Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Oct 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-128 From Set 66): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Dental enamel/ 9363 2 Dental enamel solubility/ 782 3 exp Tooth permeability/ 758 4 ((dentin or tooth or teeth or enamel) adj3 (solubility or 545 soluble or permeability or permeable)).mp. 5 exp Dentin/ 8499 6 Dentin solubility/ 81 7 or/1-6 16434 8 exp Tooth demineralization/ 22660 9 demineralization.mp. 1623 10 caries.mp. 15313 11 caires.mp. 1 12 craies.mp. 0 13 careis.mp. 4 14 carise.mp. 0 15 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 422 16 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 217 17 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 276 18 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 255 19 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 182 20 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 377 21 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 323 22 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 250 23 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 12 24 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 20 25 (active adj decay).mp. 9 26 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 14 27 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 30 28 (white adj spot:).mp. 510 29 carious.mp. 2082 30 cariology.ti,ab. 56 31 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 15 32 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 2 33 Tooth remineralization/ 479 34 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 99 35 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 50 36 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 98 37 caries-free.mp. 605 38 cariesfree.mp. 17 39 Cariogenic agents/ 728 40 precavit:.mp. 8 41 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 512 42 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 117 43 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 6 44 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 28 45 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 24 46 dft.mp. 414 47 dfs.mp. 1264 48 dmf:.mp. 6403 49 cariogeni:.mp. 1788 50 or/8-49 32303 51 7 or 50 44618 52 exp Dentifrices/ 3099 53 dentifrice:.mp. 2518 54 toothpaste$1.mp. 1675 55 or/52-53 3291 56 exp Calcium phosphates/tu 466 57 exp Fluorides/tu 3026 58 56 and 57 48 59 enamelon.mp. 14 60 Triclosan/ 294 61 triclosan.mp. 339 62 ((remineraliz: or demineraliz:) adj3 (dentifrice or 33 toothpaste$1)).mp. 63 ((fluoride$1 or fluoro:) adj (enhanc: or uptake or 1000 solubility or soluble)).mp. 64 or/58-63 1397 65 51 and 55 and 64 134 66 limit 65 to english language 128 67 from 66 keep 1-128 128 *************************** <1> UI - 20321762 AU - Hu W AU - Zhou YH AU - Wang Q AU - Fu MK AU - Volpe A AU - Devizio W AU - Petrone M AU - Zhang YP IN - Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Beijing Medical University (BMU), P. R. China. TI - Effects of fluoride toothpaste on etched enamel of orthodontic patients. SO - Chinese Journal of Dental Research 1999 Dec;2(3-4):79-83 AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of fluoride toothpaste on acid-etched enamel by means of a scanning electron microscope. METHODS: Permanent first premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were etched with 37% H3PO4. They were divided into two groups in pairs of contralateral teeth. Group 1 was treated with fluoride toothpaste slurry; Group 2 was treated with deionized water. Treatment time was three weeks (one hour, 3 times a day). RESULTS: At the conclusion of the experiment, large amounts of precipitate were observed on the enamel surface of the teeth that were treated with fluoride toothpaste slurry. The etched structures were no longer evident and the enamel surface was smooth. The acid resistance of the teeth was significantly enhanced. However, clearly etched enamel structures were visible on the enamel surface of the teeth that were treated with deionized water. CONCLUSION: Fluoride toothpaste could promote the remineralization of etched enamel and enhance its resistance to acid attack. <2> UI - 20200893 AU - Hicks MJ AU - Flaitz CM IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center Dental Branch, Houston, USA. TI - Enamel caries formation and lesion progression with a fluoride dentifrice and a calcium-phosphate containing fluoride dentifrice: a polarized light microscopic study. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 2000 Jan-Feb;67(1):21-8, 8 AB - The effects of a fluoride dentifrice (Colgate Total) and a calcium-phosphate containing fluoride dentifrice (Enamelon) on caries-like enamel lesion formation and progression were evaluated in vitro. One quarter from each tooth (n = 12) was assigned to one of the study groups: 1) control group [artificial saliva only]; 2) Colgate Total; and 3) Enamelon. The dentifrices were applied to the enamel windows (3 minutes, 3 time per day for 14 days). Following treatment, enamel lesions were created with an acidified gel. After lesion initiation, sections were obtained for polarized light microscopy. To evaluate lesion progression, enamel windows with caries-like lesions in each test group were treated again for 14 days, returned to acidified gels for lesion progression, and then sections were obtained for polarized light microscopy. Mean lesion depths (polarized light, water imbibition) were as follows: 1) Lesion Initiation: Control 109 +/- 19 microns, Colgate Total 76 +/- 14 microns, Enamelon 63 +/- 17 microns; 2) First Lesion Progression: Control 164; +/- 24 microns, Colgate Total 124 +/- 22 microns, Enamelon 110 +/- 19 microns; 3) Second Lesion Progression: Control 235 +/- 23 microns; Colgate Total 172 +/- 27 microns, Enamelon 153 +/- 18 microns. Both Colgate Total and Enamelon enhanced the resistance of sound enamel and caries-like enamel lesions to a continuous in vitro cariogenic challenge when compared with matched controls (P < .05, ANOVA, DMR). Enamelon provided a further reduction in lesion depth for all periods when compared with Colgate Total (P > .05, ANOVA, DMR). Addition of bioavailable calcium and phosphate ions to a fluoride dentifrice may improve the ability of enamel to resist caries initiation and subsequent lesion progression. <3> UI - 20236893 AU - ten Cate JM IN - Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, The Netherlands. JM.ten.Cate@acta.nl TI - Current concepts on the theories of the mechanism of action of fluoride. [Review] [32 refs] SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1999 Dec;57(6):325-9 AB - The caries-preventive effect of fluoride is mainly attributed to the effects on demineralization/remineralization at the tooth oral fluids interface. Sub ppm levels of fluoride in saliva are effective in shifting the balance from demineralization, leading to caries, to remineralization. This is attributed to the fluoride-enhanced precipitation of calcium phosphates, and the formation of fluorhydroxyapatite in the dental tissues. Low fluoride levels are found in saliva after toothbrushing with fluoride containing dentifrices. Similar concentrations are ineffective in interfering with processes of growth and metabolism of bacteria, and also do not result in a significantly reduced dissolution of tooth mineral as a result of (firmly bound) fluoride incorporation. Comparative studies of fluoride efficacy have shown that higher concentrations in solution are needed in pH-cycling studies of dentine than in enamel to maintain the mineral balance or to induce remineralization. This is attributed to the greater solubility of the dentine and the smaller size of the dentine crystallites compared to enamel. Fluoride slow-release devices, in the form of fluoride-releasing restorative materials, may serve to increase the fluoride levels in saliva and plaque to levels at which caries can be prevented, also in high-risk patients. Research questions for the next millennium and future perspectives for fluoride applications should be found in the retention and slow release of fluoride after various combinations of fluoride treatment, the combination of fluoride and anti-microbial treatment, the individualization of caries prevention, and the combination of preventive schemes with new developments in caries diagnosis. [References: 32] <4> UI - 20127816 AU - van Loveren C AU - Buijs JF AU - ten Cate JM IN - Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.van.Loveren@acta.nl TI - The effect of triclosan toothpaste on enamel demineralization in a bacterial demineralization model. SO - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2000 Feb;45(2):153-8 AB - Triclosan has been incorporated into toothpaste to enhance inhibitory effects on bacterial metabolism in dental plaque. Many studies have confirmed these effects by showing a reduction of accumulation of dental plaque, gingivitis and calculus. However, there is no evidence for triclosan having an inhibitory effect on the dental plaque-induced demineralization of the dental hard tissues. Therefore, the effect of 0.3% triclosan added to non-fluoride and fluoride toothpaste was tested in an in vitro model, in which bovine enamel specimens were to be demineralized by acids produced in overlaying Streptococcus mutans suspensions. In a first set of experiments the toothpastes were added to the S. mutans suspensions at 1:100, 1:1000 and 1:10,000 (w/v) dilutions. After 22 h incubation at 37 degrees C the suspensions were removed and assessed for calcium and lactate content, and pH. In this set of experiments, triclosan had no additive protective effect to the non-fluoride or fluoride toothpaste. In a second set of experiments, the enamel specimens were immersed daily for 3 min in 30% (w/v) slurries of the toothpastes before the 22 h incubation with the S. mutans suspensions. Under these conditions, triclosan showed an additional protective effect compared with non-fluoride toothpaste at a low concentration of S. mutans cells (0.07 mg cells dry weight per 600 microL suspension). It is concluded that the enamel surface may act as a reservoir for triclosan, which may protect the enamel surface against a mild acid attack. In combination with fluoride, however, as in toothpaste, triclosan has no additional protective effect against demineralization. <5> UI - 20152119 AU - Papas A AU - Russell D AU - Singh M AU - Stack K AU - Kent R AU - Triol C AU - Winston A IN - Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, USA. apapas@infonet.tufts.edu TI - Double blind clinical trial of a remineralizing dentifrice in the prevention of caries in a radiation therapy population. SO - Gerodontology 1999 Jul;16(1):2-10 AB - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of a specially formulated remineralizing toothpaste in controlling caries in a group of high risk, head and neck radiation patients. DESIGN: The study compares the performance of the remineralizing toothpaste with a leading conventional fluoride dentifrice using double-blind randomization. TEST PRODUCTS: The products compared both contain equivalent quantities of fluoride (1150 ppm). The remineralizing toothpaste also delivers soluble calcium and phosphate ions, the essential components of teeth. SUBJECTS: On completion, 50 subjects who received > 50 Gy of radiation to the head and neck. MEASUREMENTS: Examinations include coronal and root caries using the Pitts Diagnostic Criteria, salivary flow rate, plaque and gingival indices and microbiological counts over one year. RESULTS: At this point subjects are enrolled in the study at various phases. However, the current average for the net increment per month per subject is -0.12 (+/- 1.30) for coronal caries and 0.06 (+/- 0.73) for root caries in subjects using the remineralizing toothpaste and 0.53 (+/- 1.62) for coronal caries and 0.45 (+/- 0.98) for root caries in subjects using the conventional fluoride dentifrice. Non-parametric analysis of rank scores for net root surface increments/month was statistically significant (p = 0.02), suggesting lower net root surface increment/month for the remineralizing toothpaste relative to the conventional toothpaste. No significant differences were noted on coronal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The results to date indicate that the remineralizing toothpaste is significantly superior to the conventional fluoride dentifrice in preventing root caries in high risk patients. <6> UI - 20151468 AU - Schemehorn BR AU - Wood GD AU - Winston AE IN - Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, USA. schemeh@iusd.iupui.edu TI - Laboratory enamel solubility reduction and fluoride uptake from enamelon dentifrice. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):9-12 AB - The presence of calcium-releasing ingredients in toothpastes containing sodium fluoride is usually avoided to prevent loss of active fluoride due to the formation of the insoluble calcium salt. The purpose of this study was to determine the bio-availability of fluoride from Enamelon Toothpaste (E), which simultaneously supplies fluoride, calcium and phosphate salts from a dual dispensing package. Fluoride uptake into artificially lesioned enamel cores due to the use of the test dentifrice (E) diluted 1:3 in whole human saliva was compared to that from a clinically proven effective sodium fluoride/silica USP reference toothpaste (C) and a non-fluoride control (E-w/o F). Enamel solubility reduction due to the use of E, C and E-w/o F was measured by determining the quantity of phosphate released to lactic acid buffer before and after treatment of the crowns of molars with 1:3 slurries of the dentifrices in water. Fluoride uptakes and enamel solubility reductions were 5031 +/- 158 ppm and 21.6 +/- 2.2% for E, 1915 +/- 39 ppm and 13.6 +/- 2.0% for C, and -3 +/- 2 ppm and 0.8 +/- 1.7% for E-w/o F. The fluoride uptake and enamel solubility reductions from E were significantly greater than from C (p < 0.001, Fisher LSD), and both fluoride-containing dentifrices significantly outperformed E-w/o F (p < 0.001). The laboratory results indicate that the calcium and phosphate salts delivered by the remineralizing Enamelon dentifrice increase the bioavailability of fluoride to substantially exceed that of the clinically proven standard dentifrice. <7> UI - 20151467 AU - Winston AE IN - Enamelon, Inc., Cranbury, NJ, USA. TI - The origins of Enamelon remineralizing fluoride toothpaste. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):7-8 <8> UI - 20151476 AU - Kleber CJ AU - Milleman JL AU - Davidson KR AU - Putt MS AU - Triol CW AU - Winston AE IN - Health Science Research Center, Indiana University-Purdue University, Ft. Wayne, USA. kleber@ipfw@edu TI - Treatment of orthodontic white spot lesions with a remineralizing dentifrice applied by toothbrushing or mouth trays. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):44-9 AB - This pilot study investigated the effect of a remineralizing fluoride dentifrice (Enamelon) on newly formed incipient carious lesions using two methods of application. Teenage orthodontic patients with obvious white spot lesions on their teeth were selected to begin treatment within 30 days after debanding. At baseline, the surface enamel of the test teeth was cleaned by air etching with 50 microns alumina at 150 psi. Lesion size (mm2) was measured using a calibrated periodontal probe and surface appearance was quantified as shiny (0), dull (1), or chalky (2). Twice daily for 3 months, one group with a total of 27 lesions brushed with the remineralizing dentifrice, while a second group with 41 total lesions brushed and used a mouth tray to apply the paste directly to the lesions for 5 min. In order to promote treatment compliance, test group assignment was based on subject and parental preference. After 1, 2, and 3 months, lesion size was reduced by 5% (ns), 10% (p < 0.05) and 22% (p < 0.01), respectively, for the brushing group, and 16% (p < 0.05), 37% (p < 0.01) and 30% (p < 0.01) for the combined brushing and tray group, respectively. The dull appearance of the lesions treated by brushing improved slightly over 3 months. However, the lesions receiving combined brushing and tray applications became significantly (p < 0.01) less dull by 28%, 44% and 61% after 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively, indicating the formation of a shiny, intact surface layer. In conclusion, brushing with a remineralizing dentifrice significantly reduced the size of new orthodontic white spots within 2 months, while brushing combined with topical tray applications reduced lesion size within 1 month with concomitant formation of a shiny enamel surface layer. Thus, the combined brushing and mouth tray treatment significantly accelerated the remineralization process. <9> UI - 20151475 AU - Wolinsky LE AU - Gnagne-Agnero ND AU - Chamkasem P AU - Jason S AU - Triol CW AU - Winston AE IN - UCLA School of Dentistry, USA. wolinsky@ucla.com TI - An in vitro assessment and a pilot clinical study of electrical resistance of demineralized enamel. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):40-3 AB - Electrical resistance measurement was evaluated in vitro and in vivo as a method for comparing the remineralizing performance of toothpastes. In the in vitro study, areas of sound enamel on 12 unrestored, mature, extracted human molars and bicuspids, with electrical resistance readings greater than 99.99 M omega, were demineralized to an electrical resistance of 1 to 4 M omega. The teeth were divided into three groups. The change in electrical resistance was measured following a 15 cycle regimen of treatment, demineralization and salivary soaking. Treatments were five-minute exposures to either a 1:2 slurry in saliva of Enamelon (E), a remineralizing fluoride-toothpaste also containing soluble calcium and phosphate ions, a 1:2 slurry in saliva of Crest (C), a conventional fluoride toothpaste (P), or to saliva alone. Demineralization was performed with a 30-minute exposure to 0.1 M lactic acid 50% saturated with calcium hydroxyapatite. The salivary soaking was 1 hour in duration. The mean electrical resistance of the E, C and the saliva treated sites was 63.9 +/- 4.3, 37.6 +/- 9.5 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 M omega, respectively. The final resistance was statistically different for each group (p < 0.05). A pilot clinical study was then conducted to assess the electrical resistance technology in vivo. Eighteen adult subjects with at least one site of early enamel caries with an electrical resistance between 1.0 M omega and 20.00 M omega were randomly assigned to either Enamelon, Crest, or a non-fluoride placebo toothpaste and asked to brush twice daily. After three months, the mean resistance of the test sites was 23.57 M omega for E, 9.61 M omega for C and 13.24 M omega for P. However, the mean resistance changes did not proceed consistently over time. At the end of the study, the electrical resistance measurements on four sites out of twelve in Group E were suggestive of remineralization, whereas measurements on one site out of ten were suggestive of remineralization in Group C and two or three sites out of twelve were suggestive of remineralization in Group P. Progression of demineralization was possibly indicated in only one site, which was in Group C. There were insufficient subjects for statistical significance in the pilot clinical study. There were apparent problems with the variability of some measurements between visits in the in vivo study. Overall, however, the results of both studies indicate that with modifications to the equipment, electrical resistance measurements may be a means of comparing the remineralization performance of toothpastes. <10> UI - 20151474 AU - Thompson A AU - Grant LP AU - Tanzer JM IN - Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA. TI - Model for assessment of carious lesion remineralization, and remineralization by a novel toothpaste. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):34-9 AB - This study is of a novel toothpaste which induced remineralization of carious lesions in specific pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel rats. Randomly distributed weanlings in 7 groups (n = 10) each were initially induced to develop carious lesions as a result of a severe dietary and bacteriological challenge. Thus, all were inoculated with S. mutans 10449S, ate diet 2000CS (containing 56% cornstarch) ad libitum, and, upon weaning and for 10 additional days, drank demineralized water supplemented to 10% (w/v) with sucrose (SW) ad libitum. During these 10 days, 6 of the 7 groups of rats were topically treated with a slurried F(-)-free placebo toothpaste. On the 10th day after initial inoculation, two groups were sacrificed, one which had been treated with the placebo and the one which had been untreated. The remaining groups were then provided unsupplemented demineralized water (DW), fed diet 2000CS, and topically treated with either of 5 coded toothpastes: a slurry of the F(-)-free placebo, a similar slurry of a conventional sodium fluoride toothpaste (Crest Regular) containing about 383 ppm F-, or one of three prototype toothpastes formulated by Enamelon, Inc. containing soluble calcium and phosphate salts. Two of these contained 377 ppm F- after mixing their components, either as sodium monofluorophosphate (E-MFP) or as NaF (E-NaF). The third prototype contained 0 ppm F- (E-w/o F). Test items were applied to the dentition for one minute/day, five days/week. These 5 remaining groups were sacrificed 13 days after the DW provision. After defleshing, heads were coded randomly and scored blindly for carious lesions. The exchange of DW for SW was associated with highly significant reductions of 10449S recoveries (p < 0.001), but there were no differences in recoveries among the groups as a function of toothpaste type. Total mandibular and maxillary sulcal and smooth surface caries scores were statistically significantly lower for the E-NaF-treated group at 23 days than for the 23-day placebo-, E-w/o F(-)-, and conventional NaF toothpaste-treated group. Reductions were most impressive quantitatively on approximal tooth surfaces, where both the E-MFP and E-NaF groups had the lowest scores, but were also statistically significant at sulcal surfaces for the E-NaF group. Thus, this study model can be used to detect significant remineralization effects, as occurred with the prototype toothpaste E-NaF. <11> UI - 20151473 AU - Grant LP AU - Thompson A AU - Tanzer JM IN - Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA. TI - Caries inhibition in rats by a remineralizing toothpaste. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):30-3 AB - We tested the anti-caries properties of a prototype remineralizing toothpaste containing sodium fluoride, soluble phosphate and soluble calcium, similar but not identical to Enamelon Toothpaste in specific pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel rats. A fluoride-free placebo and sodium fluoride-containing Crest Regular were used as negative and positive control toothpastes, respectively. Sixty weanling rats were randomly distributed into groups of 20, all were inoculated with S. mutans 10449S, ate diet 2000, and drank demineralized water. Each toothpaste, contained in coded tubes, was applied to the rats' teeth, once for one minute/day, five days/week. There was no difference in bacterial recoveries from tooth swabs among the groups at either the 22- or 37-day post-inoculation recovery date. After rat sacrifice and defleshing, heads were randomly coded and scored blindly for carious lesions according to Keyes/Larson methods. Only after scoring was completed were the random codes broken and the treatment groups identified. Both the Enamelon-like product and Crest Regular treatments resulted in lower total enamel caries scores than the placebo (p < 0.001). The sum of smooth surface scores was also lower for the fluoride-containing toothpastes than for the placebo (p < 0.001). However, the Enamelon-like product had greater caries inhibitory properties than Crest Regular on sulcal and approximal tooth surface categories (p = 0.004 and p = 0.045, respectively). Therefore, the Enamelon-like product had superior caries inhibiting properties compared to Crest Regular at these tooth areas. <12> UI - 20151472 AU - Mundorff-Shrestha SA AU - Proskin HM AU - Winston AE AU - Triol CW AU - Cornell G AU - Sharpe T IN - University of Rochester Eastman Department of Dentistry, NY, USA. sheila:shrestha@urmc.rochester.edu TI - Cariostatic effect of a two-part fluoride dentifrice in rats. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):26-9 AB - This study compared the cariostatic effect of a two-part, fluoride-calcium-phosphate-containing prototype dentifrice (containing 1100 ppm F) to a conventional, clinically proven effective "gold standard" (1100 ppm F, USP Standard) and an Enamelon placebo dentifrice (0 ppm F) using a rat model. Three groups of 18 Crl:CDR(SD)BR rats were inoculated with S. sobrinus 27352 and fed MIT-200 for 35 days in a programmed feeder. Double-deionized water (DDW) was given ad libitum. The rats were treated twice daily with one two-part dentifrice. Just prior to treatment, each of the two parts of dentifrice were mixed 1:1 and applied undiluted. The rats were euthanized and their mandibular molars scored for caries using the Keyes quantification method. Shrestha SNP caries scores were then calculated. Non-parametric comparisons were done among treatments at the 0.05 level of significance using analyses based on ranks. The mean Shrestha SNP Caries Scores +/- standard deviations for the prototype dentifrice, USP standard and Enamelon placebo were 84.9 +/- 62.8, 101.3 +/- 66.3, and 181.2 +/- 100.1, respectively. Scores for the 1100 ppm F prototype treatment were significantly lower than the USP Standard and the Enamelon placebo. These results indicate that the new prototype dentifrice, containing fluoride-calcium-phosphate, increased the anti-caries efficacy in a rat model when compared with a fluoride-containing USP Standard dentifrice. <13> UI - 20151471 AU - Kardos S AU - Shi B AU - Sipos T IN - Digestive Care, Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA. TI - The in vitro demineralization potential of a sodium fluoride, calcium and phosphate ion-containing dentifrice under various experimental conditions. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):22-5 AB - While fluoride has had a dramatic effect in reducing the rate of caries, it has failed to provide complete protection against caries development, and tooth decay is still widely prevalent. The objective of this study was to determine the demineralization prevention potential of a remineralizing dentifrice with fluoride (Enamelon), and an assured supply of calcium and phosphate ions on bovine enamel in a cyclic remin/demin regimen using various experimental conditions. A conventional fluoride toothpaste, Crest, and a placebo dentifrice were used as controls. One-hundred and forty-four ground and polished 4 mm bovine enamel cores were prepared and assigned to various test treatments using six specimens per treatment group. They were subjected to six cyclic treatments consisting of one-minute exposures at room temperature to the test product diluted 1:2 in water, remineralization for a specified time at 37 degrees C, and demineralization for a specified time at 37 degrees C. The enamel specimens were tested for micro-hardness initially, and after the first, third and sixth treatment, remineralization and demineralization cycles using a Buehler Micro-hardness Tester with a 200 g load. Differences in micro-hardness between the test groups were analyzed for significance by performing multiple pair-wise comparisons using Bonferroni significance levels at the 95% confidence level. The results of this study showed that Enamelon Toothpaste was generally more effective in preventing demineralization of enamel than the fluoride dentifrice at 0.5 and 1.5 hours, and the non-fluoride control dentifrice at all time measurements. Prevention of enamel demineralization by the dentifrices was affected by changes in demineralization time and pH, but not by changes in remineralization time. <14> UI - 20151470 AU - Munoz CA AU - Feller R AU - Haglund A AU - Triol CW AU - Winston AE IN - Loma Linda University, CA, USA. cmunoz@sd.llu.edu TI - Strengthening of tooth enamel by a remineralizing toothpaste after exposure to an acidic soft drink. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):17-21 AB - The effect of remineralizing and conventional toothpaste treatments on the hardness of intact and acid soft drink-etched enamel were assessed in a laboratory study. The remineralizing toothpaste (Enamelon Toothpaste) used in the study contains NaF, and simultaneously provides dissolved calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions. The conventional toothpaste contains NaF in a silica base. Sound extracted maxillary human incisors, mounted in epoxy resin with the facial incisal two-thirds exposed, were polished with 0.3 mu alumina. Groups of ten teeth were exposed to either twenty 5-minute treatments with an acid soft drink (pH 2.4), remineralizing or conventional fluoride toothpaste, or to twenty alternating cycles of a 5-minute protective treatment with either the remineralizing or conventional toothpastes, followed by 5-minute exposures to the acid soft drink, or to 20 five-minute exposures to the acid soft drink followed by 20 five-minute restorative treatments with the remineralizing or conventional toothpastes. Knoop Hardness measurements were made before and after treatment using a 500 g load and 15-second dwell time. Acid soft drink exposure produced a 15.4% drop in hardness compared with 4.9% and 1.6% hardness increases due to treatments of intact enamel with the remineralizing and conventional toothpastes, respectively. Protective treatments using the remineralizing and conventional toothpastes significantly reduced the drop in hardness due to acid soft drink exposure to 3.3% and 6.2%, respectively. Restorative treatments by the remineralizing and conventional toothpastes significantly increased the hardness of the acid soft drink-weakened enamel by 12.1% and 7.3%, respectively. Both toothpastes were effective in inhibiting damage due to acid soft drink exposure, but the remineralizing toothpaste was more effective in hardening intact and decalcified enamel than the conventional toothpaste (p < 0.05). <15> UI - 20151469 AU - Schemehorn BR AU - Orban JC AU - Wood GD AU - Fischer GM AU - Winston AE IN - Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, USA. bschemeh@iusd.iupui.edu TI - Remineralization by fluoride enhanced with calcium and phosphate ingredients. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):13-6 AB - The effectiveness of fluoride ions provided by toothpastes and mouthrinses in promoting remineralization can be limited by the low concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in saliva. The purpose of this study was to determine whether improved remineralization can be obtained from toothpastes or mouthrinses that simultaneously deliver fluoride, calcium, and phosphate ions from dual-dispensing systems. Enamel specimens with artificial lesions between 60 and 90 microns deep were cycled 15 times through demineralization for 30 minutes, treated for 5 minutes with an experimental or control fluoride toothpaste or mouthrinse, and remineralized for 60 minutes. In the toothpaste study, surface hardness increased by 11.5 +/- 9.2 and 2.7 +/- 3.6 Vickers hardness units, and enamel fluoride content was 5984 +/- 521 ppm and 3971 +/- 531 ppm for the experimental and control fluoride toothpastes, respectively. Remineralization was confirmed by x-ray microradiography. In the mouthrinse study, surface hardness increased by 8.8 +/- 7.7 and 2.2 +/- 3.7 Vickers hardness units, and enamel fluoride content was 6111 +/- 1078 ppm and 3160 +/- 364 ppm for the experimental and control fluoride mouthrinses, respectively. Use of a non-fluoride control mouthrinse led to a decrease in surface hardness of 3.7 +/- 5.2 Vickers hardness units despite a fluoride content of 402 ppm. The results demonstrate that calcium and phosphate supplementation in a toothpaste or mouthrinse can improve remineralization and increase fluoride uptake. <16> UI - 20151466 AU - Tung MS AU - Eichmiller FC IN - Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Health Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. TI - Dental applications of amorphous calcium phosphates. [Review] [24 refs] SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):1-6 AB - Certain commercial materials and equipment are identified in this paper to specify the experimental procedure. In no instance does such identification imply recognition or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology or the ADA Health Foundation, or that the material or equipment identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. [References: 24] <17> UI - 99407381 AU - Vieira AR AU - de Souza IP AU - Modesto A IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. TI - Fluoride uptake and release by composites and glass ionomers in a high caries challenge situation. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1999 Feb;12(1):14-8 AB - PURPOSE: To evaluate the behavior of composite resins and glass ionomer cements with regard to the uptake and release of fluoride, in a high caries challenge situation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard test specimens of glass ionomer cement (Chelon Fil), a resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer), two polyacid-modified composite resins (VariGlass and Dyract) and a composite resin (Heliomolar), were submitted for 14 days to demineralization and remineralization cycles in order to simulate a high caries challenge, while from the eighth day onward, a fluoridated dentifrice solution was applied for 5 minutes twice a day and the daily fluoride release of those materials to the mediums was quantified and compared. Fifteen test specimens were prepared for each material, making up a total of 75. RESULTS: All materials studied, except for Heliomolar from day 4 to day 7 in the demineralizing solution, were capable of releasing fluoride in measurable quantities during the whole experiment. The fluoride amounts released by Chelon Fil, Vitremer, VariGlass and Dyract were significantly higher in the demineralizing solution (ANOVA, P < 0.05) than in the remineralizing solution, during almost the entire experiment. The fluoride amounts released by Heliomolar were significantly higher in the remineralizing solution (ANOVA, P < 0.05) than in the demineralizing solution, during almost the entire experiment. All materials studied were capable of uptaking fluoride from the dentifrice solution and of later releasing it to the solution, maintaining the release relatively constant and at a higher level than that seen between days 5 and 7. <18> UI - 99247420 AU - van Loveren C AU - Buijs JF AU - ten Cate JM IN - Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.van.Loveren@acta.nl TI - Protection of dentin by triclosan toothpaste in a bacterial demineralisation model. SO - European Journal of Oral Sciences 1999 Apr;107(2):114-20 AB - The effect of the addition 0.3% triclosan to a non-fluoride and fluoride toothpaste was tested in an in vitro demineralisation model. This model comprised bovine dentin specimens overlaid with acidogenic Streptococcus mutans suspensions in agarose at two different concentrations of cells. Before the experiments, subsurface lesions were made in the dentin specimens in a methylcellulose gel system. In a first set of experiments, the toothpastes were diluted in the S. mutans suspensions at w/v dilutions of 1:100, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000, respectively. After 22 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, the suspensions were removed and assessed for calcium, lactate and pH. In this set of experiments, an additive protective effect of triclosan to the non-fluoride toothpaste was found at the lowest concentration of S. mutans cells and when the toothpaste was relatively undiluted (1:100 w/v). No additive effect was observed to the fluoride toothpaste. In the second set of experiments, the specimens were immersed daily for 3 min in 30% (w/v) slurries of the toothpastes before the 22-h incubations with the S. mutans suspensions. At the lowest concentration of S. mutans cells, triclosan had an additional protective effect to the non-fluoride and fluoride toothpaste. It is concluded that triclosan may contribute to the protection of dentin under a mild acid attack both when it is present in dental plaque and when it has been adsorbed to the dentin. <19> UI - 99051260 AU - Caplan DJ AU - Slade GD AU - Biesbrock AR AU - Bartizek RD AU - McClanahan SF AU - Beck JD IN - Department of Dental Ecology, University of North Carolina and Chapel Hill, N.C. 27599-7450, USA; The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA. dan:caplan@unc.edu TI - A comparison of increment and incidence density analyses in evaluating the anticaries effects of two dentifrices. SO - Caries Research 1999;33(1):16-22 AB - This study aimed to determine whether incidence density (ID) calculations of caries incidence rates would provide a more sensitive means of detecting caries-preventive effects than would traditional techniques. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a 1981 study in which three dentifrices were compared in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Subjects were examined at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 years after baseline. Three-year DMFS increments were calculated for 1,754 subjects attending the baseline and 3-year examinations. Caries ID rates then were calculated for 2, 661 subjects who had at least two examinations, using each surface's net increment (-1, 0 or +1) as the numerator and the surface's time at risk as the denominator. Despite theoretical advantages, the ID method did not alter the conclusions drawn using DMFS increments, apparently because (a) subjects lost to follow-up were similar to those completing the study, and (b) loss to follow-up was similar among treatment groups. <20> UI - 99407364 AU - Fine DH AU - Furgang D AU - Bonta Y AU - DeVizio W AU - Volpe AR AU - Reynolds H AU - Zambon JJ AU - Dunford RG IN - Dental Research Center, University of Dentistry and Medicine of New Jersey, Newark 07103, USA. TI - Efficacy of a triclosan/NaF dentifrice in the control of plaque and gingivitis and concurrent oral microflora monitoring. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1998 Dec;11(6):259-70 AB - PURPOSE: To compare the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 1100 ppm fluoride and a control dentifrice containing 1100 ppm fluoride on plaque, gingiva and the oral microflora in a long-term study simulating clinical usage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 159 subjects entered the clinical study and 80 were randomly selected to participate in the microbiological evaluation. 71 subjects completed the detailed evaluation of the oral microflora after 6 months use. Plaque was collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, and examined by darkfield microscopy, Gram stain, immunofluorescence, and selective and non-selective media. Changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined for the first 6-month period and for 6 months post-therapy for 68 subjects who completed the entire study. Susceptibilities of whole plaque samples and MIC values for two pre-designated common plaque organisms, A. viscosus and V. parvula were performed. RESULTS: Multivariate ANOVA and non-parametric analyses revealed no statistical differences for any factor tested. No detrimental shifts were found in either; (1) the compositional make up of the normal flora, (2) the periodontopathic or cariogenic flora, or (3) the opportunistic flora in either group of dentifrice users. Both treatments resulted in decreases in Gram positive cocci over time. There was a reduction in spirochetes in the triclosan/fluoride group as compared to the control group. No overgrowth in opportunists, periodontal pathogens, or cariogenic flora was found in either group. No increase in the proportion of the whole plaque flora resistant to triclosan was found nor was an increase in the MIC values of either A. viscosus or V. parvula in either group. Overall, there appeared to be a general decrease in plaque bacteria in both groups over the course of the experiment. <21> UI - 99314426 AU - Koo RH AU - Cury JA IN - Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Brazil. TI - Soluble calcium/SMFP dentifrice: effect on enamel fluoride uptake and remineralization. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1998 Aug;11(4):173-6 AB - PURPOSE: To evaluate in situ the effect of soluble calcium on fluoride uptake and remineralization by human dental enamel from a sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) dentifrice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight volunteers took part in this cross-over, double-blind design study performed in three phases of 45 days. During each phase of the experiment, the subjects wore an acrylic resin appliance containing four blocks of human dental enamel with artificial caries to evaluate fluoride uptake and remineralization by three dentifrices: SMFP containing CaCl2, SMFP, and placebo. After each phase, the enamel blocks were removed and the total fluoride uptake (ppm F) and microhardness (Knoop) were measured. Statistical analyses (ANOVA and Turkey's test) were done. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between SMFP-CaCl2 and SMFP treatments regarding the amount of fluoride and microhardness data of treated enamel blocks as well as their areas under the curves, although both differed significantly (P < 0.05) when they were compared with placebo. However, the SMFP-CaCl2 treatment demonstrated the highest values on fluoride uptake and microhardness data. Furthermore, the microhardness data demonstrated 50% and 40% of remineralization for SMFP-CaCl2 and SMFP dentifrices, respectively. <22> UI - 99061537 AU - Vorhies AB AU - Donly KJ AU - Staley RN AU - Wefel JS IN - University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. avorhies@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu TI - Enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets bonded with hybrid glass ionomer cements: an in vitro study [see comments]. CM - Comment in: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999 May;115(5):13A SO - American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics 1998 Dec;114(6):668-74 AB - Enamel demineralization is recognized as a possible side effect of bonding orthodontic brackets with composite resins. Fluoride-releasing restorative materials have been shown to inhibit tooth demineralization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two fluoride-releasing hybrid glass ionomer bonding agents for inhibition of enamel demineralization surrounding orthodontic brackets under two experimental conditions. This in vitro study used 72 extracted human premolars. Twenty-four teeth were bonded with Advance resionomer, 24 were bonded with Fuji Ortho LC hybrid glass ionomer and 24 were bonded with Transbond XT composite resin as the control. The teeth were cycled in an artificial caries challenge three times daily for 30 days. Half of the teeth in each group were brushed twice daily with a fluoridated dentifrice, and the other half were not brushed. Demineralization of enamel surrounding orthodontic brackets was evaluated with polarized light microscopy. Enamel lesions were photographed under maximum illumination. Images were projected, and demineralized areas were traced. Both average depth and area were measured with a sonic digitizer. Analysis of variance (P <.0001) and Duncan's test (P <.05) indicated significant differences in depth and area of demineralized enamel such that lesion size was: Transbond XT no brush > Transbond XT brush > Advance no brush = Advance brush = Fuji Ortho LC no brush = Fuji Ortho brush. The promising results of this in vitro study warrant further clinical investigation of hybrid glass ionomer adhesives as orthodontic bonding agents to minimize enamel demineralization. <23> UI - 98449814 AU - Duckworth RM AU - Lynch RJ IN - Unilever Dental Research, Bebington, UK ralph.duckworth@unilever.com TI - Fluoride uptake to demineralised enamel: A comparison of sampling techniques. SO - Caries Research 1998;32(6):417-21 AB - Fluoride uptake is a recognised way of assessing the potential anticaries efficacy of fluoride (F) treatments. The aim of the present study was to compare an abrasion method of sampling treated enamel, based on that of Weatherell et al. [Caries Res 1985;19:97-102], with the acid-etch method of Raven et al. [Caries Res 1991;25:130-137]. Two adjacent demineralised areas were created on the polished surfaces of bovine incisors using an acid gel system. One artificial lesion from each tooth was subsequently treated for 6 h at 37 degrees C with one of two fluoridated dentifrice slurries (1 part: 3 parts water), whereas the other was treated similarly with a slurry of non-F control dentifrice. One set of treated lesions was then separated, the base of each enamel block polished until planoparallel with the demineralised surface and the lesions isolated by cutting away the adjacent sound enamel. Each block was mounted on the probe of a digital micrometer and the demineralised surface abraded with silicon carbide lapping film until sound material was reached. Abraded material was dissolved in perchloric acid and the buffered solution analysed for fluoride by ion-selective electrode. Each lesion of a second set of treated, demineralised enamel blocks was etched by 20&mgr;l acid and the resulting solutions analysed for F. Mean F uptakes [&mgr;g cm-2 (SD)] were: abrasion (n = 7/treatment); F dentifrice A = 1.39 (0.89) and B = 0.86 (0.45) relative to non-F controls = 0.11 (0.12), 0.14 (0.06), respectively; and acid-etch (n = 14/treatment); A = 1.27 (0. 49), B = 0.69 (0.23), controls = 0.12 (0.06), 0.12 (0.06), respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) for both data sets were: A>B> control. The results show good agreement between the sampling methods and demonstrate the ability of the abrasion technique to distinguish between F treatments. <24> UI - 98234912 AU - Hill M AU - Moore RL IN - University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, Endodontics, and Dental Hygiene, Kentucky 40292, USA. TI - Advances in home therapy for gingivitis--revolution or evolution?. [Review] [66 refs] SO - Practical Periodontics & Aesthetic Dentistry 1997 Nov-Dec;9(9 Suppl):2-7 AB - The daily use of toothpaste offers the opportunity for additional therapeutic benefits beyond caries control. The dental professional must be prepared to assist patients in making informed choices about these products to maximize their benefits as a supplement to mechanical oral hygiene. Dentifrices containing chemotherapeutic agents that are successful in controlling gingivitis, when combined with mechanical therapy, have the potential to improve oral health. However, the published clinical studies on some of these products do not always present a consistent picture with regard to absolute or relative efficacy. In this article, the clinical studies on dentifrices containing sodium bicarbonate/hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, triclosan, and stannous fluoride are reviewed. In addition, suggestions for the analysis of these types of studies by practitioners are presented. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the dental professional to provide monitoring and guidance to assist patients in making informed decisions about oral health care product use. [References: 66] <25> UI - 98275099 AU - Attin T AU - Schaller HG AU - Hellwig E IN - University Clinic of Dentistry (Zahnklinik), Department of Operative Dentistry, Freiburg, Germany. TI - Fluoride uptake in dentin with and without simulating dentinal fluid flow. SO - Clinical Oral Investigations 1997 Sep;1(3):125-30 AB - The aim of the present study was to compare fluoride uptake of dentin with and without simulating dentinal fluid flow. Eighty-five dentinal discs were prepared from retained human molars. Seventeen discs were used to assess baseline fluoride content (controls). Sixty-eight discs were evenly distributed among two experimental groups and were fixed for 24 h in a two-chamber device allowing for simulating dentinal fluid flow. Thirty-four samples were treated with dentifrice slurry containing a low fluoride concentration (Elmex, dilution 1:5); the remaining discs were treated with a solution of a high fluoride concentration (Elmex Fluid). For the perfused group, each of the 17 discs of the high and low concentration fluoride groups were constantly perfused during the experiment. The remaining fluoridated specimens were not perfused. All specimens were assayed for KOH-soluble fluoride and structurally bound fluoride. Structurally bound fluoride was determined in three successive layers of 20 microns each. Uptake of KOH-soluble fluoride was significantly higher in the specimens fluoridated with Elmex Fluid compared to the samples treated with the dentifrice slurry. The uptake of KOH-soluble fluoride was not influenced by perfusion of the dentinal discs. However, perfusion resulted in lower acquisition of structurally bound fluoride in the samples treated with the dentifrice slurry. After application of Elmex Fluid, no significant difference was found in the amount of structurally bound fluoride between the perfused specimens and non-perfused samples. It is suggested that further studies on fluoride uptake in dentin should use a model simulating outward dentinal fluid flow. <26> UI - 98131270 AU - Sullivan RJ AU - Charig A AU - Blake-Haskins J AU - Zhang YP AU - Miller SM AU - Strannick M AU - Gaffar A AU - Margolis HC IN - Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA. TI - In vivo detection of calcium from dicalcium phosphate dihydrate dentifrices in demineralized human enamel and plaque. SO - Advances in Dental Research 1997 Nov;11(4):380-7 AB - A series of studies was conducted to clarify the role of DCPD in improving the effects of fluoride in the mouth. We performed plaque fluid studies to see if the use of DCPD dentifrices increases the levels of free Ca2+ ions and the DSenamel in plaque fluid. The results of these studies showed that plaque fluid was undersaturated with respect to DCPD; therefore, DCPD would dissolve in the mouth. The Ca2+ activity in plaque fluid measured 12 hours post-treatment was significantly elevated with the use of DCPD dentifrices in comparison with silica dentifrices. The use of DCPD dentifrices also increased the DSenamel of plaque fluid in comparison with a NaF/silica dentifrice. To determine whether Ca from DCPD could be detected in demineralized enamel and whole plaque after in vivo usage of a DCPD/ fluoride dentifrice, we conducted a 44Ca labeling study. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) was used to detect and measure changes in 44Ca levels in enamel before and after 6 days of in vivo treatment with a 44DCPD/fluoride dentifrice. The results showed that 44Ca from DCPD was incorporated into enamel and detected in plaque 18 hours post-treatment. The findings from these studies show that brushing with a DCPD dentifrice introduces additional, exogenous Ca into the oral environment, which fosters improved remineralization of teeth in combination with fluoride. <27> UI - 98055494 AU - Gaffar A AU - Afflitto J AU - Nabi N IN - Colgate-Palmolive Technology Group, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1343, USA. abdul-gaffar@colpal.com TI - Chemical agents for the control of plaque and plaque microflora: an overview. [Review] [35 refs] SO - European Journal of Oral Sciences 1997 Oct;105(5 Pt 2):502-7 AB - This presentation provides an overview of the technologies available for the chemical control of plaque. It is generally accepted that the formation of dental plaque at the interfaces of tooth/gingiva is one of the major causes of gingival inflammation and dental caries. Several therapeutic approaches have been used to control dental plaque and supragingival infections. These include fluoride preparations such as stannous fluoride, oxygenating agents, anti-attachment agents, and cationic and non-cationic antibacterial agents. Among the fluoride preparations, stable stannous fluoride pastes and gels have been shown to reduce supragingival plaque, gingivitis, hypersensitivity and caries. The effect of the oxygenating agents on the supragingival plaque has been equivocal, but recent data indicate that a stable agent which provides sustained active oxygen release is effective in controlling plaque. A polymer, PVPA, which reduced attachment of bacteria to teeth was shown to significantly reduce plaque formation in humans. A new generation of antibacterials includes non-ionics such as triclosan, which in combination with a special polymer delivery system, has been shown to reduce plaque, gingivitis, supragingival calculus and dental caries in long-term studies conducted around the world. Unlike the first generation of agents, the triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride system is effective in long-term clinicals and does not cause staining of teeth, increase in calculus, or disturbance in the oral microbial ecology. [References: 35] <28> UI - 98055488 AU - ten Cate JM IN - Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands. jm.ten.cate@acta.nl TI - Review on fluoride, with special emphasis on calcium fluoride mechanisms in caries prevention. [Review] [38 refs] SO - European Journal of Oral Sciences 1997 Oct;105(5 Pt 2):461-5 AB - Low concentrations of fluoride have a beneficial effect on enamel and dentin de- and remineralization. After fluoride treatments, such as topical applications, rinses or dentifrices, salivary fluoride concentrations decrease exponentially in a biphasic manner to very low concentrations within a few hours. For treatments to be effective over periods longer than the brushing and the following salivary clearance, fluoride needs to be deposited and slowly released. Calcium fluoride (or like) deposits act in such a way, owing to a surface covering of phosphate and/or proteins, which makes the CaF2 less soluble under in vivo conditions than in a pure form in inorganic solutions. Moreover, due to the phosphate groups on the surface of the calcium fluoride globules, fluoride is assumed to be released with decreasing pH when the phosphate groups are protonated in the dental plaque. [References: 38] <29> UI - 98014997 AU - Marinelli CB AU - Donly KJ AU - Wefel JS AU - Jakobsen JR AU - Denehy GE IN - Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. TI - An in vitro comparison of three fluoride regimens on enamel remineralization. SO - Caries Research 1997;31(6):418-22 AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the enamel remineralization effectiveness of a fluoride rinse, fluoridated dentifrice, and fluoride-releasing restorative material. Forty extracted molars had 1 x 5 mm artificial carious lesions formed at the interproximal contact point. One-hundred-micrometer sections were obtained at the caries sites, and polarized light photomicrographs were obtained. The sections had varnish placed, leaving only the external section site exposed, and were situated back into the original tooth. Forty other molars were obtained; 10 had Class-II glass ionomer cement restorations placed. These 40 teeth were mounted to have interproximal contact with the adjacent teeth containing artificial carious lesions. Specimens were placed in closed environments of artificial saliva for 1 month, with saliva being changed every 48 h. Ten specimen pairs were brushed with a fluoridated dentifrice for 2 min, twice per day, 10 specimen pairs were rinsed with a 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse for 1 min twice per day, 10 specimen pairs had Class-II glass ionomer cement restorations positioned adjacent to 10 teeth with artificial carious lesions, and 10 specimen pairs acted as controls. After 30 days, the same sections were photographed again under polarized light, and areas of the lesions were digitized quantitatively. Results demonstrated the mean (+/- SD) remineralization (mu m2) in Thoulet's 1.41 imbibition media to be: lesions adjacent to glass ionomer cement restorations, 2.45 +/- 170; lesions exposed to a fluoridated dentifrice, 223 +/- 102; lesions exposed to 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse, 374 +/- 120, and control lesions only exposed to artificial saliva, 101 +/- 69. Duncan's analysis indicated the fluoridated rinse to have significantly greater remineralization effects on adjacent caries than the other groups (p < or = 0.05). The glass ionomer restorative material and fluoridated dentifrice also had significantly greater remineralization effects on adjacent caries than the control, yet significantly less than the fluoridated rinse (p < or = 0.05). <30> UI - 97114196 AU - Dunipace AJ AU - Hall AF AU - Kelly SA AU - Beiswanger AJ AU - Fischer GM AU - Lukantsova LL AU - Eckert GJ AU - Stookey GK IN - Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202, USA. TI - An in situ interproximal model for studying the effect of fluoride on enamel. SO - Caries Research 1997;31(1):60-70 AB - This crossover study determined the ability of an interproximal, intra-oral model to demonstrate a fluoride dose response to 0-, 250- and 1,100-ppm fluoride (sodium fluoride) dentifrices with respect to fluoride uptake into, and remineralization of, incipient subsurface enamel lesions. Following a 1 week 'lead in' period during which 30 panelists were randomly assigned to use one of the products, two enamel specimens with artificial carious lesions were mounted