Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Oct 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-224 From Set 79): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Dental enamel/ 9363 2 Dental enamel solubility/ 782 3 exp Tooth permeability/ 758 4 ((dentin or tooth or teeth or enamel) adj3 (solubility or 545 soluble or permeability or permeable)).mp. 5 exp Dentin/ 8499 6 Dentin solubility/ 81 7 or/1-6 16434 8 exp Tooth demineralization/ 22660 9 demineralization.mp. 1623 10 caries.mp. 15313 11 caires.mp. 1 12 craies.mp. 0 13 careis.mp. 4 14 carise.mp. 0 15 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 422 16 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 217 17 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 276 18 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 255 19 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 182 20 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 377 21 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 323 22 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 250 23 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 12 24 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 20 25 (active adj decay).mp. 9 26 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 14 27 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 30 28 (white adj spot:).mp. 510 29 carious.mp. 2082 30 cariology.ti,ab. 56 31 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 15 32 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 2 33 Tooth remineralization/ 479 34 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 99 35 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 50 36 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 98 37 caries-free.mp. 605 38 cariesfree.mp. 17 39 Cariogenic agents/ 728 40 precavit:.mp. 8 41 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 512 42 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 117 43 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 6 44 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 28 45 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 24 46 dft.mp. 414 47 dfs.mp. 1264 48 dmf:.mp. 6403 49 cariogeni:.mp. 1788 50 or/8-49 32303 51 7 or 50 44618 52 exp Dentifrices/ 3099 53 dentifrice:.mp. 2518 54 toothpaste$1.mp. 1675 55 or/52-53 3291 56 exp Dental materials/ 44873 57 (glass adj ionomer).mp. 3005 58 composite:.mp. 22339 59 sealant$1.mp. 2323 60 or/56-59 57434 61 exp Fluorides/ 17771 62 (fluoride: or fluoro:).mp. [mp=title, abstract, registry 105609 number word, mesh subject heading] 63 Delayed-action preparations/ 13038 64 ((fluorid: or fluoro:) adj5 (releas: or sustain:)).mp. 1175 65 Delayed-action preparations/ 13038 66 (prolonged adj action).mp. 977 67 (sustain: adj releas:).mp. 4140 68 (time$1 adj releas:).mp. 487 69 (delay: adj (action or releas:)).mp. 10938 70 or/63-69 17060 71 (55 or 60) and (61 or 62) 3170 72 71 and 70 420 73 limit 72 to english language 393 74 limit 73 to human 239 75 ("91284138" or "94349338").ui. 2 76 74 or 75 239 77 from 76 keep 1-239 239 78 "in vitro"/ 292564 79 77 not 78 224 80 from 79 keep 1-224 224 *************************** <1> UI - 20023999 AU - Cho SY AU - Cheng AC IN - Department of Health, Hong Kong. TI - A review of glass ionomer restorations in the primary dentition [see comments]. [Review] [52 refs] CM - Comment in: J Can Dent Assoc 1999 Oct;65(9):479, Comment in: J Can Dent Assoc 2000 Jan;66(1):11 SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1999 Oct;65(9):491-5 AB - Glass ionomer cements are tooth-coloured materials that bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period. They have therefore been suggested as the materials of choice for the restoration of carious primary teeth. However, the clinical performance of conventional and metal-reinforced glass ionomer restorations in primary molars is disappointing. And although the handling and physical properties of the resin-modified materials are better than their predecessors, more clinical studies are required to confirm their efficacy in the restoration of primary molars. [References: 52] <2> UI - 20316561 AU - Ylp HK AU - Smales RJ IN - Discipline of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, China. TI - Fluoride release and uptake by aged resin-modified glass ionomers and a polyacid-modified resin composite. SO - International Dental Journal 1999 Aug;49(4):217-25 AB - Little has been reported of the relationship of fluoride release and weight loss, and the effects of use of different fluoride agents on restorations, for the new generation of glass ionomer cements. The objectives of this study were to compare fluoride release of fresh and aged specimens of a polyacid-modified resin composite (Dyract), and of three resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji II LC, Photac-Fil, Vitremer); and to correlate fluoride release and weight loss of aged specimens after recharging with three different fluoride agents. All materials showed high initial fluoride release immediately after uptake when using the agents. However, the levels of fluoride release dropped rapidly soon afterwards. Although initial fluoride release was significantly different between Dyract and the three resin-modified glass ionomers, when different fluoride agents were used on aged specimens after recharging, no significant differences were found after the first few hours. Linear regression analyses also showed no correlation between cumulative fluoride release and weight loss. Possible beneficial oral health effects may only be expected by frequent exposure of these materials to fluoride agents. <3> UI - 20308786 AU - Kielbassa AM AU - Muller U AU - Garcia-Godoy F IN - Universitatsklinik fur Zahn-, Mund und Kieferheilkunde, Freiburg, Germany. kielbass@zmk2.ukl.uni-freiburg.de TI - In situ study on the caries-preventive effects of fluoride-releasing materials. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1999 Nov;12 Spec No:S13-4 <4> UI - 20262493 AU - Ganss C AU - Klimek J AU - Gleim A IN - Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Dental Clinic, University of Giessen, Germany. carolina.ganss@dentist.med.uni-giessen.de TI - One year clinical evaluation of the retention and quality of two fluoride releasing sealants. SO - Clinical Oral Investigations 1999 Dec;99(4):188-93 AB - In this prospective, double-blind, split-mouth-designed study, sealant retention rate and quality of two light-cured, fluoride-releasing sealants (Helioseal F, Fissurit F) were compared. Additionally the influence of the isolation method was evaluated. Fifty-eight subjects participated; 1 year later 54 of these (mean age 13.7 +/- 3.6 years) were reexamined. Sealants were applied to 203 tooth pairs (168 conventional and 25 invasive sealants). After 1 year, 193 tooth pairs were available for study; 82 were applied using rubber dam and 111 using cotton roll isolation. Retention rate and sealant quality were judged clinically and with photographs. The initial sealant quality was comparable for both materials. After 1 year, 53.4% of the Helioseal F sealants (44.6% of the Fissurit F sealants) were fully intact, 43.1% (51.8%) partially intact and 3.6% (3.6%) completely lost (P < 0.001). Placement under rubber dam resulted in significantly higher retention rates for both sealants (P < 0.001) as well as in an improved sealant quality. Cases of complete loss only occurred in teeth isolated with cotton rolls. The findings suggest that placement under rubber dam increases retention rate and sealant quality and may reduce material dependent factors that are considered a cause of sealant failures. <5> UI - 20247871 AU - Nagamine M AU - Alim NN AU - Itota T AU - Torii Y AU - Staninec M AU - Inoue K IN - Department of Operative Dentistry, Okayama University Dental School, Japan. TI - Inhibition of carious lesions in vitro around gallium alloy restorations by fluoride releasing resin-ionomer cement. SO - Dental Materials Journal 1999 Mar;18(1):42-53 AB - A new fluoride releasing resin-ionomer cement was used for bonding of gallium alloy restorations in vitro. Etching, priming, and fluoride releasing resin-ionomer cement were used in the experimental group (ARG), prior to placement of the gallium alloy restorations. Three different controls were used: gallium alloy only (G), no etching, fluoride releasing resin-ionomer cement, gallium alloy (RG), etching, priming, non-fluoride cement and gallium alloy (ACG). The mean shear bond strengths of ARG group to enamel and dentin were higher than those of the three control groups. Artificial secondary caries lesions around the restorations in the experimental group and the control groups were produced, using a strep. mutans culture. The microradiographs were examined for presence of a caries inhibition zone near the restoration. Caries inhibition zones were clearly detected around RG and ARG, but not around G and ACG. The results indicate that the fluoride releasing resin-ionomer cement provided good adhesion and caries inhibition in enamel and dentin. <6> UI - 20236893 AU - ten Cate JM IN - Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, The Netherlands. JM.ten.Cate@acta.nl TI - Current concepts on the theories of the mechanism of action of fluoride. [Review] [32 refs] SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1999 Dec;57(6):325-9 AB - The caries-preventive effect of fluoride is mainly attributed to the effects on demineralization/remineralization at the tooth oral fluids interface. Sub ppm levels of fluoride in saliva are effective in shifting the balance from demineralization, leading to caries, to remineralization. This is attributed to the fluoride-enhanced precipitation of calcium phosphates, and the formation of fluorhydroxyapatite in the dental tissues. Low fluoride levels are found in saliva after toothbrushing with fluoride containing dentifrices. Similar concentrations are ineffective in interfering with processes of growth and metabolism of bacteria, and also do not result in a significantly reduced dissolution of tooth mineral as a result of (firmly bound) fluoride incorporation. Comparative studies of fluoride efficacy have shown that higher concentrations in solution are needed in pH-cycling studies of dentine than in enamel to maintain the mineral balance or to induce remineralization. This is attributed to the greater solubility of the dentine and the smaller size of the dentine crystallites compared to enamel. Fluoride slow-release devices, in the form of fluoride-releasing restorative materials, may serve to increase the fluoride levels in saliva and plaque to levels at which caries can be prevented, also in high-risk patients. Research questions for the next millennium and future perspectives for fluoride applications should be found in the retention and slow release of fluoride after various combinations of fluoride treatment, the combination of fluoride and anti-microbial treatment, the individualization of caries prevention, and the combination of preventive schemes with new developments in caries diagnosis. [References: 32] <7> UI - 20151468 AU - Schemehorn BR AU - Wood GD AU - Winston AE IN - Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, USA. schemeh@iusd.iupui.edu TI - Laboratory enamel solubility reduction and fluoride uptake from enamelon dentifrice. SO - Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1999;10(1 Spec No):9-12 AB - The presence of calcium-releasing ingredients in toothpastes containing sodium fluoride is usually avoided to prevent loss of active fluoride due to the formation of the insoluble calcium salt. The purpose of this study was to determine the bio-availability of fluoride from Enamelon Toothpaste (E), which simultaneously supplies fluoride, calcium and phosphate salts from a dual dispensing package. Fluoride uptake into artificially lesioned enamel cores due to the use of the test dentifrice (E) diluted 1:3 in whole human saliva was compared to that from a clinically proven effective sodium fluoride/silica USP reference toothpaste (C) and a non-fluoride control (E-w/o F). Enamel solubility reduction due to the use of E, C and E-w/o F was measured by determining the quantity of phosphate released to lactic acid buffer before and after treatment of the crowns of molars with 1:3 slurries of the dentifrices in water. Fluoride uptakes and enamel solubility reductions were 5031 +/- 158 ppm and 21.6 +/- 2.2% for E, 1915 +/- 39 ppm and 13.6 +/- 2.0% for C, and -3 +/- 2 ppm and 0.8 +/- 1.7% for E-w/o F. The fluoride uptake and enamel solubility reductions from E were significantly greater than from C (p < 0.001, Fisher LSD), and both fluoride-containing dentifrices significantly outperformed E-w/o F (p < 0.001). The laboratory results indicate that the calcium and phosphate salts delivered by the remineralizing Enamelon dentifrice increase the bioavailability of fluoride to substantially exceed that of the clinically proven standard dentifrice. <8> UI - 20087099 AU - Preston AJ AU - Higham SM AU - Agalamanyi EA AU - Mair LH IN - Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. TI - Fluoride recharge of aesthetic dental materials. SO - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1999 Dec;26(12):936-40 AB - The objective of the study was to compare the potential for fluoride recharge of two glass-ionomer cements, a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, a compomer and a fluoride-containing composite in artificial saliva. Disc samples of each of the materials were placed into artificial saliva. The fluoride content of the artificial saliva was determined at various intervals up to 57 days. The discs were subjected to a 2 min exposure of NaF (500 parts/106). This recharge procedure was repeated at 64 and 120 days. The fluoride release was measured before and after recharge. The fluoride release for all of the materials increased after each exposure to NaF; however, the amount for the composite was very low. The resin-modified glass-ionomer cement displayed the greatest potential for fluoride recharge at 57 and 64 days (P<0.05). By 120 days, the amount of fluoride released in the 24 h post-recharge interval had decreased in all the materials. All the materials showed a potential for fluoride recharge. This effect, however, was minimal in the fluoride-containing composite. <9> UI - 20114170 AU - Konishi N AU - Fried D AU - Staninec M AU - Featherstone JD IN - Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Okayama University, Japan. TI - Artificial caries removal and inhibition of artificial secondary caries by pulsed CO2 laser irradiation. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1999 Oct;12(5):213-6 AB - PURPOSE: To investigate the inhibition of artifical secondary caries around restorations placed after removal of artificial caries by pulsed CO2 laser irradiation and by mechanical means. MATERIALS & METHODS: Beveled cavities were prepared mechanically on the facial surfaces of extracted human molars. Each cavity was subsequently exposed to an artificial caries (demineralizing) solution (pH 5.0) for 7 d to generate a demineralized zone approximately 100-200 microns thick on the cavity surface. The artificial carious/demineralized zones of the cavities were removed by a pulsed CO2 laser operating at a wavelength of 9.3 microns with pulse duration of 100 microseconds and an irradiation intensity of 5 J/cm2. Artificial control caries were removed mechanically with a carbide bur in a slow speed handpiece. The cavities were slightly undercut and restored with a resin-based composite without etching and bonding and the restored teeth were subjected to pH cycling solutions for 10 d as follows: Demineralization solution, pH 4.5 for 6 hrs, followed by remineralization solution, pH 7.0 for 18 hrs. Cycled teeth were sectioned through the restorations and the resulting lesions were analyzed in thin section using polarized light and Knoop microhardness. RESULTS: Mean microhardness delta Z values, indicating mineral loss were: 549 (SD 191) for control, and 140 (SD 127) N = 11. This difference is significant with t = 5.543 and P = 0.000 (Paired t-test). Caries penetration: Control side--231 microns (SD 71), Laser treated side: 123 microns (SD 79) N = 6. This difference is significant with t = 5.198 and P = 0.003 (Paired t-test). The results show that the laser treatment not only removed artificial caries, but also inhibited decalcification of the cavity wall in a subsequent artificial caries challenge by as much as 81% compared to control samples. No etching and bonding was used in this pilot study, which might have influenced the results. Future studies should address the inhibition effect of the laser treatment as compared to adhesive techniques, fluoride treatments and fluoride release restorative materials. CONCLUSION: Caries removal by a pulsed lambda = 9.3 microns CO2 laser produces a cavity surface morphology with marked resistance to artificial secondary caries as compared to mechanical removal. <10> UI - 20101180 AU - Eronat N AU - Kocatas N AU - Alpoz AR IN - Department of Pedodontics, Aegean University, Faculty of Dentistry, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. kocatas@dishekimligi.ege.edu.tr TI - A comparative study of fluoride uptake from dentin bonding agents and glass-ionomer cements in permanent and primary tooth enamel. SO - Quintessence International 1999 Jul;30(7):496-500 AB - OBJECTIVE: Many fluoride-releasing dental materials are being sold on the basis of their cariostatic properties. However, the amount of fluoride release of these materials is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of fluoride uptake in primary and permanent tooth enamel from 1 conventional glass-ionomer cement (Fuji II), 1 resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Fuji II LC), and 2 fluoride-releasing dentin bonding agents (Liner Bond 2 and Optibond) in vitro. METHOD AND MATERIALS: One hundred sixty caries-free primary and permanent molar teeth were assigned to the study. Materials were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions to standard windows created on the enamel surfaces. The amount of fluoride uptake by enamel was investigated by using a specific fluoride electrode and acid-etching biopsy technique. RESULTS: The amount of fluoride taken up from Fuji II and Fuji II LC by permanent and primary tooth enamel was found to be statistically significant. However, no significant fluoride uptake from Optibond and Liner Bond 2 was found. CONCLUSION: Fuji II and Fuji II LC glass-ionomer materials seemed to provide more effective fluoride release than did Optibond and Liner Bond 2 in permanent and primary enamel. <11> UI - 20075337 AU - Wenderoth CJ AU - Weinstein M AU - Borislow AJ IN - Albert Einstein Medical Center, The Maxwell S. Fogel Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Orthodontics, Philadelphia, PA 19141-3098, USA. TI - Effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing sealant in reducing decalcification during orthodontic treatment. SO - American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics 1999 Dec;116(6):629-34 AB - Decalcification and caries during orthodontic treatment still remains a problem. A method to protect the susceptible area beneath and adjacent to bonded attachments, independent of patient compliance, would be extremely beneficial. A clinical trial was performed using a dual-cured lightly filled BIS-GMA fluoride-releasing sealant. The barrier effect of this material on white spot formation, gingival irritation, and plaque accumulation during fixed orthodontic therapy was examined. Twenty patients with a total of 225 metal brackets placed on anterior teeth participated in this study. Brackets were placed in both arches in a conventional manner with a chemically cured, unfilled bonding resin; 112 teeth (every other tooth) received the barrier material after bracket placement, while the remaining 113 teeth served as controls. Intraoral photographic slides were taken before and after treatment and were evaluated blindly by 7 observers for white spot formation. Gingival and plaque indexes were recorded initially and consecutively every 6 months. Observation time ranged from 5 to 18 months. The results of this prospective clinical study indicated that there was no significant difference (P >.05) between the decalcification rates of the treatment or control groups. Likewise there was no added benefit with respect to plaque accumulation or gingival irritation. <12> UI - 20067062 AU - Anusavice KJ IN - Department of Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0446, USA. kanusavice@dental.ufl.edu TI - Does ART have a place in preservative dentistry?. [Review] [17 refs] SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1999 Dec;27(6):442-8 AB - The ART technique consists of hand excavating carious tissue and placing a highly viscous glass ionomer cement as a restoration material and as a sealant. Although the results of several studies are promising, the retention rates of these restorations for primary teeth are not impressive. Materials and methods that yield greater success rates are needed to improve long-term caries management outcomes. In principle, ART should yield outcomes similar to those associated with preservative dentistry, including the potential for minimal surgical intervention, conservation of sound tooth structure, avoidance of pain and need for local anesthetic injections, reduced risk for subsequent endodontics and tooth extraction, and increased survival time of the affected teeth. The ideal direct-filling ART material would be biocompatible and tooth colored; "forgiving" in its handling properties; insensitive to moisture or desiccation; hardenable without special equipment; able to form stable bonds to enamel and dentin; able to seal marginal gaps against bacteria; capable of releasing fluoride or remineralization and antibacterial agents when demineralization is most likely; and resistant to chemical attack. The highly viscous glass ionomer materials currently used for ART meet several of this criteria, though they may be deficient in their ability to seal marginal gaps against bacteria and in their sensitivity to desiccation. Furthermore, although they release fluoride over the lifetime of the restoration, this fluoride release alone may not prevent caries progression in all cases. It is necessary for cases of high caries risk to use chlorhexidine in conjunction with fluoride to achieve caries arrest and remineralization of adjacent areas of the affected teeth. Thus, while the ART technique offers some benefits in restoring function and reducing the rate of caries progression, it is unlikely that current materials will be able to arrest caries progression completely in high-risk persons. [References: 17] <13> UI - 99412955 AU - Donly KJ AU - Kerber L IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA. TI - Demineralization inhibition at glass-ionomer cement and amalgam restoration margins in conjunction with additional fluoride regimens. SO - Special Care in Dentistry 1999 Jan-Feb;19(1):24-8 AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate demineralization inhibition at restoration gingival margins. The study compared the effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing restorative material and topical fluoride regimens utilized individually and in conjunction with fluoridated materials. Glass-ionomer restorations demonstrated significantly less dentin demineralization than amalgam restorations at restoration margins when the restorations were exposed to no external fluoride, when the restorations were brushed with a fluoridated dentifrice twice per day, and when the restorations were exposed to a fluoride rinse (p, 0.05). There was no significant difference in dentin demineralization adjacent to glass-ionomer and amalgam restorations when both a fluoride rinse and a fluoridated dentifrice were used on a daily basis over 30 days, in vitro. <14> UI - 99360014 AU - Hoszek A AU - Ericson D IN - Department of Cariology, Malmo University, Sweden. TI - Transient reduction of mutans streptococci on tooth surfaces using a chlorhexidine-containing glass ionomer cement varnish. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1999;23(2-3):97-105 AB - Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been incorporated in polymer-based varnishes to reduce mutans streptococci (ms) by the sustained release of CHX. Such varnishes often adhere well to teeth initially but are easily peeled off. To be effective, repeated application is necessary. Glass ionomer (GI) cements interacts with tooth minerals to form a stronger bond, and the inherent brittleness of the cement makes it difficult to remove in large fragments. The fluoride content may also reduce demineralisation. The aim of this study was to observe whether ms could be reduced interproximally and in saliva by a single application of a GI cement containing 3.3% CHX gluconate (CHX-GI). After professional tooth cleaning and a mouth rinse for 2 min with 0.2% CHX, the teeth of six subjects were coated with CHX-GI cement. An additional six subjects were treated with a GI cement that did not contain CHX, and seven subjects received professional tooth cleaning only. Ms samples were taken interproximally with the tooth pick method before and after treatment. Interproximal levels were classified according to the number of colony-forming units (c.f.u.) found: 0, 1-20, 21-100, and > 100. Saliva ms were sampled with the Strip Mutans method. After four weeks, the interproximal levels of ms had decreased only in the CHX-GI group (p < 0.05). In this group 9 of 14 highly colonised sites (> 100 c.f.u.) remained reduced throughout this period. In the GI and the untreated group a slight increase of ms interproximally was seen after one week. The interproximal ms scores in all groups approached baseline levels after 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in saliva ms levels between the groups during the test period. GI cement may be a possible vehicle for CHX in reducing ms interproximally. <15> UI - 99360299 AU - Bynum AM AU - Donly KJ IN - University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Pediatric Dentistry 78284-7914, USA. TI - Enamel de/remineralization on teeth adjacent to fluoride releasing materials without dentifrice exposure. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1999 Mar-Apr;66(2):89-92, 84 AB - Interproximal caries presents a continual clinical concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of fluoride-releasing materials to remineralize incipient caries lesions on adjacent teeth, at the interproximal site with and without exposure to a fluoridated dentifrice. Thirty extracted teeth had Class II preparations placed, then equal numbers were restored with amalgam (Tytin (3-Kerr), glass ionomer (Ketac Fil-ESPE) or composite (Heliomolar-Ivoclar). Thirty additional teeth had 1 x 5 mm artificial caries lesions formed at the interproximal contact point. One hundred mu thick sections were obtained at the caries sites and polarized photomicrographs were taken. The sections had varnish placed, leaving only the external section site exposed, and were situated back into the original tooth. These teeth were then mounted with the artificial lesion having an interproximal contact with the adjacent tooth restoration. Specimens were placed in closed environments of artificial saliva for two weeks; the saliva was changed every forty-eight hours. All teeth were cycled through an artificial caries system for thirty minutes, three times per day. Half the specimens in each group were brushed with Crest (Procter and Gamble) for two minutes, twice per day. The same sections were again photographed under polarized light and areas of the lesions were digitized quantitatively. Results demonstrated the mean (+/- S.D.) percent change in lesion size (water imbibition) for each material nonexposed and exposed to fluoridated dentifrice to be: Amalgam -64.1 +/- 22.0, -1.0 +/- 8.5; Glass Ionomer 2.2 +/- 10.6, 14.0 +/- 7.2; Composite -28.1 +/- 11.7, 18.2 +/- 6.7. Negative numbers represent demineralization and positive numbers represent remineralization. Duncan's analysis indicated the nonbrushed fluoride-releasing glass ionomer and composite resin to have significantly greater demineralization inhibition compared to the nonbrushed amalgam group and remineralization enhancement effects on adjacent interproximal lesions (p < 0.05) compared to the brushed amalgam group. <16> UI - 99300303 AU - Bell A AU - Creanor SL AU - Foye RH AU - Saunders WP IN - Hard Tissue Research Laboratory, University of Glasgow Dental School, UK. TI - The effect of saliva on fluoride release by a glass-ionomer filling material. SO - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1999 May;26(5):407-12 AB - The initial aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saliva and the formation of pellicle on the fluoride release in vitro of the glass-ionomer filling material, Chemfil Superior. For the first study glass-ionomer discs of 6 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm thick were made. Ten discs were immersed in whole stimulated saliva each day for 10 min and 10 control discs were immersed in deionized water. For the remaining 23 h and 50 min of each day, over the 20-day experimental period, both test and control discs were placed in deionized water. A considerable amount of fluoride was released on the first day (14.5 ppm F control and 13.3 ppm F test). The concentration of fluoride released on the second day fell sharply to 5.3 ppm F for controls and 4.9 ppm F for tests. This release had almost reached a plateau by day 10 and at day 20 the pellets continued to release low levels of fluoride. The concentration of fluoride released was only slightly higher for controls than for test discs when both were immersed in deionized water until day 20. However, during the 10-min period between 1.5 and 2 times as much fluoride was released into the deionized water as into saliva until day 20 when the ratio fell to 1.2:1. The second experiment assessed fluoride release when specimens were incubated for 1 h using an identical protocol. Again, less fluoride was released from the saliva-coated specimens compared with the controls (17%), which was not substantially different to the comparable 10-min samples (13%). This study indicates that saliva retards the release of fluoride from glass-ionomer and that this retarding effect is still present when discs are subsequently immersed in water compared with those that were placed in water alone. This suggests that salivary deposits have formed within minutes of immersion in saliva. This retarding effect was observed throughout the study period with the exception of the 20-day samples which had been incubated in saliva for 10 min. <17> UI - 99305402 AU - Donly KJ AU - Segura A AU - Wefel JS AU - Hogan MM IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio 78284, USA. TI - Evaluating the effects of fluoride-releasing dental materials on adjacent interproximal caries. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1999 Jun;130(6):817-25 AB - BACKGROUND: The authors examined several restorative materials to evaluate their ability to inhibit demineralization and enhance remineralization of incipient carious lesions on the interproximal enamel of teeth adjacent to those restored with the materials. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects in need of a crown on a mandibular molar and a Class II inlay on an adjacent tooth took part in this six-phase study. Artificial enamel lesions were created and positioned within the interproximal portion of a crown. Lesions were photographed with polarized light microscopy and characterized before and after 30-day intraoral exposures. Each phase included the placement of a new section in the crown model and a new Class II inlay restorative material in the adjacent tooth. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that nonfluoridated resin composite, fluoridated resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials, when placed in subjects who brushed with a fluoridated dentifrice, demonstrated significantly (P < .05) less enamel demineralization than the nonfluoridated resin composite control placed in subjects who brushed with a nonfluoridated dentifrice. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement, however, even when brushed with a nonfluoridated dentifrice, exhibited significantly (P < .05) less demineralization than the nonfluoridated resin composite control brushed with a nonfluoridated dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement appears to significantly inhibit demineralization of interproximal enamel of teeth adjacent to those restored with the material. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement restorations can enhance prevention of enamel demineralization on adjacent teeth. <18> UI - 99330252 AU - De Maeyer EA AU - Verbeeck RM AU - Vercruysse CW IN - Department of Dental Materials Science, University Hospital, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, University of Ghent, Belgium. TI - Stoichiometry of the leaching process of fluoride-containing aluminosilicate glass-ionomer glasses. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1999 Jul;78(7):1312-8 AB - Dental glass-ionomer cements (GIC) set by an acid-base reaction between a polyalkenoic acid and an ion-leachable glass. The exact relationship between the glass composition and the setting and final properties of GIC is not yet fully elucidated. As part of a systematic study of this relationship, we studied the leaching stoichiometry of glasses used in commercial formulations to correlate the glass composition with its leaching properties. The leaching experiments were performed in acetic acid solutions at pH = 3.4 by means of a pH-stat method. After predetermined time intervals, the suspension was filtered and the filtrate was analyzed for the glass constituents. The usefulness of the pH-stat method for the determination of glass reactivity was corroborated. The deviation of the leaching stoichiometry with respect to the pure glass stoichiometry decreased with increasing relative content of mono- and bivalent glass network dwellers and modifiers. Indications were found that the latter can be leached out independently and preferentially, while the leaching of network dwellers is coupled with the aluminum release. The F content as well as the reactivity of the glass affect the amount of fluoride available for release from a set GIC. It could be concluded that the leaching stoichiometry of GIC glasses can be correlated with their absolute and relative composition. <19> UI - 99232660 AU - Hse KM AU - Leung SK AU - Wei SH IN - Pamela Youde School Dental Clinic, Department of Health, Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong. TI - Resin-ionomer restorative materials for children: a review [see comments]. [Review] [106 refs] CM - Comment in: Aust Dent J 1999 Jun;44(2):138 SO - Australian Dental Journal 1999 Mar;44(1):1-11 AB - Hybrid restorative materials comprising resins and components of conventional glass ionomers have been widely introduced and accepted by the dental profession in recent years. These include the resin-modified glass ionomer cements and the polyacidmodified resin composites or compomers. They are developed in an attempt to overcome the problems of traditional restoratives, such as moisture sensitivity and reduced early strength, while at the same time maintaining their clinical advantages of command setting, adhesion to tooth structures, adequate strength to occlusal load, fluoride release and aesthetics. This paper reviews the development, composition and properties of these new materials. Their clinical performance appears to be promising and they should be considered as good alternatives to amalgam and other conventional restorative materials in the future. [References: 106] <20> UI - 99110707 AU - Weerheijm KL AU - Kreulen CM AU - de Soet JJ AU - Groen HJ AU - van Amerongen WE IN - Departments of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, ACTA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.K.Weerheijm@acta.nl TI - Bacterial counts in carious dentine under restorations: 2-year in vivo effects. SO - Caries Research 1999;33(2):130-4 AB - Little is known about the long-term effects of fluoride-releasing materials on carious dentine in vivo. The aim was to investigate the 2-year influence of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RM-GIC) and amalgam on the bacteriological counts of carious dentine that remained under class I restorations. To enable a split-mouth design, 33 molar pairs in 33 patients (mean age 15.1 years, SD 1.4) were selected, based on clinically and radiographically diagnosed occlusal dentine caries. The enamel of the carious molars was removed, and the carious dentine was sampled under aseptic conditions just beneath the dentinoenamel junction. The molars were alternately restored with RM-GIC or amalgam without further removal of carious dentine. The samples were processed for microbiological determination of total viable counts (TVC), mutans streptococci (MS), and lactobacilli (LB). The molar pairs of 25 patients were reevaluated after 2 years using the same clinical techniques and were permanently restored after complete caries removal. Both materials showed a substantial decrease in numbers of TVC and LB of the carious dentine after the 2-year period. Compared to amalgam, the decrease in the numbers of LB was significantly more pronounced for RM-GIC. No microorganisms were detected in only 11 molars (6 RM-GIC and 5 amalgam) after the 2-year period. Based on this study, we suggest that complete removal of carious dentine is still the best conservative treatment, irrespective of the restorative material used. <21> UI - 99096444 AU - Bishara SE AU - Gordan VV AU - VonWald L AU - Jakobsen JR IN - Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA. TI - Shear bond strength of composite, glass ionomer, and acidic primer adhesive systems. SO - American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics 1999 Jan;115(1):24-8 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded with one of three methods: (1) a glass ionomer adhesive with a 20% polyacrylic acid enamel conditioner; (2) a composite resin adhesive used with 37% phosphoric acid etchant and a conventional primer; or (3) the same composite resin used with an acidic primer that combines the etchant with the primer in one application. The brackets were bonded to the teeth according to one of three protocols. Group I teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) following the manufacturer's instructions. Group I acted as the control group. Group II teeth were etched with an acidic primer (Clearfil Liner Bond 2. J.C. Moritta Kuraway, Japan) that contains both the acid (Phenyl-P) and the primer (HEMA and dimethacrylate) and was placed on the enamel for 30 seconds; the adhesive used to bond the brackets was Transbond XT as in Group I. Group III teeth were etched with 20% polyacrylic acid and the brackets were bonded with Fuji Bond LC (G.C. America, Chicago, Ill). A steel rod with one flattened end was attached to the crosshead of a Zwick test machine (Zwick GmbH & Co, Ulm, Germany). An occlusogingival load was applied to the bracket, producing a shear force at the bracket-tooth interface. The results indicated that the resin/phosphoric acid adhesive system (control group) provided the strongest shear bond strength x = 10.4 +/- 2.8 MPa). The glass ionomer adhesive system provided a significantly lower bond strength (x = 6.5 +/- 1.9 MPa). The least shear bond strength was present when the acidic primer was used with an orthodontic adhesive (x = 2.8 +/- 1.9 MPa). In the present study, the use of either a fluoride-releasing glass ionomer or an acidic primer in combination with an available orthodontic composite adhesive resulted in a significantly reduced shear bond strength when compared with that of the conventional composite resin adhesive system. At the present time, the orthodontist and the patient are better served by using phosphoric acid/composite resin adhesive system or other equivalent systems that provide a clinically reliable bond strength between the bracket, the adhesive, and the enamel surface. <22> UI - 99450263 AU - Yip HK AU - Lam WT AU - Smales RJ IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, China. TI - Fluoride release, weight loss and erosive wear of modern aesthetic restoratives. SO - British Dental Journal 1999 Sep 11;187(5):265-70 AB - OBJECTIVE: In this investigation, the in vitro sustained fluoride release, weight loss and erosive wear of three conventional glass ionomer cements (Fuji IX, ChemFil Superior, Ketac-Silver), three resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Photac-Fil), a polyacid-modified resin composite (Dyract), and a resin composite control material (Z100) were compared. METHODS: The amounts of fluoride released and weight changes were measured for 12 weeks using a fluoride electrode with TISAB III buffer. After 12 weeks, the specimens were recharged with fluoride using 2 mL of 1.23% APF gel. The recharged specimens were assessed for the amounts of fluoride released and weight changes over another 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the specimens were examined with SEM and surface profilometry. RESULTS: All materials, with the exception of Z100, showed the highest initial fluoride release rates during the first 2 days, dropping quickly over 2 weeks and becoming largely stabilised after 5 weeks, in an exponential mode. The recharging of the specimens with APF gel caused a large increase in the amounts of fluoride released