Nine developed (industrialized) countries showed apparent substantial reduction (30-50 per cent) in the prevalence of dental caries in 5 and 12 year old children during the past decade. The countries are: Australia, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom and the USA. Caries in Thailand and Nigeria and other developing countries appear to have increased considerably. The most probable reasons for the decrease in dental caries in children in the developed countries were considered to be associated with: the widespread exposure to fluoridated water, fluoride supplements, especially the regular use of fluoridated toothpaste; the provision of preventive oral health services; the increased dental awareness through organised health education programmes; the ready availability of dental resources. The factor common to all countries with a substantial reduction in caries was fluoride, either as fluoridated water or toothpaste. Countries with decreased caries but no fluoridated water supplies all had experienced a rapid increase in the availability and the use of fluoridated toothpaste during the past 10 years. The contribution of improved dental health programmes, other than those involving fluoride, could not be adequately assessed. These changes, which appear to be continuing, have relevance also to similar countries which might just be entering the reduction phase, or for which that phase may already have begun, though it is as yet unnoticed and unreported. They also have relevance to developing countries in indicating how caries and perhaps periodontal disease have been controlled and prevented. It is inevitable that in developed countries with reducing dental caries there will be a decreased need for dental services and hence a change in the need for dental personnel. However, the lack of adequate data in most countries makes prediction of future changes in oral health and manpower needs a precarious procedure. The whole review indicates the urgent need for regular monitoring of oral health status in all countries and for better personnel planning and production. <83> UI - 87009474 AU - Anonymous TI - A guide to the use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries [published errata appear in J Am Dent Assoc 1986 Nov;113(5):724 and 1987 May;114(5):584]. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1986 Sep;113(3):503-65 <84> UI - 86299447 AU - Stecksen-Blicks C AU - Gustafsson L TI - Impact of oral hygiene and use of fluorides on caries increment in children during one year. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Aug;14(4):185-9 AB - The aim of this study was to assess the modifying effect of oral hygiene, and the use of fluorides on caries increment in children when frequency of meals, intake of sugars and prevalence of lactobacilli and S. mutans in the saliva were known. In 8- and 13-yr-olds it was possible to show that children with a low caries increment (0-2 surfaces) had lower mean values for frequency of meals, daily sucrose consumption and prevalence of lactobacilli and S. mutans in the saliva than children with a high caries increment (greater than or equal to 3 surfaces). There were higher mean values in the low caries-increment groups for toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoridated toothpaste and NaF-mouthrinse. Gingival bleeding index (GBI %) was used as an objective measure of oral hygiene and revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups in both age groups (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01) with the highest scores recorded in the high caries-increment groups. Using as discriminating variables number of meals/day, daily consumption of sucrose and other sugars and number of lactobacilli and S. mutans in the saliva, 77% of the 8-yr-olds and 70% of the 13-yr-olds were correctly classified with regard to net caries increment. If GBJ %, tooth-brushing frequency, use of fluoridated toothpaste and NaF-mouthrinse were included in the analysis another 4% of the 8-yr-olds and 11% of the 13-yr-olds could be correctly classified. <85> UI - 86315626 AU - Wikner S TI - Short term effect of mechanical plaque control on salivary concentration of S. mutans and lactobacilli. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1986 Aug;94(4):320-6 AB - All visible plaque was professionally removed from teeth of 40 children who were highly infected with S. mutans and lactobacilli. Shortly before and after the removal of plaque the concentrations of those bacteria were assessed in saliva stimulated by chewing. S. mutans and lactobacilli correlated well at baseline but not after plaque elimination, e.g. more than 80% of children who were heavily infected with S. mutans could be identified by a lactobacillus test at baseline. After the elimination of plaque, the mean concentration of S. mutans dropped by 64% but lactobacilli remained unchanged. The results indicate that oral hygiene measures taken by the patient prior to sampling of saliva may mask the true concentration of salivary S. mutans and complicate the identification of high caries risk patients. <86> UI - 86279137 AU - Goepferd SJ TI - Infant oral health: a protocol. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1986 Jul-Aug;53(4):261-6 AB - The potential exists today for dental health professionals to assist parents in rearing caries-free children. The knowledge and technology are available and the request for this service is growing. The dental professional has the opportunity to accept this role with enthusiasm and continue to be a leader among the health professions in disease prevention. The dental profession must not ignore the oral health needs of infants and toddlers under three years of age. We must instead, take advantage of our knowledge and technology and begin our disease prevention efforts with children as infants, and educate parents regarding their important role in the oral health of their children. By doing so we can provide a pleasant and logical introduction to dentistry and promote the profession in a most positive way. <87> UI - 86257425 AU - Diesendorf M TI - The mystery of declining tooth decay. [Review] [63 refs] SO - Nature 1986 Jul 10-16;322(6075):125-9 AB - Large temporal reductions in tooth decay, which cannot be attributed to fluoridation, have been observed in both unfluoridated and fluoridated areas of at least eight developed countries over the past thirty years. It is now time for a scientific re-examination of the alleged enormous benefits of fluoridation. [References: 63] <88> UI - 86262215 AU - Hugoson A AU - Koch G AU - Bergendal T AU - Hallonsten AL AU - Laurell L AU - Lundgren D AU - Nyman JE TI - Oral health of individuals aged 3-80 years in Jonkoping, Sweden in 1973 and 1983. I. A review of findings on dental care habits and knowledge of oral health. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1986;10(3):103-17 AB - The aim of the present study was to present data from dental care habits and knowledge of oral health in two cross-sectional studies carried out in 1973 and 1983. A random sample of approximately 1000 individuals evenly distributed in the age groups 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 years was studied for each of these two years. In the 1983-year examination 80 individuals 80 years of age were also included. All subjects were inhabitants of the community of Jonkoping, Sweden. A questionnaire about dental care habits and knowledge was used in combination with a clinical and radiographical examination. The participants answered 23-101 questions. The same questions were raised in 1973 and 1983. For most age groups more then 80 per cent visited a dentist yearly in 1983. This yearly attendance was higher than that for 1973. In the 20-year-old group 14 per cent of the individuals received dental care in the PDS in 1973 compared to 63 per cent in 1983. The main reason to visit a dentist in 1973 was by the patient's own initiative while in 1983 the appointments were based on the dentist's initiative. The number of subjects that felt discomfort in connection with a visit to the dentist had decreased between 1973 and 1983. Knowledge about the etiology of caries had increased between 1973 and 1983 was not the case for gingivitis and periodontitis. An increase had occurred in toothbrushing frequency and the use of toothpicks and disclosing tablets but this between 1973 and 1983. In 1983, 98 to 93 per cent of the subjects in the age groups 10-30 years had been exposed to topical fluorides. The corresponding figure for 30-year-olds in 1973 was 1 per cent. It is obvious that during the period 1973 to 1983 there has been an increase in dental attendance, knowledge of dental diseases, oral health and the use of preventive measures. <89> UI - 86250076 AU - Chen M TI - A sociodemographic analysis of preventive dental behavior among white American families. SO - Health Education Quarterly 1986 Summer;13(2):105-15 AB - Data collected from a national family dental survey were used to study the relationships between the sociodemographic characteristics and the preventive dental behavior of wives, husbands, and children. A canonical correlational analysis showed that preventive dental behavior of family members including toothbrushing, flossing, and preventive dental visits, significantly correlated with sociodemographic characteristics (level of education, income, occupation, population density, age, family size, and presence of children). The relationships studied accounted for 11-15% of the variance in the preventive dental behavior of family members. However, the patterns of correlation for different family members varied. The extent of the effects of various sociodemographic variables on preventive dental behavior were not uniform and the degrees of responsiveness of toothbrushing, flossing, and dental visits to the influence of sociodemographic characteristics were also different. The results of the study are compared with those of previous studies. The implications of the findings are discussed. <90> UI - 86241583 AU - Tyler JE AU - Poole DF AU - Stack MV AU - Dowell TB TI - Superficial fluoride levels and response to in-vitro caries-like lesion induction of enamel from Bristol (U.K.) and Birmingham (U.K.) human deciduous teeth. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1986;31(4):201-4 AB - Surface enamel fluoride levels were measured in deciduous canine teeth from Bristol, with non-fluoridated water supplies, and Birmingham, with fluoridated water supplies. Three populations studied were from Bristol (teeth shed before 1960), Bristol (after 1975) and Birmingham (after 1975). Up to 75 micron from the enamel surface, fluoride concentrations of post-1975 Bristol and Birmingham teeth were, respectively, X 1.3 and 3.4 greater than those of pre-1960 Bristol teeth. The increase in the Bristol teeth is presumably due mainly to the increased use of fluoride-containing toothpastes, that in Birmingham to fluoridated water plus the use of fluoride toothpastes. No difference in the rates of penetration into enamel of acid-gel induced, caries-like lesions were found between the two Bristol populations; Birmingham teeth showed a reduction of 10 per cent in penetration rate. It is suggested that raised fluoride levels in surface enamel do not reduce solubility sufficiently to account, by themselves, for the recent nationwide marked reduction in caries in children. Possibly, the raising of plaque fluoride levels is a more important factor, affecting demineralization, remineralization and bacterial activity. <91> UI - 86224981 AU - Horowitz HS AU - Meyers RJ AU - Heifetz SB AU - Driscoll WS AU - Li SH TI - Combined fluoride, school-based program in a fluoride-deficient area: results of an 11-year study. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1986 May;112(5):621-5 AB - In 1972, a school-based fluoride program was initiated in elementary schools in Nelson County, VA, a fluoride-deficient area. For 11 years, participating children ingested daily in school a 1-mgm fluoride tablet and rinsed weekly with a .2% sodium fluoride solution. They also received fluoride dentifrice and toothbrushes for home use. The program was extended into junior high school in 1978 and into high school in 1980. In 1983, dental examinations of children aged 6 to 17 years, who had continuously participated in the program for 1 to 11 years depending on school grade, showed a mean prevalence of 3.12 DMFS, which was 65% lower than the corresponding score of 9.02 DMFS for children of the same ages at the baseline examinations. The preventive program inhibited decay in all types of surfaces: 54% in occlusal surfaces; 59% in buccolingual surfaces; and 90% in mesiodistal surfaces. <92> UI - 86232373 AU - Heifetz SB AU - Horowitz HS TI - Amounts of fluoride in self-administered dental products: safety considerations for children. SO - Pediatrics 1986 Jun;77(6):876-82 AB - With the increased use of various fluoride preparations for caries prevention, all dental personnel should know their potential toxicity and the margins of safety associated with their use. An understanding of the body's mechanisms for handling fluoride provides a rational basis for assessing the possible risks of excessive fluoride ingestion. Five to 10 g of sodium fluoride is considered a certainly lethal dose for a 70-kg adult. One quarter of the certainly lethal dose can be ingested without producing serious acute toxicity and is known as the safely tolerated dose. Comparisons of certainly lethal and safely tolerated doses for commonly used fluoride agents and procedures show that they can be applied with little or no risk of adverse acute effects, as long as they are used judiciously. If their use is abused, there is a risk of illness or even death. If amounts of fluoride close to the certainly lethal dose are ingested, the speed of initiating proper treatment is critical for survival. Vomiting should be induced, if it is not spontaneous; fluoride-binding liquids, such as milk or liquid or gel antacids, administered; and the patient taken to the nearest hospital for emergency care. Frequent ingestion of low but excessive quantities of fluoride during the period of tooth formation can lead to dental fluorosis. Particular concern is warranted for the ingestion of fluoride-containing toothpastes by young children and the inappropriate use of dietary fluoride supplements in communities with sufficient fluoride already present in drinking water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <93> UI - 86197196 AU - Anonymous TI - Take charge of your dental health. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1986;Spec No:4-11 <94> UI - 86197193 AU - Anonymous TI - Guide to dental health. Parents: Questions and answers. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1986;Spec No:20-30 <95> UI - 86205148 AU - Anonymous TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Fluoride supplementation. Committee on Nutrition. SO - Pediatrics 1986 May;