into a specially designed functional partial denture worn by each panelist. Panelists continued to brush three times daily with their test dentifrice for 4 weeks, after which the specimens were removed and analyzed for fluoride uptake and remineralization. The procedure was repeated until each panelist had followed all three treatment regimens. Fluoride analyses were performed using a microdrill biopsy technique, and mineral content changes were determined by transverse microradiography. Fluoride uptake data were significantly different (p < 0.01) for all three products with the effect of 1,100 ppm F > 250 ppm F > placebo. The 1,100 ppm F dentifrice also effected significantly greater remineralization (p < 0.01) than did the 250-ppm-F or placebo dentifrices. Relative efficacy of the three fluoride dentifrices tested in this study was similar to that established in a clinical trial, and, therefore, supports the use of this model for in situ studies of the effects of fluoride-containing products on enamel lesions. <31> UI - 98183303 AU - Godinho S AU - Tandon S IN - Dept. of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Surgery,KMC, Manipal. TI - Evaluation of fluoride uptake by enamel in children from fluoride dentifrices. SO - Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry 1996 Jun;14(2):56-61 AB - Fluoride dentifrices are well accepted for their caries preventive effects. Although it is generally accepted that the presence of fluoride in the enamel protects teeth against carious attack, at the same time, there is some concern that ingestion of fluoride from toothpastes may substantially contribute to the total intake of this element. The present study was undertaken to clinically evaluate the fluoride uptake by human enamel after the use of lower concentrations of fluoride dentifrices and compare their potency to higher concentration in increasing the uptake of fluoride by enamel. Enamel biopsy was conducted on first permanent molars of 100 school children, aged 6-8 years before brushing and at intervals of one hour, 3 weeks, 6 weeks and 12 weeks following brushing with different concentrations of fluoride dentifrices. The fluoride content of the enamel biopsy samples were estimated using the Orion microprocessor ion analyser and by taking into consideration the enamel biopsy mass and depth of the etch. The results of the present study suggest that low fluoride concentration dentifrices provide similar fluoride uptake by enamel when compared with that of higher concentrations. <32> UI - 97381675 AU - Volpe AR AU - Petrone ME AU - De Vizio W AU - Davies RM AU - Proskin HM IN - Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. TI - A review of plaque, gingivitis, calculus and caries clinical efficacy studies with a fluoride dentifrice containing triclosan and PVM/MA copolymer. [Review] [73 refs] SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1996;7 Suppl:S1-S14 <33> UI - 97381693 AU - Mann J AU - Karniel C AU - Triol CW AU - Sintes JL AU - Garcia L AU - Petrone ME AU - Volpe AR AU - Proskin HM IN - Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. TI - Comparison of the clinical anticaries efficacy of a 1500 NaF silica-based dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer to a 1500 NaF silica-based dentifrice without those additional agents: a study on adults in Israel. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1996;7(4):90-5 AB - Recent years have seen much work in the development of dentifrices containing the antimicrobial agent triclosan, a broad spectrum antibacterial agent manufactured for use in oral products by the Ciba-Geigy Corporation. Studies have shown that the incorporation of this agent into dental products, in combination with a PVM/MA copolymer (the non-proprietary designation for a polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid copolymer), can provide several important dental therapeutic benefits, including an antigingivitis effect. A considerable amount of the research on the therapeutic benefits of such dentifrices has been reported in the literature. The present study is a component of a large-scale program of clinical research to investigate the anticaries effectiveness of fluoride dentifrices containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer. The study included two treatment groups, each consisting of adults living near the Kiryat Gat area in Israel, who were assigned to the use of one of the following sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrices: 1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.331% NaF/silica (1500 ppm F) base; or 2) a dentifrice containing 0.331% NaF/silica (1500 ppm F). Conducted in accordance with the guidelines for caries clinical studies published by the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association, the study employed clinical diagnostic criteria as described in the August, 1987 National Institute of Dental Research (NIH/NIDR) publication. Dental radiographs were not employed. Principal comparisons of the dentifrices tested were implemented through the construction of 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of mean 3-year caries increments using Fieller's Theorem. Of those subjects who met the initial inclusion/exclusion criteria for this study, 1,296 were available for the 36-month examination. DFS (resp., DFT) increments over this period were 5.21 (1.30) for the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice, and 5.23 (1.39) for the dentifrice without those additives. The confidence interval calculations for both incremental DFS and DFT support the conclusion that a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.331% NaF/silica (1500 ppm F) base provides a level of anticaries efficacy which is "at least as good as" that provided by a dentifrice containing 1500 NaF/silica, without those additive agents. As such, the results of this clinical study clearly indicate that the addition of triclosan and a copolymer to a 1500 NaF/silica dentifrice does not compromise its anticaries efficacy. <34> UI - 97381692 AU - Feller RP AU - Kiger RD AU - Triol CW AU - Sintes JL AU - Garcia L AU - Petrone ME AU - Volpe AR AU - Proskin HM IN - Dental Service, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA. TI - Comparison of the clinical anticaries efficacy of an 1100 NaF silica-based dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer to an 1100 NaF silica-based dentifrice without those additional agents: a study on adults in California. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1996;7(4):85-9 AB - Recent years have seen much work in the development of dentifrices containing the antimicrobial agent triclosan, a broad spectrum antibacterial agent manufactured for use in oral products by the Ciba-Geigy Corporation. Studies have shown that the incorporation of this agent into dental products, in combination with a PVM/MA copolymer (the non-proprietary designation for a polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid copolymer), can provide several important dental therapeutic benefits, including an antigingivitis effect. Much research on the therapeutic benefits of such dentifrices has been reported in the literature. The present study is a component of a large-scale program of clinical research to investigate the anticaries effectiveness of fluoride dentifrices containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer. The study included two treatment groups, each consisting of adults living within a 50 mile radius of Loma Linda, California, who were assigned to the use of one of the following sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrices: 1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243% NaF/silica (1100 ppm F) base; or 2) a dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF/silica (1100 ppm F). Conducted in accordance with the guidelines for caries clinical studies published by the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association, the study employed clinical diagnostic criteria as described in the August, 1987 National Institute of Dental Research (NIH/NIDR) publication. Dental radiographs were not employed. Principal comparisons of the dentifrices tested were implemented through the construction of 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of mean 3-year caries increments, using Fieller's theorem. Of those subjects who met the initial inclusion/exclusion criteria for this study, 1,542 were available for the 36-month examination. DFS (resp., DFT) increments over this period were 2.07 (0.63) for the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice, and 2.16 (0.68) for the dentifrice without those additives. The confidence interval calculations for both incremental DFS and DFT support the conclusion that a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243% NaF/silica (1100 ppm F) base provides a level of anticaries efficacy which is "at least as good as" that provided by a dentifrice containing 1100 NaF/silica without those additive agents. As such, the results of this clinical study clearly indicate that the addition of triclosan and a copolymer to a 1100 NaF/silica dentifrice does not compromise its anticaries efficacy. <35> UI - 97292614 AU - Itthagarun A AU - Wei SH IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong. TI - Analysis of fluoride ion concentrations and in vitro fluoride uptake from different commercial dentifrices. SO - International Dental Journal 1996 Aug;46(4):357-61 AB - The effectiveness of fluoride (F) dentifrices in reducing dental caries is well documented. However, not all F dentifrices are equally effective. The objective of this study was to compare fluoride uptake from Thai, Chinese and Indian dentifrices which are widely used in these respective countries. A non-fluoride dentifrice was included as a control. Dentifrices were analysed for fluoride concentrations using the 'acid-etch biopsy technique'. This study suggests that, when compared to 'multinational dentifrices', the Thai, Chinese and Indian dentifrices manufactured locally failed to show the F availability and/or F uptake efficacy even though they claimed to contain varying levels of F. <36> UI - 96219827 AU - Zhang YP AU - Din CS AU - Miller S AU - Nathoo SA AU - Gaffar A IN - Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA. TI - Intra-oral remineralization of enamel with a MFP/DCPD and MFP/silica dentifrice using surface microhardness. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1995;6(2):148-53 AB - The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) abrasive in a dentifrice on the remineralizaton of enamel using a surface microhardness technique. The method of assessing enamel remineralization via surface microhardness (SMH) was validated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind, intra-oral remineralization study conducted with 12 healthy adults. Enamel demineralization was achieved in vitro by covering bovine enamel blocks with exogenous oral bacteria, S. Mutans 1600 Ingbritt, containing glucan which was then exposed to sucrose. In the intra-oral treatment phase, subjects were fitted with oral maxillary palatal retainers, each holding four demineralized enamel blocks. Subjects brushed their teeth for 30 seconds with a test dentifrice, swished for an additional 60 seconds, rinsed with water and then retained the blocks intra-orally for 4 hours. Percent mineral recovery for each enamel block was calculated as the ratio of the changes in enamel microhardness due to treatment (remin) and sucrose challenge (demin). Treatments included DCPD-based dentifrices containing 0, 250 and 1000 ppm fluoride (F) from sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP). Using SMH, respective mean percent mineral recoveries of 5.7, 18.7 and 41.4% were obtained. All ADA criteria for model validation were fulfilled. This same model was then used to compare the remineralization effects of a silica placebo, DCPD placebo, 1000 ppm F MFP/silica and 1000 ppm F MFP/DCPD dentifrice. Mean percent mineral recoveries of -0.9, 24.1, 30.2 and 55.7% were obtained, respectively. The MFP/DCPD dentifrice was superior to MFP/silica (<0.01) with use of the MFP/DCPD dentifrice when compared to MFP/silica or the silica placebo. These results indicate that more active calcium and a higher degree of saturation (DS(EN)) with respect to enamel exists for an extended period of time after use of a MFP/DCPD dentifrice. Since an elevation in DS(EN) is considered a major parameter controlling the extent of enamel remineralization, this finding may partly explain the superior remineralization of enamel observed with the MFP/DCPD dentifrice. The significant increases in calcium activity and intra-oral enamel remineralization by the DCPD-based dentifrice are consistent with earlier findings that a DCPD abrasive provides added benefit for enamel remineralization. <37> UI - 96176054 AU - Faller RV AU - Best JM AU - Featherstone JD AU - Barrett-Vespone NA IN - The Procter and Gamble Company, Sharon Woods Technical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. TI - Anticaries efficacy of an improved stannous fluoride toothpaste. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1995;6 Spec No:89-96 AB - A series of laboratory and animal studies were conducted to confirm the anticaries potential of a new, stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice relative to clinically proven SnF2 controls. Included in this series of assessments were fluoride uptake into demineralized human enamel, remineralization/inhibition of demineralization for both human enamel and roots, and animal caries studies. Each of these studies demonstrate the new, stabilized SnF2 dentifrice (Crest Gum Care toothpaste) is effective at inhibiting and reversing the caries process. These data confirm that this new dentifrice, formulated with a combination of SnF2, and hydrated silica, is predicted to be highly effective against caries. These tests predict that this new stabilized SnF2 dentifrice (Crest Gum Care toothpaste) provides a level of anticaries activity that is equivalent to Crest Regular toothpaste, a sodium fluoride (NaF)/silica product. The data suggest that this new formulation provides enhanced anticaries efficacy relative to previous, unstabilized SnF2 formulations as a result of improved fluoride bioavailability. <38> UI - 96106548 AU - Sjogren K AU - Birkhed D AU - Ruben J AU - Arends J IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Goteborg University, Sweden. TI - Effect of post-brushing water rinsing on caries-like lesions at approximal and buccal sites. SO - Caries Research 1995;29(5):337-42 AB - The aim was to study the effect of two different water rinsing procedures after toothbrushing with an NaF-containing dentifrice on the degree of de- or remineralization of enamel and dentine at approximal and buccal sites. Seven adults, wearing complete dentures, participated in two experimental periods (A and B) in a randomised order. During period A, they brushed with the dentifrice for 2 min, followed by 1-min active mouthrinse with the toothpaste-foam combined with 10 ml of water. No more water was used after the slurry had been spat out. During period B, the brushing was followed by 3 thorough rinsings of approximately 15 ml water each. These two procedures were carried out twice daily, i.e. in the morning (after breakfast) and in the evening (just before bedtime), during 3 months. Demineralized enamel and dentine samples were mounted at two locations--approximally and buccally--in the first molar region of the upper prostheses. Quantitative microradiography (TMR) was used to assess the lesion depth (ld) and the mineral loss (delta Z). The results showed that the approximally located samples continued to lose mineral during both periods A and B. However, the ld and delta Z values for enamel (p < 0.01) and dentine (p < 0.05) increased less during A than B. The buccally located enamel and dentine samples remineralized during the experiment, but no statistically significant differences were found for the ld and delta Z values of either enamel or dentine between periods A and B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <39> UI - 95346966 AU - Hawley GM AU - Hamilton FA AU - Worthington HV AU - Davies RM AU - Holloway PJ AU - Davies TG AU - Blinkhorn AS IN - Department of Oral Health and Development, University of Manchester, UK. TI - A 30-month study investigating the effect of adding triclosan/copolymer to a fluoride dentifrice. SO - Caries Research 1995;29(3):163-7 AB - The aims of the study were (1) to compare the anticaries efficacy of a silica abrasive dentifrice containing 0.24% NaF and 0.3% triclosan/2.0% copolymer with a similar dentifrice without the triclosan/copolymer and (2) to study any disturbance of the oral mucosa associated with the test formulation. A double-blind, random, unsupervised, 30-month longitudinal clinical trial was conducted on 3,462 children who were initially 11-13 years of age. Two trained and calibrated dentists each examined approximately half the children. Examinations were undertaken at baseline, 15 months and 30 months. No significant differences were found between the DFS or DFT mean increments for the two dentifrice groups after 15 or 30 months. At 30 months the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the mean increments satisfied the ADA criteria for equivalence. It is concluded that a 0.24% NaF/silica abrasive dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2.0% copolymer is equivalent in its anticaries efficacy to a similar dentifrice without the addition of triclosan/copolymer. No side effects attributable to the test or control dentifrices were observed at any time during the study. <40> UI - 96135680 AU - Crawford RJ AU - Collins MA AU - Clipper DW AU - Prencipe M IN - Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. TI - Fluoride and potassium availability in a new dentifrice that treats hypersensitivity and controls tartar. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1994;5 Spec No:80-2 AB - The availability and stability of the active ingredients in a Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice have been evaluated in this study. The Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice contains 5% potassium nitrate as the anti-hypersensitivity agent, 0.243% sodium fluoride as the anti-caries agent, 2% tetrasodium pyrophosphate and 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer as the antitartar system. The availability of potassium and fluoride from this dentifrice was tested and found to be acceptable in both freshly prepared and aged samples. Fluoride and potassium availability were also tested at dilutions similar to in vivo brushing levels, and the ability of the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice to provide fluoride to enamel and reduce enamel solubility was measured. In these tests the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice performed similarly to commercial fluoride dentifrices. Potassium availability was equal to Crest Sensitivity Protection, a product shown to be clinically effective against tooth sensitivity; fluoride availability and activity was shown to be equal to Crest Tartar Control, a product with published clinical anti-caries effectiveness. <41> UI - 95169205 AU - ten Cate JM IN - Department of Cardiology and Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. TI - In situ models, physico-chemical aspects. [Review] [51 refs] SO - Advances in Dental Research 1994 Jul;8(2):125-33 AB - In situ (intra-oral) caries models are used for two purposes. First, they provide information about oral physiological processes. Such information helps to detail our knowledge of the oral ecosystem and to verify conclusions from in vitro experiments. Second, in situ models are utilized to test preventive agents in the phase between laboratory testing and clinical trials. Most investigations involving enamel inserts have been aimed at testing new dentifrices. The experimental designs of such studies usually do not allow one to draw conclusions on physico-chemical processes, e.g., because of single point measurements. Studies of model parameters (lesion type, lesion severity, and de/remineralization in time) constitute only a minority of the research reports. The most striking observation obtained with in situ models has been the significant differences in de/remineralization observed among individuals and, more importantly, within one individual during different time periods and between different sites in the same mouth (for review, see ten Cate et al., 1992). Regardless of this, some general findings can be inferred: During in situ demineralization, up to 62 vol% microns/day may be removed from enamel. For dentin specimens, this value may be as high as 89 vol% microns/day. For remineralization, during fluoride dentifrice treatment, a median deposition rate of 0.7%/day (for lesions with integrated mineral loss values between 2000 and 4000 vol% microns) is found. The rate of deposition seems to be correlated with the extent of the pre-formed lesion. This suggests that the number of sites (crystallite surface) available for calcium phosphate precipitation is an important parameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) [References: 51] <42> UI - 95153729 AU - De Los Santos R AU - Lin YT AU - Corpron RE AU - Beltran ED AU - Strachan DS AU - Landry PA IN - School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48103-1078. TI - In situ remineralization of root surface lesions using a fluoride chewing gum or fluoride-releasing device. SO - Caries Research 1994;28(6):441-6 AB - The in situ remineralization of early root surface lesions was studied using a fluoride-releasing device (FRD) or a fluoride chewing gum. Root specimens with subsurface lesions were mounted in removable lower appliances in 6 adult subjects. Test groups chewed five sticks/day (0.1 mg F/stick) or one FRD (0.5 mg F/day release rate) was mounted in the midline of the appliance. A fluoride-free dentifrice was used three times/day for each 21-day control and the two test regimens. Separate root lesions were used to measure fluoride uptake or changes in mineral content by quantitative microradiography. Comparable values for percent remineralization for both FRDs and F gum were higher than controls, and the F uptake for FRDs exceeded both the F gum and controls (p = 0.05). <43> UI - 95094179 AU - Dunipace AJ AU - Zhang W AU - Beiswanger AJ AU - Stookey GK IN - Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, Indianapolis 46202. TI - An in vitro model for studying the efficacy of fluoride dentifrices in preventing root caries. SO - Caries Research 1994;28(5):315-21 AB - This investigation tested and validated an in vitro model for studying the effects of fluoride on human dentin mineral content and fluoride uptake. Four studies examined the effects of different concentrations of fluoride, established dose-response profiles with NaF and Na2PO3F, and tested commercial dentifrices. A 7- or 14-day cyclic treatment regimen involved four 1-min exposures of sound human dentin specimens to the treatment agents, a 4-hour acid challenge period, and 20 h in human saliva daily. Mineral content was analyzed by image analysis microradiography and fluoride assays were performed using a microdrill biopsy technique. Data from these studies established the ability of the in vitro model to provide reproducible results, to demonstrate significant dose-related differences in the effects of both NaF- and Na2PO3F-containing treatments on dentin fluoride uptake and demineralization, and to detect a fluoride-induced reduction in dentin caries, relative to a nonfluoride control, similar to results established in a clinical trial. <44> UI - 95094178 AU - Kuroiwa M AU - Kodaka T AU - Kuroiwa M AU - Abe M IN - Kuroiwa Dental Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan. TI - Brushing-induced effects with and without a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice on remineralization of enamel surfaces etched with phosphoric acid. SO - Caries Research 1994;28(5):309-14 AB - The remineralization of acid-etched enamel after brushing with and without a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice was investigated using scanning electron microscopy after sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid treatment, of the specimens. Ground enamel pieces were etched with 30% phosphoric acid for 60 s and attached to resin plates. They were exposed to the oral environment of 4 subjects for 8 weeks and brushed for 1 min daily. Paste and brushing caused the acid-etched enamel to erode selectively, i.e., deep grooves were formed in the prism peripheral regions, while projections of the prism bodies showing a relatively low density of crystallites were retained. Brushing without dentifrice, on the other hand, caused about 0.5 micron thick pellicle with tag-like structures to cover the etched enamel. Fine mineral granules, presumably derived from saliva and minute fragments of etched crystallites, were precipitated on the enamel surface as a thin layer with the pellicle. These results indicate that daily brushing without dentifrice induces the remineralization of acid-etched enamel by depositing salivary components, while paste brushing will lead to abrasion of the weakened enamel. <45> UI - 95070923 AU - Grobler SR AU - van Zyl JF AU - Stander I AU - Kotze TJ IN - Oral and Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa. TI - Alkali-soluble and insoluble fluoride in erupted and unerupted human enamel from a high fluoride area with a low fluorosis score. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1994 Aug;39(8):679-84 AB - The amounts of fluoroapatite and 'CaF2-like' fluoride (F) were determined in enamel of unerupted and erupted teeth that had been exposed in vivo to 1.8-2.6 parts/10(6) F in the drinking water and to brushing with F dentifrice at least once a day, and occasionally to a F mouth-rinse (0.022% F). Enamel was sampled by acid-etching and the F levels were measured with an adapted F ion-selective electrode. More F was built into the deeper enamel in the high-F area than in a similar low-F area. Unerupted enamel did not etch significantly (p > 0.05) deeper than erupted enamel. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the F concentrations amongst the following: alkali-washed erupted, unwashed erupted, alkali-washed unerupted and unwashed unerupted at the outer most enamel (approx. 6 microns). However the erupted enamel (alkali-washed or not) showed higher F levels than unerupted enamel (alkali-washed or not) between approx. 6 microns and greater than 100 microns. The increase of F for this high-F area was about 100% in the deeper enamel while for a low-F area it was approx. 78% in the most outer enamel with no increase after a depth of about 20 microns. In contrast to a similar low-F area (water F < 0.10 parts/10(6)), no significant 'CaF2-like' F could be detected in erupted or unerupted enamel for the high-F area. <46> UI - 94349336 AU - Tahmassebi J AU - Duggal MS AU - Curzon ME IN - Division of Child Dental Health, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, UK. TI - Effect of a calcium carbonate-based toothpaste with 0.3% triclosan on pH changes in dental plaque in vivo. SO - Caries Research 1994;28(4):272-6 AB - The effects of a calcium carbonate-based toothpaste with added 0.3% triclosan on the pH of human dental plaque after a cariogenic challenge with 10% sucrose solution was investigated against a calcium carbonate-based toothpaste without triclosan and an alumina-based toothpaste. A silica-based toothpaste served as a control. Twenty adult volunteers were included in this study. The results showed that the plaque pH drop and the area under the curve for both calcium carbonate-based toothpastes, with and without 0.3% triclosan, were significantly less as compared with the alumina-based toothpaste, with both parameters being least for the toothpaste with added 0.3% triclosan. Calcium carbonate has been shown in previous studies to have a buffering effect on the plaque pH after an acidogenic challenge. The addition of 0.3% triclosan to the calcium carbonate-based toothpaste seemed to enhance this effect. <47> UI - 94324259 AU - Cruz R AU - Rolla G AU - Ogaard B IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. TI - Alkali-soluble fluoride deposition on human enamel exposed to monofluorophosphate-containing toothpastes in vitro. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1994 Apr;52(2):72-6 AB - Enamel specimens from unerupted third molars were treated with the supernatant of monofluorophosphate (MFP)-containing toothpaste slurries in water. Calcium fluoride-like particles were formed on the enamel surface during a 24-h exposure. The globules were soluble in alkali. More particles were seen on enamel treated with a toothpaste containing both MFP and NaF. The experiments showed that the calcium fluoride-like material formed on enamel after treatment with MFP-containing toothpaste probably originates from the free fluoride present in the pastes. The relatively moderate deposition of fluoride may be of clinical significance because the teeth are so frequently exposed to toothpaste. No firmly bound fluoride was found on treatment of enamel with MFP-containing toothpaste. <48> UI - 94292273 AU - Gaffar A AU - Afflitto J AU - Nabi N AU - Herles S AU - Kruger I AU - Olsen S IN - Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ 08854. TI - Recent advances in plaque, gingivitis, tartar and caries prevention technology. SO - International Dental Journal 1994 Feb;44(1 Suppl 1):63-70 AB - A dentifrice containing triclosan/PVM/MA, copolymer/NaF (Total) combination was compared with dentifrices containing triclosan without the copolymer system. A variety of laboratory, animal and human studies indicated that Total provided higher uptake and retention of triclosan on teeth, and was more effective in reducing plaque in chemostat and flow cell models. The retention of triclosan in dental plaque was significantly higher with Total as compared with other dentifrices 2 hours post brushing. The triclosan retained in the plaque after using Total was effective against plaque bacteria for up to 12 hours. Other dentifrices did not provide a sustained antibacterial effect against plaque. The results indicated that the delivery system with the copolymer significantly enhanced the efficacy of triclosan against plaque, gingivitis and plaque related diseases in vivo. <49> UI - 94109938 AU - ten Cate JM IN - Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Cariology and Endodontology, The Netherlands. TI - The caries preventive effect of a fluoride dentifrice containing Triclosan and zinc citrate, a compilation of in vitro and in situ studies. SO - International Dental Journal 1993 Aug;43(4 Suppl 1):407-13 AB - A new generation of 'gun-health dentifrices' has recently become available. These products contain antimicrobial ingredients in addition to fluoride as the caries preventive component. Several experiments were performed to study the effects of the addition of antimicrobials. These included fluoride bioavailability tests, enamel lesion de- and remineralisation studies ('pH-cycling') and in situ caries studies. A comparison was made between a non-fluoride (negative) control dentifrice, a fluoride (positive) control dentifrice (1000 ppm F as sodium monofluorophosphate, MFP) and a test dentifrice containing 1000 ppm F (as MFP), 0.3 per cent Triclosan and 0.75 per cent zinc citrate trihydrate (ZCT). The results showed that the two fluoride pastes performed better in all tests than the negative control. No differences were observed between the two fluoride pastes in the in vitro studies. Under conditions of cariogenic challenge, in situ caries progression was inhibited by the fluoride test paste containing Triclosan and ZCT. This result was significantly different from that of the fluoride control paste, in which group an increase in lesion severity was observed. <50> UI - 94109935 AU - Johnson NW IN - Department of Dental Sciences, Kings College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. TI - Hygiene and health: the value of antiplaque agents in promoting oral health. [Review] [74 refs] SO - International Dental Journal 1993 Aug;43(4 Suppl 1):375-86 AB - The improvements in human health and increased life expectancy which have come about in many societies in the past century have been due, predominantly, to improvements in hygiene--both personal and environmental. As the common oral diseases--caries and gingivitis and to some extent periodontitis--are bacterially mediated diseases, they are also amendable to control by oral hygiene. As commonly practised however, with modern diets, mechanical oral hygiene alone has limited effect on disease incidence. The supplementation of tooth brushing with chemical agents which modulate plaque metabolism and the effects of metabolites on the hard and soft tissues of the dento-gingival structures certainly has preventive and therapeutic value. This is particularly true of fluoridated dentifrices in the control of dental caries, and of dentifrices with antibacterial and anticalculus properties, such as those containing low concentrations of the phenolic compound Triclosan, in the control of gingivitis. Microbial colonisation of tooth and other body surfaces is normal and forms part of the natural defence against dangerous exogenous organisms: thus modulating or 'controlling' plaque, not eliminating it, is the purpose of oral hygiene. The goal is to maintain a microbial ecosystem consistently associated with healthy tissues. [References: 74] <51> UI - 94031894 AU - Eronat C AU - Eronat N AU - Alpoz AR IN - Department of Pedodontics, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey. TI - Fluoride uptake by enamel in vitro following application of various topical fluoride preparations. SO - Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 1993 Summer;17(4):227-30 AB - Two conventional topical fluoride preparations; APF and neutral 2% NaF gel and two fluoride varnishes; Duraphat and Fluor Protector, were applied to 60 permanent and 20 primary teeth. The teeth were halved to provide test and control groups, and the fluoride uptake was measured using a micro acid etch technique, after 30 seconds and 60 seconds etching periods. All topical fluoride preparations in our study caused some fluoride uptake in permanent and primary tooth enamel compared to the control groups. Duraphat and APF were found to be more effective than the other agents. <52> UI - 94006433 AU - Benelli EM AU - Serra MC AU - Rodrigues AL Jr AU - Cury JA IN - Dentistry School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Brazil. TI - In situ anticariogenic potential of glass ionomer cement. SO - Caries Research 1993;27(4):280-4 AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of fluoride in plaque formed on glass ionomer cement or composite and to evaluate the effects of fluoride released on growth of cariogenic microflora, fluoride uptake, and secondary caries formation under in situ conditions of a high cariogenic challenge. Ten adult volunteers took part in this crossover study performed in two phases of 28 days. Eighty enamel blocks were randomly restored with glass ionomer cement (Chelon-Fil-Espe) or composite (Silux). During each phase of the study, an acrylic resin appliance, containing four enamel blocks restored with the same material, was constructed for each of the volunteers. During the experimental period, all subjects used fluoride-free dentifrice, refrained from brushing the restored enamel blocks, and immersed the appliances into 20% sucrose solution eight times a day. Fluoride levels, mutans streptococci, and lactobacilli were assessed in dental plaque. Fluoride uptake and microhardness profiles were determined in enamel around the restorations. Statistical analyses indicated a significantly higher level of fluoride (p < 0.05) and a lower level of mutans streptococci plaque formed on glass ionomer cement. Analysis of variance in a split-plot model indicated that in the enamel around the glass ionomer restoration the fluoride uptake was significantly greater (p < 0.025) and the mineral loss significantly lower (p < 0.01). The results show that glass ionomer cement presents a broad anticariogenic effect and may be of value in preventing secondary caries, even under conditions of a high caries risk. <53> UI - 94000403 AU - Volpe AR AU - Petrone ME AU - DeVizio W AU - Davies RM IN - Colgate-Palmolive Technology center, Piscataway, New Jersey. TI - A review of plaque, gingivitis, calculus and caries clinical efficacy studies with a dentifrice containing triclosan and PVM/MA Copolymer. [Review] [46 refs] SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1993;4 Spec No:31-41 <54> UI - 93272270 AU - Marsh PD IN - Pathology Division, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, UK. TI - Antimicrobial strategies in the prevention of dental caries. [Review] [34 refs] SO - Caries Research 1993;27 Suppl 1:72-6 AB - Antimicrobial agents, applied either professionally or delivered from dentifrices or mouthwashes, could reduce caries by controlling plaque formation, suppressing cariogenic species, or by inhibiting bacterial metabolism. Chlorhexidine has proven anticaries activity; other agents might also prevent caries by means of their antiplaque properties. Sugar substitutes stabilize the microflora by reducing the number of acid challenges to plaque and stimulating saliva flow; some also have antimicrobial properties, especially against mutans streptococci. Vaccines have been prepared from purified antigens of mutans streptococci. These vaccines confer protection in non-human primates, but have yet to be tested in a human clinical trial. [References: 34] <55> UI - 93239363 AU - Gaffar A AU - Blake-Haskins J AU - Mellberg J TI - In vivo studies with a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate/MFP system for caries prevention. [Review] [24 refs] SO - International Dental Journal 1993 Feb;43(1 Suppl 1):81-8 AB - Recent basic studies have shown that increasing supersaturation with respect to dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), above and beyond the amount present in saliva, enhanced the efficacy of fluoride in vitro. Since the combination of monofluorophosphate (MFP) with DCPD abrasive is unique for fluoride stability, dentifrices containing the combination were evaluated in a variety of in vivo tests. MFP with silicon dioxide (silica) abrasive at an equivalent fluoride concentration was used for comparison. The influence of slurries of DCPD or silicon dioxide on the intraoral plaque pH was measured following sucrose challenge in humans. The data indicated that DCPD slurries were more effective than silica in preventing plaque pH drop when compared to silica. A toothpaste containing MFP and DCPD was significantly more effective than an MFP/silica toothpaste. A toothpaste containing radiolabeled DCPD was applied topically in rats' teeth during a cariogenic challenge. The results showed that calcium45 was incorporated into the enamel with a concomitant reduction in enamel solubility. In a rat caries study using MFP/DCPD, matching placebo and MFP/silica, MFP/DCPD dentifrice showed a significantly greater reduction in smooth surface caries. Two dentifrices were also tested in an in situ human model for fluoride uptake in artificial root caries lesions where MFP/DCPD provided a significantly higher fluoride uptake than MFP/silica. A second in situ study in humans evaluated the same dentifrices. MFP/DCPD increased salivary plaque calcium and fluoride. These results of laboratory, animal and in situ studies taken together indicate that the MFP/DCPD combination is unique in providing extra supersaturation in saliva and plaque with concomitant enhanced anticaries efficacy. [References: 24] <56> UI - 93239364 AU - DePaola PF IN - Department of Clinical Trials, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, MA 02115. TI - Clinical studies on MFP/calcium containing abrasive. [Review] [13 refs] SO - International Dental Journal 1993 Feb;43(1 Suppl 1):89-96 AB - Monofluorophosphate (MFP) is unique in that its calcium salt is relatively soluble. Because of this property MFP can be combined with a dicalcium dihydrate (dical) abrasive in a dentifrice formulation without loss of efficacy. It has been reported that fluoride uptake by artificial lesions in enamel and dentine is significantly greater from an MFP formulation containing dical than from an equivalent calcium-free formulation. Additionally, it has been shown in an in situ remineralisation study that brushing with MFP dical significantly increases the levels of fluoride and calcium in plaque, and produces a concomitant increase in remineralisation of artificial caries lesions, as compared to brushing with MFP silica. All of the foregoing suggests that dical may enhance the benefit of MFP in a dentifrice formulation. MFP dentifrices have been tested more exhaustively in human clinical trials than any other form of fluoride dentifrice. In some trials the test formulation contained dical while in others a non-calcium abrasive system was employed. Collectively, studies of F/dical formulations have not produced more impressive results than studies of calcium-free MFP agents. However, there has never been a direct comparison of the conventional 0.76 per cent sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice in a dicalcium phosphate abrasive system with a dentifrice containing a similar level of MFP combined with a non-calcium containing abrasive. In the closest approximation to such a study, an MFP/NaF dentifrice with a dical abrasive was compared to an MFP/NaF dentifrice with a silica abrasive system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) [References: 13] <57> UI - 93277724 AU - Garcia-Godoy F IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Center at San Antonio 78284-7888. TI - Triclosan/copolymer/NAF dentifrice prophylaxis, reduced etching time and shear bond strength of a resin composite to enamel. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1992 Dec;5(6):312-4 AB - This study evaluated the effect of a prophylaxis with a triclosan/copolymer/NaF dentifrice (Colgate Gum Protection Formula) and a reduced etching time with 37% phosphoric acid gel on the shear bond strength of a resin composite to enamel. 60 human extracted permanent molars were used. A flat enamel surface was obtained with 600 grit SiC paper and cleaned with a rubber cup and a water slurry of fine flour of pumice. The teeth were randomly distributed into 4 groups of 15 teeth each: Group 1: Pumice prophylaxis with a rubber cup, etched for 30 seconds; Group 2: Pumice prophylaxis, etched for 60 seconds; Group 3: Triclosan/copolymer/NaF dentifrice prophylaxis, etched for 30 seconds; Group 4: Triclosan/copolymer/NaF dentifrice prophylaxis, etched for 60 seconds. After etching, rinsing and drying, an unfilled resin (Coe Bond) was thinly applied with a brush and cured for 30 seconds. A nylon ring was placed over the area and filled with a light-cured resin composite (Occlusin). The teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles and sheared with a knife-edged blade in an Instron running at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The results in MPa were as follows: Group 1: 18.84 +/- 7.08; Group 2: 22.65 +/- 4.37; Group 3: 18.79 +/- 5.77; Group 4: 19.62 +/- 6.13. An ANOVA showed that there was no statistically significant difference among the groups. Enamel fracture occurred in 20% (3/15) in Group 1, 53% (8/15) in Group 2, 20% (3/15) in Group 3, and 47% (7/15) in Group 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <58> UI - 93046436 AU - Nelson DG AU - Coote GE AU - Shariati M AU - Featherstone JD IN - Dental Research Unit, Medical Research Council of New Zealand, Wellington. TI - High resolution fluoride profiles of artificial in vitro lesions treated with fluoride dentifrices and mouthrinses during pH cycling conditions. SO - Caries Research 1992;26(4):254-62 AB - A pH cycling model which incorporated a severe demineralization component was used to evaluate fluoride uptake and lesion progression for each of a NaF-based dentifrice, NaF-based mouthrinse and a monofluorophosphate (MFP)-based dentifrice. Simultaneous transverse fluoride and calcium profiles across the resulting artificial lesions were obtained using a proton microprobe technique with a resolution of approximately 10 microns. Longitudinal microhardness testing and proton microprobe calcium profiles were used to determine the extent of lesion progression (delta Z) with respect to untreated controls. Under the pH cycling conditions of the present study, the NaF dentifrice and mouthwash were observed to have a considerably higher uptake of fluoride in the lesion than the MFP dentifrice. Although the mineral content profiles of the lesions differed for treatments with each of the fluoride products, the differences were not significantly different in this model. <59> UI - 92395237 AU - Hellwig E IN - Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Clinic of Dentistry, Germany. TI - Fluoride retention in dentin after topical application of aminefluoride [published erratum appears in J Dent Res 1993 Jan;72(1):87]. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1992 Sep;71(9):1558-60 AB - The retention of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride in dentin after topical application of aminefluoride was investigated. One cylindrical dentin sample was prepared from each of 40 extracted third molars. All samples received one topical application of 1 microL of aminefluoride solution (1.23% F) for three min. Ten of them were analyzed immediately after fluoridation. The remaining 30 samples were mounted in the buccal aspects of a special mouth application which was carried by a person for five days. After one, three, and five days, 10 of the 30 samples were removed from the appliance. In all samples, the amount of structurally bound fluoride was determined in three layers (20 microns, 20 microns, 20 microns) by use of a special grinding technique. Before each grinding step, the dentin specimens were analyzed for KOH-soluble fluoride. The total amount of KOH-soluble fluoride in dentin was 48.7 +/- 14 micrograms/cm2. It decreased drastically during the experimental period. Structurally-bound fluoride increased one day after fluoridation in the first and second layers. Thus, topical application of aminefluoride resulted in a significant accumulation of KOH-soluble fluoride in dentin. This precipitate was unstable, but fluoride ions released from it could perhaps increase the amount of structurally bound fluoride. <60> UI - 92276614 AU - Stephen KW IN - Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Glasgow Dental School, Scotland, United Kingdom. TI - Technical advances in intra-oral model systems used to assess cariogenicity: experimental design and analysis (reactor paper). SO - Journal of Dental Research 1992 Apr;71 Spec No:905-7 AB - In situ cariogenicity-testing models must show evidence of compliance with valid clinical parameters, and this has been achieved with respect to pyrophosphate-, monofluorophosphate-, and zinc citrate trihydrate-containing dentifrices, where earlier in vitro studies failed to predict clinical efficacy. Parameters for validity testing should include the use of enamel fluoride uptake, plaque and/or saliva fluoride assessments, re-/demineralization assays of appliance-borne enamel slabs or slices, and plaque microbial, biochemical, and pH studies. Model reliability must be capable of withstanding repeat calibration experiments where the dosage, frequency of application, and/or duration of exposure to a new product may be varied. Furthermore, the number of enamel slabs/slices carried per appliance (and the number of artificial caries lesions per enamel insert) requires to be defined. Such studies should be repeated, but whether in the same or different subjects, or with or without cross-over, has to be determined. However, the capability of reproducing a clinically proven dose-response is essential. Models must be sensitive enough to detect changes in any test product F-concentration, but only equivalence claims should be permitted. Thus, superiority cannot be established, since accuracy may not be assumed beyond the upward limits of a clinically validated range. Finally, models should not be so exclusive in design as to preclude independent verification of their findings. <61> UI - 92276597 AU - Stookey GK AU - Katz BP AU - Beiswanger BB AU - Dunipace AJ IN - Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202. TI - Sample size considerations in designing studies with intra-oral models. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1992 Apr;71 Spec No:819-21 AB - Especially during recent years, the use of pre-clinical models for predicting the efficacy of fluoride systems has assumed greater importance within the scientific community. Originally utilized primarily to screen experimental fluoride delivery systems, preclinical models are now being considered as predictors of clinical efficacy in lieu of controlled clinical caries trials. Of the various preclinical models presently available, human intra-oral models have the greatest potential for reflecting intended usage conditions and therefore may be the most meaningful models for predicting clinical efficacy. However, only with the proper consideration of numerous critical variables can studies using intra-oral models be appropriately designed to achieve the desired objectives. Clearly, these models must provide relevant information in a manner which reflects clinically established cariostatic activity and be capable of detecting established differences in the amount of cariostatic activity, i.e., dose-response effects. Three sources of variation must be considered before an appropriate study design and sample size can be chosen. Based on fluoride uptake data from an intra-oral model with proximally-located enamel specimens, estimates of variation among subjects, within subjects, and among specimens within subjects were obtained. Multiple specimens per panelist do not affect the first two sources of variation. Thus, the number of panelists, and not the number of specimens, is of primary importance when pre-test data are used to choose the appropriate study design and calculate the required sample size. <62> UI - 92275870 AU - Stadtler P AU - Holler H IN - Department for Conservative Dentistry, University Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery, LKH, Graz, Austria. TI - Toothpastes. [Review] [38 refs] SO - International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, & Toxicology 1992 May;30(5):167-72 AB - It is well known that plaque is the main cause of caries and parodontopathies, which puts the role of toothpastes as an important means of prevention of odontopathies to the foreground. Toothpastes can be more or less oriented towards having a particular effect, such as cleaning, anticaries effect, antimicrobial effect or inhibition of the formation of tartar. Toothpastes contain substances which promote dental health, such as abrasives (silicium dioxide, brushite, calcite, calcite and aragonite, gibbsite etc.), active components (fluorides, triclosan, metal ions, sanguinarine and surface-active substances), substances which motivate the use of toothpaste (sweetening agents, aromatic oil, colours) and components which are necessary for technical reasons, such as moisturizing agents, binders and opacifiers. [References: 38] <63> UI - 92245335 AU - Cruz R AU - Ogaard B AU - Rolla G IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. TI - Acquisition of alkali-soluble fluoride by enamel through treatment with NaF-containing toothpastes in vitro. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1992 Apr;100(2):81-7 AB - The first aim of the present study was to examine if alkali-soluble fluoride (calcium fluoride-like material and adsorbed fluoride) forms when a NaF-containing toothpaste is applied on human enamel surface in vitro. The centrifuged supernatants of toothpastes dissolved in distilled water were used and four different commercial NaF-containing toothpastes were tested. The second aim was to investigate if pyrophosphate would interfere with the deposition of alkali soluble fluoride. The formation of alkali-soluble fluoride was determined by chemical analysis and visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was ascertained that all tested toothpastes contained free fluoride according to the manufacturers' specifications. It was shown that they promoted deposition of alkali soluble fluoride on the enamel surface. The amount of deposited material increased with the time of exposure. The clinical effect of a NaF-containing toothpaste may thus well depend on an initial formation of alkali-soluble fluoride. Fluoride from this reservoir may adsorb onto the enamel crystals and inhibit further demineralization or increase the rate of remineralization during cariogenic challenges. It was also demonstrated that pyrophosphate did not interfere with the deposition of alkali soluble fluoride. <64> UI - 92255856 AU - White DJ TI - Reactivity of fluoride dentifrices with artificial caries. III. Quantitative aspects of acquired acid resistance (AAR): F uptake, retention, surface hardening and remineralization. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1991;3(1):6-14 AB - A pH cycling remineralization/dimineralization model has been used to compare remineralization and acid resistance benefits provided by commercial MFP and NaF dentifrices. Test results show that fluoride dentifrice systems were effective in enhancing lesion remineralization and providing acquired acid resistance (AAR) to carious lesions, with AAR benefits considerably greater in magnitude. Fluoride uptake into the carious lesions was associated with remineralization and AAR benefits. Dentifrices containing the highest levels of soluble ionic fluoride were found most effective in this protocol with MFP dentifrices showing significantly less activity. MFP dentifrice efficacy was enhanced slightly in calcium abrasives. The enhanced activity could be explained by increased levels of background ionic fluoride in the formulations. In contrast to the latter effects, a dual-active NaF+MFP dentifrice in a calcium abrasive system exhibited decreased efficacy relative to a silica abrasive formulation due to incompatibility of free fluoride ion. Comparison of analytical techniques for measurement of AAR in shallow lesions demonstrates that surface microhardness methods match radiographic measures and are thus adequate for ICT measurement of cariogenicity and F remineralization. <65> UI - 92240624 AU - Mellberg JR AU - Fletcher R AU - Grote NE IN - Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, N.J. TI - Effect of a steel mesh and human dental plaque on fluoride uptake in vitro. SO - Caries Research 1991;25(6):402-5 AB - Blocks of bovine enamel, covered with a steel mesh or a steel mesh plus plaque or with neither, were treated in vitro with a 20% slurry of a fluoride dentifrice for 1 h. An initial experiment showed that fluoride in blocks without mesh or plaque increased significantly, whereas fluoride in blocks covered with a steel mesh harboring intraorally accumulated plaque did not. A follow-up experiment showed that enamel blocks covered with the mesh but without plaque acquired a small amount of fluoride, but significantly less than the blocks without mesh. These experiments indicate that covering enamel specimens with mesh, as is done during in situ experiments, may significantly influence the transport of fluoride to the enamel and, therefore, the amount of fluoride acquired by the specimens and perhaps the degree of de- or remineralization. They also suggest that the fluoride distribution to some areas of the natural dentition may be inadequate. <66> UI - 92071405 AU - Mellberg JR AU - Blake-Haskins J AU - Petrou ID AU - Grote NE IN - Colgate-Palmolive Company, Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ 08854. TI - Remineralization and demineralization in situ from a triclosan/co-polymer/fluoride dentifrice. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1991 Nov;70(11):1441-3 AB - An in situ study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a dentifrice containing 1100 ppm F (NaF) and triclosan, an anti-plaque agent, on remineralization of artificially-formed caries lesions in thin sections of human enamel. The thin sections were placed in mandibular partial dentures of 15 subjects and covered with a steel mesh to provide an area for plaque accumulation. The subjects brushed their teeth and dentures three times daily for two-week periods in a cross-over design, after which the specimens were removed and analyzed by quantitative microradiography for changes in mineral content. Results showed that lesions treated with the triclosan-fluoride product were remineralized 18.0 +/- 23.4% compared with 19.0 +/- 32.3% from a 1100-ppm F (NaF) positive control. Use of a placebo dentifrice resulted in 71.9% demineralization. The findings showed that triclosan neither enhanced nor interfered with the promotion of remineralization by fluoride. <67> UI - 92034382 AU - Lin YT AU - Corpron RE IN - Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. TI - In vivo study of fluoride chewing gum for the remineralization of human root lesions. SO - Chang-Keng i Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 Sep;14(3):174-85 AB - The purpose of this study was to study the efficacy of a fluoride-containing chewing gum (0.1 mg F/stick chewed 5 x/day) in the remineralization of artificial caries lesions in abraded root surfaces compared to sorbitol-containing chewing gum and a no gum control group in vivo. Root specimens were cut from human root surfaces and polished. The specimen