during the first 2 days only. Analyses for all cements showed strong correlations between mean weight loss and cumulative fluoride release over a 5-week period following the application of the APF gel. SEM and surface profilometry found that roughness increased from the polyacid-modified resin composite to the conventional glass ionomer cements. CONCLUSIONS: APF gel caused erosive wear of the glass ionomer cements especially, and the wear correlated well with the weight losses. To minimise surface erosion, APF gel should not be used on these cements, especially as the recharging effects are transitory. <23> UI - 20020822 AU - ten Cate JM AU - van Loveren C IN - Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands. TI - Fluoride mechanisms. [Review] [116 refs] SO - Dental Clinics of North America 1999 Oct;43(4):713-42, vii AB - This article discusses fluoride mechanisms in relation to dental caries. The authors specifically address firmly bound versus loosely bound fluoride; different fluoride active ingredients; fluoride and demineralization and remineralization; fluoride slow-release devices and F-releasing dental materials; antimicrobial effects of fluoride; the uptake of fluoride by oral bacteria; inhibition of enolase, protein-intruding ATPase and sugar transport; the various aspects of plaque as it relates to fluoride; and the rational use of fluoride. [References: 116] <24> UI - 99314446 AU - van Dijken JW AU - Sjostrom S IN - Institution of Oral Biology, Dental Hygienist Education, Dental School, Umea University, Sweden. Jan.van.Dijken@oralbio.umu.se TI - Development of gingivitis around aged restorations of resin-modified glass ionomer cement, polyacid-modified resin composite (compomer) and resin composite. SO - Clinical Oral Investigations 1998 Dec;2(4):180-3 AB - Resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) and polyacid-modified resin composites (PMC, compomers) are two recently introduced material groups supposed to replace traditional cements in operative dentistry. The new restoratives release initially fluoride in different relatively high concentrations, which decrease gradually during the first weeks in vivo. Earlier studies showed a stronger subclinical inflammatory reaction around different conventional tooth colored restorative materials than around intact enamel. The aim of this study was to compare intra-individually the initiation of gingival inflammation around, aged RMGIC, PMC and resin composite restorations. Subgingivally located Class III restorations were placed in 17 patients. Each patient received one of each of the experimental materials. All patients were placed on an oral hygiene regime 1-year after finishing of the restorations. Gingivitis was induced during a one-week period without oral hygiene. The gingival condition was assessed by sampling of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), registration of the amount of bacterial plaque and by registration of bleeding after gentle probing of the entrance of the gingival sulcus (SBI) on the experimental filling- and control-enamel surfaces at days 0 and 7. No differences were seen in plaque and gingival index scores between the materials at both days. The GCF increased significantly for all surfaces during the experimental gingivitis period. At day 7 significantly lower GCF was sampled around the enamel surfaces. In conclusion, the differences between the materials did not result in measurable differences concerning clinical or subclinical signs of gingivitis. <25> UI - 99314440 AU - Donly KJ AU - Grandgenett C IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA. TI - Dentin demineralization inhibition at restoration margins of Vitremer, Dyract and Compoglass. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1998 Oct;11(5):245-8 AB - PURPOSE: To examine the in vitro caries inhibition of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer-3M) and two compomers (Dyract-Dentsply; Compoglass-Ivoclar). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized Class V preparations were placed in 40 molars, the gingival margin placed below the cementoenamel junction. Randomly, 10 Vitremer, 10 Dyract and 10 Compoglass restorations were placed according to manufacturer's instructions, in 30 teeth. Ten teeth received P-50 composite resin (3M) restorations and acted as the control. All teeth had an acid-resistant varnish placed to within 1 mm of restoration margins and they were then placed into artificial saliva for 4 weeks, the saliva being replenished every 48 hours. All teeth were subjected to an artificial caries challenge (pH 4.4) for 5 days. Sections of 100 microns were obtained, photographed under polarized light microscopy, and then digitized to quantitate demineralized areas adjacent to the restoration. RESULTS: The mean (+/- S.D) area (microns 2) demineralization 100 microns from the dentin/gingival margin was: Vitremer 4965 +/- 841, Compoglass 4981 +/- 2209, Dyract 5375 +/- 516, P-50 8088 +/- 2083. ANOVA and Duncan's (P < 0.05) indicated all three fluoride-releasing materials examined in this study had significantly less demineralization adjacent to restoration margins than the P-50 composite resin control. Seventy percent of glass ionomer cement restorations demonstrated adjacent dentin inhibition zones, while no dentin inhibition zones were demonstrated with the compomer restorations. <26> UI - 99300469 AU - Ewoldsen N AU - Herwig L IN - Department of Adult Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, USA. TI - Decay-inhibiting restorative materials: past and present. [Review] [27 refs] SO - Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ) 1998 Oct;19(10):981-4, 986, 988 passim; quiz 992 AB - Clear differences exist in the fluoride release characteristics and setting reactions of glass-ionomer cements and compomers. Differences in decay inhibition associated with specific materials are less clear. Furthermore, resin added to glass ionomer cement formulations and acids added to composite resins make it difficult to distinguish composite resins from compomers and glass ionomer cements, all of which have reported fluoride release. Optimal fluoride release from a dental restorative depends on several conditions, including oral flora, saliva, diet, mineral content of the dental tissues, and marginal seal of the restoration. Presently, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that materials which behave similarly to silicate cements in their setting reactions and hydration characteristics will behave as decay-inhibiting restoratives. Until optimal fluoride release from dental restoratives can be quantified, dental clinicians are encouraged to consider clinical outcomes as the best test for decay inhibition. Nearly a century of clinical findings support the anticariogenicity of silicate cements. This article reviews fluoride release and anticariogenicity of restorative materials using silicate cement as a model with a well-defined mechanism for preventing secondary caries. The behavior of newer materials is compared to silicate cement for predicting decay inhibition. [References: 27] <27> UI - 99061537 AU - Vorhies AB AU - Donly KJ AU - Staley RN AU - Wefel JS IN - University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. avorhies@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu TI - Enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets bonded with hybrid glass ionomer cements: an in vitro study [see comments]. CM - Comment in: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999 May;115(5):13A SO - American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics 1998 Dec;114(6):668-74 AB - Enamel demineralization is recognized as a possible side effect of bonding orthodontic brackets with composite resins. Fluoride-releasing restorative materials have been shown to inhibit tooth demineralization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two fluoride-releasing hybrid glass ionomer bonding agents for inhibition of enamel demineralization surrounding orthodontic brackets under two experimental conditions. This in vitro study used 72 extracted human premolars. Twenty-four teeth were bonded with Advance resionomer, 24 were bonded with Fuji Ortho LC hybrid glass ionomer and 24 were bonded with Transbond XT composite resin as the control. The teeth were cycled in an artificial caries challenge three times daily for 30 days. Half of the teeth in each group were brushed twice daily with a fluoridated dentifrice, and the other half were not brushed. Demineralization of enamel surrounding orthodontic brackets was evaluated with polarized light microscopy. Enamel lesions were photographed under maximum illumination. Images were projected, and demineralized areas were traced. Both average depth and area were measured with a sonic digitizer. Analysis of variance (P <.0001) and Duncan's test (P <.05) indicated significant differences in depth and area of demineralized enamel such that lesion size was: Transbond XT no brush > Transbond XT brush > Advance no brush = Advance brush = Fuji Ortho LC no brush = Fuji Ortho brush. The promising results of this in vitro study warrant further clinical investigation of hybrid glass ionomer adhesives as orthodontic bonding agents to minimize enamel demineralization. <28> UI - 99080810 AU - Eichmiller FC AU - Marjenhoff WA IN - American Dental Association Health Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. TI - Fluoride-releasing dental restorative materials. [Review] [108 refs] SO - Operative Dentistry 1998 Sep-Oct;23(5):218-28 AB - In the 1940s, dentists observed that secondary caries was rarely associated with silicate cement restorations. While the relatively stable dimensional properties of those restorations were undoubtedly a factor in this fortunate circumstance, the fact that fluoride was inherent in the composition of the material received the greater credit. By the mid-1980s, a wide variety of fluoride-releasing dental restorative materials were available to dentists and dental consumers, and the cariostatic effect of fluoride ions on enamel caries had been demonstrated in many studies. This paper reviews much of the fluoride-related research conducted on fluoride-releasing amalgam, glass-ionomer cements, composites, primers, sealants, liners, acrylic resins, and orthodontic bracket bonding materials. The need for standardization of test methods is addressed, as is the need for more controlled clinical trials and additional research. [References: 108] <29> UI - 99061358 AU - Dionysopoulos P AU - Kotsanos N AU - Papadogiannis Y AU - Konstantinidis A IN - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dental School, Department of Operative Dentistry, Greece. TI - Artificial caries formation around fluoride-releasing restorations in roots. SO - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1998 Nov;25(11):814-20 AB - Secondary caries is one of the most important factors leading to replacement of dental restorations. This investigation assessed the capacity of fluoride-releasing restorative materials to resist caries in vitro when used in roots. Class 5 cavities were prepared in the buccal and lingual surfaces of 30 extracted premolars. The six materials used were: glass-ionomer cement (Fuji), glass-ionomer cement with silver particles added (Ketac-silver), fluoride-containing composite resin (Tetric), composite resin (Silux plus), fluoride-containing amalgam (Fluor-Alloy) and high-copper amalgam (Dispersalloy). After 5 weeks in an acid gel for caries-like lesion formation, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally and examined with polarized light. The results showed that repair with glass-ionomer materials of a carious lesion may be of great importance in the prevention of secondary caries around the restorations in roots. <30> UI - 99011829 AU - Iida M AU - Nakagaki H AU - Kato K AU - Chu S AU - Kojima S AU - Igo J AU - Miyajima K AU - Goto S IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan. TI - Fluoride release from a light-cured bonding material in openbite orthodontic patients. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1998 Sep-Oct;65(5):330-4, 355 AB - This study was undertaken to clarify whether the salivary fluoride concentration on the anterior and premolar teeth, released from an orthodontic bonding material, differed between openbite and non-openbite patients. Using fluoride-releasing bonding materials, brackets were bonded to the teeth in openbite and in non-openbite patients. Saliva films on the tooth surfaces near the brackets were collected with filter paper and fluoride concentrations in the saliva were determined by using a fluoride electrode technique. Saliva was collected and analyzed at different periods after the bonding. Fluoride concentrations in the saliva increased sharply immediately after bonding, decreased gradually thereafter, then leveled off. Fluoride concentrations in the saliva on the tooth surfaces were higher in openbite patients for one day to as long as one week. The results of the two-way analysis (ANOVA) showed that the differences in the overbite factor (openbite, non-openbite) contributed to the variances the most (p < 0.001; contribution, 59.50 percent after one day and p < 0.01; contribution, 49.63 percent after 3 days). In conclusion, the fluoride released from the bonding materials on the tooth surfaces was retained more in openbite than in non-openbite patients, suggesting their lower flow rate of saliva. <31> UI - 98449821 AU - Kawai K AU - Tantbirojn D AU - Kamalawat AS AU - Hasegawa T AU - Retief DH IN - Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan kkawai@ dent.osaka-u.ac.jp TI - In vitro enamel and cementum fluoride uptake from three fluoride-containing composites. SO - Caries Research 1998;32(6):463-9 AB - The incorporation of fluoride into restorations is desirable because of its cariostatic action. The purpose of this study was to determine fluoride release and fluoride uptake by enamel and cementum from three visible light-cured fluoride-containing composites. Seven circular discs of each composite were prepared and the amount of fluoride released into distilled water was determined at daily intervals for 14 days and then after 30, 60 and 90 days. The fluoride concentration in enamel and cementum was determined in three successive depths by an acid etch biopsy procedure. The composite slabs were made and ligated to the enamel and cementum surfaces and the teeth were immersed in synthetic saliva for 7 days. After removal of the composite slabs, three successive biopsies were again performed. Then the teeth were immersed in 1 M KOH for 24 h and similar biopsies done. The fluoride concentrations were adjusted to standardized depths of 10&mgr;m, and the total and bound fluoride uptake calculated. The amounts of fluoride released were significantly different among the three composites. The fluoride released decreased sharply after 1 day and then gradually reached a plateau. As for the enamel and cementum fluoride uptake, FluorEver showed the largest uptake followed by FluoroCore and then Pertac-Hybrid. <32> UI - 99040419 AU - Naasan MA AU - Watson TF IN - Department of Conservative Dentistry, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. TI - Conventional glass ionomers as posterior restorations. A status report for the American Journal of Dentistry. [Review] [109 refs] SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1998 Feb;11(1):36-45 AB - The search for a material to replace amalgam continues as a major quest in materials science. Resin composites may offer one solution but an alternative class of material, the glass ionomer cements (GICs) may have some potential for fulfilling this role. GICs were first introduced to the dental profession in 1976, and have now become an accepted part of the dental armamentarium, especially for use in low load bearing situations. They possess a low coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of tooth structure, physicochemical bonding to both enamel and dentin, and the release of fluoride ions into the adjacent tooth tissue. These properties help to reduce marginal leakage and may contribute to a reduced incidence of recurrent decay in the restored tooth. Fluoride released into the ambient fluids has a caries-preventive effect in neighboring teeth by enhancing remineralization and inhibiting demineralization of the dental hard tissues. The main criticisms of the GICs are their brittleness, poor surface polish, porosity and surface wear. To overcome some of these deficiencies, considerable attention has been directed at improving their physical properties, especially with the addition of metal powders, the metal-modified GICs. Different metal powders have been tried, including alloys of silver and tin, pure silver, gold, titanium, palladium and stainless steel. There is conflicting data as to whether or not these materials are sufficiently strong for use in high stress restorations, especially their potential use as replacement materials for amalgam fillings. [References: 109] <33> UI - 99040416 AU - Ferracane JL AU - Mitchem JC AU - Adey JD IN - Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA. ferracan@ohsu.edu TI - Fluoride penetration into the hybrid layer from a dentin adhesive. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1998 Feb;11(1):23-8 AB - PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vitro microleakage of a new fluoride-containing dentin adhesive and to provide evidence for fluoride release from the adhesive and penetration into the dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class V preparations with margins in enamel and dentin were made in the buccal and lingual surfaces of six extracted human third molars. Six preparations were restored with Scotchbond Multipurpose (SBMP)/Z100 composite and six with a new fluoride containing dentin adhesive (FB)/Litefil composite. After aging for 30 days in water at 37 degrees C, the teeth were stained with silver nitrate, sectioned and graded by two observers for leakage at the enamel and dentin margins. Selected FB specimens were examined in the scanning electron microprobe using WDS for fluoride and EDS for calcium and phosphorous. Fluoride release into water from disks of FB adhesive was evaluated for up to 112 days using a specific ion electrode. RESULTS: Fluoride leached from the adhesive at a decreasing rate with time. The final rate over 112 days was 0.02 ppm/day (0.2 microgram/cm2/day). Leakage at the enamel and dentin margins was similar for both adhesives (Mann-Whitney U-test; P < or = 0.05). SEM evaluation showed the presence of a discontinuous hybrid layer of 2-3 microns. Fluoride was present within, but limited to, the hybrid layer for the FB adhesive. The penetration of fluoride could only be confirmed in areas where leakage had occurred. <34> UI - 98333540 AU - Hicks MJ AU - Flaitz CM IN - Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA. TI - Caries formation in vitro around a fluoride-releasing pit and fissure sealant in primary teeth. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1998 May-Jun;65(3):161-8 AB - The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare the caries preventive effects of a fluoride releasing sealant (FS) with a conventional sealant (CS) using an artificial secondary caries system. Twelve primary teeth with caries-free buccal and lingual surfaces were selected for this study. The teeth were sectioned into quarters. Following a fluoride-free prophylaxis, cavity preparations were placed in the buccal and lingual surfaces of the tooth quarters, acid-etched and sealed with FS and CS per the manufacturer's instructions as follows: 1) mesiobuccal and mesiolingual quarters (FS, Fissurit-F, VocoChemie): and 2) distobuccal and distolingual quarters (CS, Fissurit, VocoChemie). The specimens were thermocycled (500 cycles) in artificial saliva and then exposed to an artificial caries system. Longitudinal sections were taken and examined by polarized light microscopy to determine mean surface lesion depth and presence of wall lesions, following lesion initiation (6 weeks of gel exposure) and lesion progression (9 weeks of gel exposure). Mean surface lesion depth was 124 mu for FS and 176 mu for CS (p < 0.05, paired t-test) after lesion initiation, and 167 mu for FS and 238 mu for CS (p < 0.05, paired t-test) after lesion progression. Wall lesions were less frequent (p > 0.05, paired t-test) with FS (21 percent initiation, 29 percent progression) than with CS (25 percent initiation, 38 percent progression). Improved caries resistance in enamel adjacent to a fluoride-releasing pit and fissure sealant may prove to be beneficial in reducing primary surface lesion depth during caries formation and progression, while decreasing caries susceptibility of enamel sealed with a fluoride-releasing pit and fissure sealant. <35> UI - 98307459 AU - Smith DC IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. TI - Development of glass-ionomer cement systems. [Review] [102 refs] SO - Biomaterials 1998 Mar;19(6):467-78 AB - In the 1960s the idea of positive physico-chemical adhesion with tooth substance resulted in the invention of polyacrylic acid-based cements, first the zinc polycarboxylate and, subsequently, the glass-ionomer cements. These materials were shown to undergo specific adhesion with hydroxyapatite and proved to have properties satisfactory for a variety of clinical applications. The key properties of the glass-ionomer cements--fluoride release over a prolonged period and specific adhesion to enamel and dentine coupled with aesthetic qualities are related to their characteristics as aqueous polyelectrolyte systems. In order to improve toughness, speed of setting and resistance to dehydration, hybrid materials in which some of the water content of the glass-ionomer system was replaced by water-soluble polymers or monomer systems capable of ambient polymerization were formulated in the late 1980s. These materials, which have been termed resin-modified glass-ionomer cements, involve, ideally, the formation of an interpenetrating polymer network combining the acid-base cross-linking reaction of the metal ion-polyacid with the cross-linking polymerization of the monomer system or additive action of the polymers. In the predominantly resin materials there is little polyelectrolyte character and it is controversial whether such materials should be categorized as glass-ionomer cement systems. The specific advantages of these materials over traditional glass-ionomer systems and over composite restorative systems remain to be fully documented. Studies of adsorption to hydroxyapatite of typical monomers using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS) indicate that resistance to water displacement decreases as hydrophobicity increases. [References: 102] <36> UI - 98307463 AU - Forsten L IN - Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Fluoride release and uptake by glass-ionomers and related materials and its clinical effect. [Review] [22 refs] SO - Biomaterials 1998 Mar;19(6):503-8 AB - The anticariogenic effect of silicate cement is well known and considered a result of fluoride release. In several studies a similar fluoride release from conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) has been established. Therefore, an anticariogenic effect may be predicted from the GICs too. In my studies the fluoride release was studied by exposing the test specimens to a continuous flow of running tap water. At certain time periods the specimens were transferred for 1 week in a small amount of deionized water (5 ml). The determination of the fluoride content of the solution showed the fluoride release of the material at that time. There was an initial 'burst' effect of fluoride release and then the release gradually decreased, settling at a constant level. The long-term release from conventional GICs was shown to remain on the same level for at least 8 years. The amount of the constant release did not differ much between different brands. Resin-modified GICs released fluoride to the same extent and in the similar way as conventional GICs whereas polyacid-modified composites ('compomers') did not show an initial fluoride 'burst' effect. To study the fluoride binding ability of GICs, specimens which had been exposed to running water for different periods of time were treated with a 50 ppm fluoride solution. After this 'recharging' GIC and resin-modified GIC specimens released more than twice the amount of fluoride released before the treatment. The fluoride treatment had no effect on polyacid-modified composites or on fluoride-containing composites or on the amalgams. To get an impression of the clinical effect of GICs a questionnaire was handed out to practitioners attending courses in the Nordic countries and in Australia during the period 1991-1992 which resulted in 954 answers. Among other questions, the dentists were asked if they had observed caries and gingival inflammation in association with GIC and composite fillings. According to the opinion of most dentists caries and gingival inflammation had never or only seldom been observed in association with GIC fillings whereas most dentists had observed these complications often in connection with composite restorations. [References: 22] <37> UI - 98307465 AU - McCabe JF IN - Dental School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. TI - Resin-modified glass-ionomers. [Review] [59 refs] SO - Biomaterials 1998 Mar;19(6):521-7 AB - This paper reviews the current status of resin-modified glass-ionomers and presents the results of recent findings of research in some key areas. The debate on nomenclature pertaining to these products is perceived as being pointless and the need for application-based ISO standards is raised. Setting characteristics are similar in many respects to those of light-activated composites, although some products have limited working time due to the influence of the acid-base setting reaction and sensitivity to ambient light. Water absorption and swelling are generally very high. The clinical significance of swelling after water exposure is unknown. Mechanical properties of most materials lie between those of the composites and conventional glass-ionomers depending upon the resin content of the matrix phase of the set material. Some products demonstrate an inherent adhesion to enamel, although etching may be required in order to make the bond clinically effective. Bonding to dentine is probably through a more complex mechanism than that involved with conventional glass-ionomers. Conditioning and priming of dentine is often advocated. Fluoride release rates and their clinical significance is an area which requires clarification and standardization. The key factor appears to be the frequency with which the storage water is changed. Equilibration is reached within minutes for some materials and their true fluoride-releasing potential can only be judged under dynamic test conditions. [References: 59] <38> UI - 98307472 AU - Mount GJ TI - Clinical performance of glass-ionomers. [Review] [34 refs] SO - Biomaterials 1998 Mar;19(6):573-9 AB - Glass-ionomers were introduced to the profession 20 years ago and have been shown to be a very useful adjunct to restorative dentistry. Their major advantages include the ion exchange adhesion to both enamel and dentine and a continuing fluoride release throughout the life of the restoration. The chemistry of the setting reaction is essentially an acid/base reaction but recent research has introduced variations in an effort to improve clinical handling. Small additions of resin increase the physical properties to a degree and allow for a light-initiated setting mechanism. However, it is essential that the acid/base reaction remains dominant if the full advantages of the glass-ionomer are to be retained. The material has multiple uses in dentistry and it shows a high degree of biocompatibility to the pulp and surrounding soft tissues. The main limitation at this time is a relatively low fracture resistance but it is possible to protect it through lamination with stronger materials if the need arises. This paper examines the essential parameters for successful clinical placement and comments on its longevity. [References: 34] <39> UI - 98364603 AU - Creanor SL AU - Awawdeh LA AU - Saunders WP AU - Foye RH AU - Gilmour WH IN - University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, UK. s.creanor@dental.gla.ac.uk TI - The effect of a resin-modified glass ionomer restorative material on artificially demineralised dentine caries in vitro. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1998 Jul-Aug;26(5-6):527-31 AB - OBJECTIVES: Recurrent caries is one of the most common reasons for the replacement of restorations. One method of reducing the frequency of this problem may be by using fluoride-releasing restorative materials. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the progression of artificial lesions around resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer) restorations placed in root surfaces. Class V cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of 28 human premolar teeth. Artificial carious wall lesions were created in all cavities. The root of each tooth was then hemisected through the middle of the two cavities, before being restored with either the glass ionomer or amalgam, while the opposing cavities on the same root portion were varnished as negative controls. Forty-eight specimens were pH-cycled in remineralising and demineralising solutions for 20 h and 4 h, respectively, each day for 4 weeks, whilst in a smaller control group of eight specimens, the demineralising solution was replaced with deionised water. Mineral changes in the carious lesions were evaluated using contact microradiography. RESULTS: Results showed that varying degrees of subsurface demineralisation and remineralisation were evident, with a laminated appearance in lesions adjacent to the glass ionomer. There was higher remineralisation in the glass ionomer-filled cavities compared with the amalgam-filled cavities. In the water-cycled group, glass ionomer showed an increase in mineral content (p < 0.05), while no changes were observed in the amalgam-filled cavities. CONCLUSIONS: This model has shown that glass ionomer has a greater potential than amalgam for remineralisation of artificially created wall lesions within an acidic environment. <40> UI - 98364604 AU - Chung CK AU - Millett DT AU - Creanor SL AU - Gilmour WH AU - Foye RH IN - Unit of Orthodontics, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, UK. TI - Fluoride release and cariostatic ability of a compomer and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement used for orthodontic bonding. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1998 Jul-Aug;26(5-6):533-8 AB - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to compare the local and systemic uptake of fluoride released from a compomer material (Dyract Ortho) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer) with that of a conventional resin adhesive (Right-On) and to compare the cariostatic ability of each of the test materials with that of the resin control. METHODS: Twenty six patients were randomly allocated to have a bracket bonded to a premolar on one side of the arch with one of the test materials and on the opposite side with the control material. Premolars destined for extraction as part of an orthodontic treatment plan were selected for bonding. A non-fluoride toothpaste was used by all participants for 4 weeks prior to bracket bonding and throughout the 4 week trial period. Fluoride release was measured in saliva, plaque and urine samples taken pre-bonding and 4 weeks post-bonding. Enamel demineralisation was assessed by scoring the buccal surface of each extracted tooth using a caries index. RESULTS: Neither Vitremer nor Dyract Ortho altered salivary or urinary fluoride concentration significantly 4 weeks post-bonding but plaque fluoride concentration increased significantly around premolars bonded with Vitremer. The test materials as a combined group were associated with significantly less demineralisation than the control material but there was no significant difference in cariostatic ability detected between either Dyract Ortho or Vitremer when each group was compared separately with the control. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride released from Dyract Ortho or Vitremer is likely to exert a local and not a systemic effect. In a 4-week clinical study, the cariostatic ability of the fluoride-releasing cements, as a combined group, was superior to that of the non-fluoride releasing control but there was no significant difference in cariostatic ability between the two test materials when each test group was compared separately with the control. <41> UI - 98310365 AU - Kashani H IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Goteborg University. TI - Studies on fluoridated toothpicks. SO - Swedish Dental Journal - Supplement 1998;126:1-48 AB - The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the wooden toothpick as a vehicle for the delivery of fluoride to the approximal area. After two minutes use in vivo, the release of fluoride from the pointed section of a toothpick impregnated in 4% NaF was estimated to 0.15 mg. Toothpicks produced similar or somewhat higher fluoride concentrations in the approximal area compared with other fluoride-containing products, like dentifrice, mouthrinse solution and tablet. The mean fluoride concentration in an approximal area treated for two minutes with a toothpick impregnated in 4% NaF was around 11 mM/l. Toothpicks impregnated in 4% NaF, 8% SnF2 or 2% chlorhexidine had an effect on the proportion of mutans streptococci and on the decline of pH in dental plaque, but it was small and only of short duration. The recolonization of mutans streptococci was, however, slower after using the SnF2- and chlorhexidine-impregnated toothpicks than after using the NaF- and non-impregnated toothpicks. The effect of fluoridated toothpicks on the degree of de- and remineralization of enamel and dentine was measured using transversal microradiography in an in situ study. Four weeks' use of toothpicks, especially of NaF-impregnated toothpicks, reduced the degree of demineralization of enamel and dentine at approximal sites. Secondary ion mass spectrometry was also used to determine the fluoride content in the outer surface of dentine, which increased more than 10 times after using fluoride toothpicks compared with non-impregnated toothpicks. In a second in situ study, 4% NaF-, 2% chlorhexidine- and non-impregnated toothpicks had a similar effect on sound and demineralized enamel and on demineralized dentine. However, the NaF toothpicks were superior in terms of their effect on sound dentine. The effect on mutans streptococci and plaque-pH, on the other hand, was the same for all three types of toothpicks. The main conclusion from this thesis is that the wooden toothpick is a suitable vehicle for the delivery of fluoride to the approximal area. <42> UI - 98331790 AU - Anusavice KJ IN - Department of Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0446, USA. TI - Chlorhexidine, fluoride varnish, and xylitol chewing gum: underutilized preventive therapies?. [Review] [39 refs] SO - General Dentistry 1998 Jan-Feb;46(1):34-8, 40 AB - The successful implementation of a preventive dentistry program depends, to a large extent, on the compliance of the patient. The scheduled program would include: recall appointments, all instructions relative to oral hygiene, use of nightly fluoride rinses, and control of diet. To ensure that high-risk patients who have cariogenic bacteria are adequately treated, chlorhexidine rinses may be required on a periodic basis. The patient's level of risk must determine all treatment decisions. For low-risk patients, the times between recall appointments can be extended when evidence of caries arrest and remineralization can be documented. High-risk patients should be recalled at least every three months, until evidence of lesion arrest and/or remineralization has been documented. For patients with extremely low saliva flow rates, the combined chlorhexidine and fluoride method may be required. If the caries risk is still judged to be high according to bacteria counts and/or evidence of further lesion development or progression, more frequent applications of chlorhexidine may be required. Because fluoride varnish is generally more effective on smooth surfaces than on fissure sites, moderate caries-risk patients should receive fluoride varnish on smooth surfaces, and sealants, when indicated, on fissure sites. As the caries risk of the patient is reduced to a low-risk level, less frequent use of fluoride-containing or fluoride releasing products is indicated, and there can be longer periods between recall examinations. Three applications of fluoride varnish, applied to a single week, appear to provide greater caries protection than two applications per year. Attempts should be made to ensure that the varnish is applied immediately after cleaning the teeth and protected as long as possible after the varnish has been applied (preferably at least 10 hours). Fluoride varnish appears to be as effective as topical fluoride gel and may be safer. Thus, a greater frequently of application is permitted without a significant risk of fluorosis. Prevention is more cost effective as the patient shifts from a high-risk level to a low-risk level. Recall appointments can subsequently be extended and more conservative prevention treatments are warranted. Over an extended treatment period, the cost for the preservative dentistry option should be comparable to and perhaps less than the cost of placing and replacing dental restorations. [References: 39] <43> UI - 98274888 AU - Shaw AJ AU - Carrick T AU - McCabe JF IN - Department of Child Dental Health, Newcastle Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. TI - Fluoride release from glass-ionomer and compomer restorative materials: 6-month data. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1998 May;26(4):355-9 AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the daily fluoride release of two glass ionomers (Ketac-Fil and ChemFil Superior) and two compomers (Compoglass and Dyract Restorative) over 6 months. METHODS: A pilot study evaluated the time taken for sample solutions to equilibrate to establish an appropriate time period for sample solution storage between fluoride ion measurements. In the main study storage water replacement and fluoride ion determination was made daily using a specific ion electrode, TISAB buffer and standard solutions for calibration. RESULTS: Equilibration of fluoride concentration in aqueous solution occurred in under 48 h for all materials. Total fluoride released (microgram mm-2) after 6 months by Ketac-Fil (30.6, s.d. 4.9) was significantly greater than ChemFil Superior (12.7, s.d. 2.5), Compoglass (10.4, s.d. 1.0) and Dyract Restorative (7.7, s.d. 1.7) (P < 0.05). Daily fluoride release at 24 h and 10 days was significantly higher for the glass ionomers than the compomers (P < 0.05). After 40 days the daily fluoride release (microgram mm-2) from ChemFil Superior (0.05, s.d. 0.01) was not significantly different from Compoglass (0.04, s.d. 0.01) and Dyract Restorative (0.03, s.d. 0.00) (P > 0.05). Daily fluoride release from Ketac-Fil remains significantly higher than the compomers at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Specimens stored in water equilibrate rapidly, suggesting the rate at which storage water is changed may alter the relative fluoride release rates of materials. This important fact is often overlooked. Fluoride release from the glass ionomers is initially higher than for the compomers. Fluoride release from glass ionomers falls rapidly to approach levels released by compomers. Compomers produce no initial burst of fluoride and levels of release remain relatively constant. <44> UI - 98299677 AU - Lippitz SJ AU - Staley RN AU - Jakobsen JR IN - Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. TI - In vitro study of 24-hour and 30-day shear bond strengths of three resin-glass ionomer cements used to bond orthodontic brackets. SO - American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics 1998 Jun;113(6):620-4 AB - Interest in using composite resin-glass ionomer hybrid cements as orthodontic bracket adhesives has grown because of their potential for fluoride release. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare shear bond strengths of three resin-glass ionomer cements (Advance, Fuji Duet, Fuji Ortho LC) used as bracket adhesives with a composite resin 24 hours and 30 days after bonding. The amount of adhesive remaining on the debonded enamel surface was scored for each adhesive. Mesh-backed stainless-steel brackets were bonded to 100 extracted human premolars, which were stored in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C until being tested to failure in a testing machine. The hybrid cements, with one exception, had bond strengths similar to those of the composite resin at 24 hours and 30 days. Fuji Ortho LC had significantly lower bond strengths (ANOVA p < or = 0.05) than the other adhesives at 24 hours and 30 days when it was bonded to unetched, water-moistened enamel. Adhesive-remnant scores were similar for all cements, except for cement Fuji Ortho LC when it was bonded to unetched enamel. The resin-glass ionomer cements we tested appear to have bond strengths suitable for routine use as orthodontic bracket-bonding adhesives. <45> UI - 98231511 AU - Consiglio R AU - Rengo S AU - Liguoro D AU - Riccitiello F AU - Formisano S AU - Palumbo G AU - Di Jeso B IN - Istituto di Discipline Odontostomatologiche, Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Italy. TI - Inhibition by glass-ionomer cements of protein synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts in continuous culture. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1998 Jan;43(1):65-71 AB - The effects of several glass-ionomer cements (Baseline and Chem Fil of De Trey; Ketac Fil and Ketac Bond of ESPE; Vitrebond and Vitremer of 3 M) on the protein synthesis of cultured gingival fibroblasts were studied. The presence of cements in the culture medium inhibited protein synthesis, although the relative effectiveness varied significantly. The cements tested have been ranked in three groups, group A (Chem Fil and Ketac Fil), group B (Ketac Bond and Baseline) and group C (Vitrebond and Vitremer), showing 50, 75 and 100% reduction in protein synthesis, respectively. Incubation of cells with medium previously conditioned by Baseline and Ketac Fil caused only transient inhibition of protein synthesis followed by almost complete recovery. This recovery was not observed when the medium was conditioned with Vitrebond. A characterization of the factors determining the inhibitory effect of one cement in each group was attempted. The cements, irrespective of the type, produced small but reproducible decreases in the pH of the medium but released fluoride ions to a different extent. Both changes in the pH of the medium and in the fluoride concentration inhibited protein synthesis by cultured gingival fibroblasts. The different action of cements can be explained, at least in part, by a differing release of fluoride ions. <46> UI - 98222816 AU - Fricker JP TI - A new self-curing resin-modified glass-ionomer cement for the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets in vivo. SO - American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics 1998 Apr;113(4):384-6 AB - A new self-curing (chemically cured) resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, Fuji Ortho (GC International), is based on the technology of hybrid glass-ionomer restorative materials and features chemical adhesion to tooth structure and long-term fluoride release. This article describes a 12-month clinical evaluation of Fuji Ortho for the direct bonding of orthodontic (metal) brackets with System 1+ (Ormco Corp.) as a control. Three failures of Fuji Ortho occurred from a sample of 60 (5%), with five failures of the composite resin from a sample of 60 (8.3%). No statistical significance was seen between these results. Fuji Ortho is a satisfactory adhesive for the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets where there are no occlusal interferences. <47> UI - 99459667 AU - DeSchepper EJ IN - Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202, USA. TI - Compomers, reattachment method expand restoration capabilities. [Review] [32 refs] SO - Journal Indiana Dental Association 1998-99 Winter;77(4):42-5 AB - The purpose of this article is to review one new material and one new technique being used in restorative dentistry today. Compomers, new fluoride-releasing resin restorative materials, are compared to conventional glass ionomers in terms of classification, physical properties, and clinical usage. Compomers are not true glass ionomer materials since the acid/base setting reaction, charactheristic of conventional glass ionomers, does not occur. As a consequence, their physical properties of translucency, coefficient of thermal expansion, and strength more closely resemble composite resins than conventional glass ionomers. These differences in physical properties have clinical implications in their usage. In terms of new techniques, clinical and laboratory data now exist to support the method of reattachment of fractured tooth fragments using only dentin bonding agents, in cases where the tooth fragment is available. This method can restore up to 50 percent of the original strength of intact teeth. The technique advocates the use of acid etching and enamel and dentin bonding, without any tooth preparation. In vitro studies have achieved total (100 percent) restoration of intact teeth by bonding a porcelain veneer to the tooth after the reattachment. [References: 32] <48> UI - 98234944 AU - Nicholson JW AU - Croll TP IN - Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, King's Dental Institute, University of London, England, United Kingdom. j.nicholson@kcl.ac.uk TI - Glass-ionomer cements in restorative dentistry. [Review] [61 refs] SO - Quintessence International 1997 Nov;28(11):705-14 AB - This article reviews the current status and future prospects for glass-ionomer materials. These materials are of two chemical types: the older, self-hardening cements, which set by an acid-base neutralization reaction to give relatively brittle materials; and the newer, resin-modified cements, which set partly by polymerization and partly by neutralization. Compared with the self-hardening cements, the latter materials have improved esthetics, improved resistance to moisture, and greater toughness. Both types of glass-ionomer cement bond well to enamel and dentin and release a clinically useful amount of fluoride. They have been used in a variety of applications: as liners or bases, for luting of stainless steel crowns, for Class V restorations in permanent teeth, and for Class II and Class III restorations in primary teeth. The resin-modified glass-ionomers are particularly promising for these latter uses, although it is too early to be sure whether their long-term durability is sufficient. Self-hardening glass-ionomer materials are likely to retain specific niches of clinical application, including in their metal-reinforced and cermet-containing forms. [References: 61] <49> UI - 98188857 AU - Fricker JP TI - A new self-curing resin-modified glass-ionomer cement for the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets. SO - Australian Orthodontic Journal 1997 Mar;14(4):247-9 AB - A new self-curing (chemically-cured), resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, Fuji Ortho (GC International Japan) is based on the technology of hybrid glass-ionomer restorative materials and features chemical adhesion to tooth structure and long-term fluoride release. These materials do not require acid etching of the tooth for adhesion, thereby preserving the integrity of the enamel prisms. This paper describes the clinical use of Fuji Ortho for the direct bonding of orthodontic (metal) brackets. <50> UI - 98216056 AU - Koch MJ AU - Garcia-Godoy F AU - Mayer T AU - Staehle HJ IN - Poliklinik fur Zahnerhaltungskunde, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat, Heidelberg, Germany. mkoch@krzmail.krz.uni-heidelberg.de TI - Clinical evaluation of Helioseal F fissure sealant. SO - Clinical Oral Investigations 1997 Dec;1(4):199-202 AB - Unfilled resins are commonly in use as sealant material. In addition, there are filled sealants available. Helioseal F is a newly developed filled material with fluoride release. In this clinical trial, Helioseal F has been evaluated in one lower molar versus Delton opaque as an unfilled control in lower molars. After 12 months there were no significant differences in retention, porosities, and the number of clinically unacceptable margins between the materials. The complete retention was 30 out of 31 examined teeth for Delton and 28 out of 31 for Helioseal F. After 1 year of clinical testing, these results indicate that a sealant containing fluoride-releasing particles did not show a significant difference in retention rate compared to an unfilled conventional sealant. However, long-term results concerning marginal adaptation should be evaluated. <51> UI - 98207531 AU - Steinmetz MJ AU - Pruhs RJ AU - Brooks JC AU - Dhuru VB AU - Post AC TI - Rechargeability of fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealants and restorative resin composites. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1997 Feb;10(1):36-40 AB - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of exposure of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel on fluoride release from fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealants and restorative resin composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens of four fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealants (Helioseal F, Ultraseal XT, Seal Rite-Low Viscosity and Seal Rite-Regular Viscosity) and two fluoride releasing restorative resin composites (Tetric and Heliomolar Radiopaque) were prepared using a Teflon mold. The specimens were divided into two groups. The experimental group was exposed to 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and the control group was exposed to 1.23% acidulated phosphate gel without fluoride. The specimens were stored in deionized water and the fluoride concentration of the solution was measured every 24 hours. On day 7, the discs were exposed to the respective gel for 4 minutes and then rinsed in a continuous stream of deionized water for 30 seconds. The fluoride concentration was then measured for another 7 days. RESULTS: There was a significant increase after the fluoride gel treatment in the amount of fluoride released from all of the materials studied. When the cumulative amount of fluoride released was evaluated, Tetric, Heliomolar radiopaque, Helioseal F, and Ultraseal XT released significantly (P < 0.01) more fluoride than the respective control groups. There was no significant difference between groups from day 8 to day 14 for Seal Rite-Regular Viscosity and Seal Rite-Low Viscosity. <52> UI - 98207496 AU - Modesto A AU - Chevitarese O AU - Cury JA AU - Vieira AR IN - School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. TI - VariGlass fluoride release and uptake by an adjacent tooth. SO - American Journal of Dentistry 1997 Jun;10(3):123-7 AB - PURPOSE: To quantitatively analyze in vitro the fluoride release from proximal VariGlass restorations and resulting uptake by the enamel of adjacent teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty impacted third molars were used and assigned to three groups: C: control, teeth without restorations; RC: teeth with resin composite restorations (Prisma APH); and PMRC: teeth with polyacid-modified resin composite restorations (VariGlass). Each group consisted of four sets of five teeth each. In the latter two sets, by alternating restored and unrestored teeth, the proximal surfaces of three unrestored teeth with an area of exposed enamel were in contact with the restored proximal surfaces of two other teeth. The sets were submitted to high caries challenge conditions with demineralizing and remineralizing solutions for 14 days. The fluoride of each solution and the fluoride uptake were determined and statistical analyses were carried out (ANOVA and Tukey's test). RESULTS: The highest mean fluoride concentration occurred with Group PMRC in both kinds of solutions (P < 0.01), but this value was higher in the demineralizing solution (P < 0.01). Over the 14 days, however, this mean gradually decreased in both solutions (P < 0.01). Group PMRC also showed the highest mean fluoride uptake (P < 0.01), which gradually decreased with depth in the enamel (P < 0.01). <53> UI - 98194540 AU - Cohen M AU - Silverman E TI - A new resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement for use with orthodontic attachments. SO - Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ) 1997 Aug;18(8):821-5 AB - Resin cements are commonly used to bond orthodontic appliances. However, etching enamel and bracket bonding is an extremely technique-sensitive process. Moisture and saliva control, particularly in the gingival third of posterior teeth, is difficult and time-consuming, but is critical to success. Recently, a light-cure resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement was shown to perform with equal bonding capacity. This is accomplished in a wet field, without etching, and with the glass ionomer feature of fluoride release. Now, a self-cure resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement has been introduced. The self-cure cement will provide equal clinical success in areas where light curing is not possible or desired. This article compares traditional resin cements and glass ionomer cements for bonding orthodontic appliances. <54> UI - 98138371 AU - Mount GJ TI - Longevity in glass-ionomer restorations: review of a successful technique. [Review] [27 refs] SO - Quintessence International 1997 Oct;28(10):643-50 AB - It is just 20 years since glass-ionomer cements were introduced to the profession as a restorative material capable of an ion exchange adhesion to tooth structure as well as a continuing fluoride release. At the time of presentation there was considerable publicity, but, in retrospect, it is likely that the materials were marketed prematurely, before there had been a great deal of clinical investigation. The clinical short-term results were rather disappointing, particularly in relation to esthetics, because the original version lacked translucency. In the next few years, some manufacturers worked to refine the product and improve the properties and achieved reasonable results. In the early 1980s, it was shown that the main problem with both esthetics and physical properties was the need to maintain a proper water balance in the material during the early setting phase. Once this problem was identified and overcome, it became possible to achieve excellent results, but these have not been reported frequently. This article discusses a method of placement that will lead to acceptable glass-ionomer restorations and shows a series of restorations that are up to 15 years old. [References: 27] <55> UI - 98132730 AU - Twetman S AU - McWilliam JS AU - Hallgren A AU - Oliveby A IN - Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Sweden. TI - Cariostatic effect of glass ionomer retained orthodontic appliances. An in vivo study. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1997;21(5):169-75 AB - The cariostatic effect of a fluoride releasing bonding agent was investigated and compared with a conventional composite based material in connection with bonding of orthodontic brackets in 22 homologous pairs of premolars. All subjects had malocclusions requiring orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and extraction of at least two premolars. 6-13 weeks prior to extraction, orthodontic brackets were bonded to the labial surfaces of the extraction teeth with either a glass ionomer cement or a bis-GMA resin. Initially, the children were instructed in tooth brushing and the regular use of fluoride. After extraction, the bonded teeth were stained and evaluated in a stereo-microscope regarding the incidence and extension of initial enamel demineralisation. The zone of intact enamel adjacent to the bracket base and bonding material was measured in a stereo-microscope at four predetermined locations with the aid of an electronic ruler and scored according to four categories. The incidence of enamel demineralisation adjacent to glass ionomer bonded and composite bonded brackets was 68% and 77% respectively. In 12 pairs of premolars however, the demineralisation appeared to a lesser extent on the enamel around the brackets was generally wider when glass ionomer cement was used compared to the composite resin. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) mesially and distally, but non-significant cervically and incisally. The results indicate that bonding with glass ionomer cement may have a local cariostatic effect in children requiring fixed orthodontic appliances. <56> UI - 98055488 AU - ten Cate JM IN - Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands. jm.ten.cate@acta.nl TI - Review on fluoride, with special emphasis on calcium fluoride mechanisms in caries prevention. [Review] [38 refs] SO - European Journal of Oral Sciences 1997 Oct;105(5 Pt 2):461-5 AB - Low concentrations of fluoride have a beneficial effect on enamel and dentin de- and remineralization. After fluoride treatments, such as topical applications, rinses or dentifrices, salivary fluoride concentrations decrease exponentially in a biphasic manner to very low concentrations within a few hours. For treatments to be effective over periods longer than the brushing and the following salivary clearance, fluoride needs to be deposited and slowly released. Calcium fluoride (or like) deposits act in such a way, owing to a surface covering of phosphate and/or proteins, which makes the CaF2 less soluble under in vivo conditions than in a pure form in inorganic solutions. Moreover, due to the phosphate groups on the surface of the calcium fluoride globules, fluoride is assumed to be released with decreasing pH when the phosphate groups are protonated in the dental plaque. [References: 38] <57> UI - 98014997 AU - Marinelli CB AU - Donly KJ AU - Wefel JS AU - Jakobsen JR AU - Denehy GE IN - Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. TI - An in vitro comparison of three fluoride regimens on enamel remineralization. SO - Caries Research 1997;31(6):418-22 AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the enamel remineralization effectiveness of a fluoride rinse, fluoridated dentifrice, and fluoride-releasing restorative material. Forty extracted molars had 1 x 5 mm artificial carious lesions formed at the interproximal contact point. One-hundred-micrometer sections were obtained at the caries sites, and polarized light photomicrographs were obtained. The sections had varnish placed, leaving only the external section site exposed, and were situated back into the original tooth. Forty other molars were obtained; 10 had Class-II glass ionomer cement restorations placed. These 40 teeth were mounted to have interproximal contact with the adjacent teeth containing artificial carious lesions. Specimens were placed in closed environments of artificial saliva for 1 month, with saliva being changed every 48 h. Ten specimen pairs were brushed with a fluoridated dentifrice for 2 min, twice per day, 10 specimen pairs were rinsed with a 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse for 1 min twice per day, 10 specimen pairs had Class-II glass ionomer cement restorations positioned adjacent to 10 teeth with artificial carious lesions, and 10 specimen pairs acted as controls. After 30 days, the same sections were photographed again under polarized light, and areas of the lesions were digitized quantitatively. Results demonstrated the mean (+/- SD) remineralization (mu m2) in Thoulet's 1.41 imbibition media to be: lesions adjacent to glass ionomer cement restorations, 2.45 +/- 170; lesions exposed to a fluoridated dentifrice, 223 +/- 102; lesions exposed to 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse, 374 +/- 120, and control lesions only exposed to artificial saliva, 101 +/- 69. Duncan's analysis indicated the fluoridated rinse to have significantly greater remineralization effects on adjacent caries than the other groups (p < or = 0.05). The glass ionomer restorative material and fluoridated dentifrice also had significantly greater remineralization effects on adjacent caries than the control, yet significantly less than the fluoridated rinse (p < or = 0.05). <58> UI - 97469202 AU - Donly KJ AU - Nelson JJ IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA. TI - Fluoride release of restorative materials exposed to a fluoridated dentifrice. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1997 Jul-Aug;64(4):249-50 AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that brushing with a fluoridated dentifrice (Crest--Procter and Gamble) has on the fluoride release of restorative materials. Thirty standardized discs were fabricated; 10 were P-50 (3M) nonfluoridated composite resin (control), ten were Heliomolar Radiopaque (Ivoclar/Vivadent) fluoride releasing composite resin, and ten were Ketac Fil (ESPE) glass ionomer cement. Specimens were placed into separate containers of 10 mL deionized water. Half the specimens from each group were brushed with fluoridated dentifrice for two minutes twice per day and rinsed. The fluoride level of each specimen was evaluated for thirty days, using a fluoride specific ion analyzer. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test (p < 0.05) indicated significant differences in fluoride release. The brushed glass ionomer was significantly higher than all other groups and the glass ionomer not brushed was significantly higher than all composite groups. Glass Ionomer Cement-brushed > Glass Ionomer Cement > Fluoridated Composite Resin-brushed = Fluoridated Composite Resin = Composite Resin-brushed = Composite Resin. Brushed glass ionomer appears to release the highest fluoride level, acting as a fluoride reservoir from the dentifrice for subsequent fluoride release. <59> UI - 97432642 AU - van Dijken JW AU - Kalfas S AU - Litra V AU - Oliveby A IN - Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Umea University, Umea, Sweden. TI - Fluoride and mutans streptococci levels in plaque on aged restorations of resin-modified glass ionomer cement, compomer and resin composite. SO - Caries Research 1997;31(5):379-83 AB - The use of fluoride-releasing restoratives such as glass ionomer cements (GICs) has increased during the last decade. The antibacterial effect of released fluoride is thought to be a possible caries-preventive effect of these restorations. In this study fluoride concentrations in plaque on 1-year old resin-modified GIC, compomer and resin composite restorations were compared intraindividually and related to the occurrence of caries-associated bacteria. Plaque from class III restorations of the three restorative materials and from a proximal enamel surface in 18 individuals was analysed. Low fluoride levels were detected in all the samples, while the resin-modified GIC samples showed significantly higher amounts. The distribution of oral streptococci, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli did not differ significantly among the surfaces and did not correlate to the fluoride levels in the samples. A good correlation was found between the counts of mutans streptococci in saliva and their proportions in the plaque. The results indicate that the fluoride concentrations released in vivo from 1-year-old restoratives are not high enough to affect the plaque levels of the caries-associated bacteria mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. <60> UI - 97432643 AU - Kreulen CM AU - de Soet JJ AU - Weerheijm KL AU - van Amerongen WE IN - Department of Cariology, Endodontology, and Paedodontology, ACTA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.Kreulen@acta.nl TI - In vivo cariostatic effect of resin modified glass ionomer cement and amalgam on dentine. SO - Caries Research 1997;31(5):384-9 AB - Fluoride-releasing materials have been reported to be bactericidal in vitro. This may be of benefit to modern dentistry, which is directed to the preservation of tooth tissue during restorative treatment. Little is known about in vivo effects. The aim is to investigate the influence of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RM-GIC) on carious dentine that remains under restorations, compared to amalgam. Using a split month design, 40 molar pairs in 40 patients (mean age 14.9 years) were selected, based on clinically and radiographically diagnosed occlusal dentine caries. Under aseptic conditions, the enamel was removed and the carious dentine was sampled just beneath the dentino-enamel junction using a round bur. Without further removal of carious dentine, the molars of a pair were alternately restored with RM-GIC or amalgam. The colour and the consistency of the carious dentine were assessed. The samples were processed for microbiological determination of total viable counts (TVC), mutans streptococci (MS), and lactobacilli (LB). After 6 months the molars were reopened, similarly sampled and evaluated, and then permanently restored after complete caries removal. For both materials a substantial decrease in the numbers of TVC, MS and LB was found after the 6-month period. Also a positive effect was observed on the colour and the consistency of the remaining carious dentine, which was comparable for the two materials. RM-GIC showed a significantly larger decrease in counts of MS and LB than amalgam, but not for TVC. Since in only few cavities the number of bacteria decreased under the level of detection, it is still considered essential to remove all carious dentine during restorative treatment. <61> UI - 97453588 AU - Banks PA AU - Burn A AU - O'Brien K IN - Department of Orthodontics, Fairfield General Hospital, Bury, UK. TI - A clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of including fluoride into an orthodontic bonding adhesive. SO - European Journal of Orthodontics 1997 Aug;19(4):391-5 AB - A clinical trial was undertaken to assess the value of incorporating fluoride released from a commercially available bonding adhesive (Rely-a-Bond) to determine the extent of any protection provided against enamel decalcification. Fifty patients undergoing fixed appliance therapy were included in the trial. Contralateral quadrants were used as controls where no fluoride was present in the adhesive. Enamel decalcification after treatment and bond failure rates during treatment were investigated. A total of 366 experimental and 371 control teeth were included in the study. The results showed that 50 per cent of patients and 13.5 per cent of teeth exhibited post-treatment decalcification. The addition of fluoride to the adhesive did not significantly reduce the incidence of enamel decalcification. Bond failure rates were satisfactory for both experimental and control teeth (all under 5 per cent). <62> UI - 97332842 AU - Vaikuntam J IN - Department of Preventive Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis 55455, USA. TI - Resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RM GICs) implications for use in pediatric dentistry. [Review] [18 refs] SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1997 Mar-Apr;64(2):131-4 AB - The changing face of restorative dentistry has resulted in the introduction of numerous materials. The emphasis on durability, strength, and esthetics led to the introduction of glass ionomer based formulations. The latest entrants into this arena are the resin-based glass ionomer cements. The combined properties of enhanced strength and fluoride release make this material an attractive choice for most restorative procedures. For the pediatric dentist, this material has special value due to its preventive characteristics, ease of placement and esthetics. The amalgam controversy has led practitioners and patients to opt for non-amalgam based restorations. The introduction of "compomers" provides an exciting alternative to amalgam. The purpose of this article is to highlight the properties of these "new age" materials and present a case report on the use of one such commercially available resin/ionomer cement. [References: 18] <63> UI - 97321737 AU - Hatibovic-Kofman S AU - Suljak JP AU - Koch G IN - Division of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. TI - Remineralization of natural carious lesions with a glass ionomer cement. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1997;21(1-2):11-7 AB - Remineralization of carious lesions at the histological level is of great benefit since this will arrest lesion progression. The ability of glass ionomer cement (GIC) to (1) release fluoride it originally contains and (2) release "loosely bound" fluoride acquired from its surroundings have been previously demonstrated. This in vitro study examined the potential for caries remineralization if the lesion was placed near a GIC. Sixteen mesiodistal sections were cut through extracted deciduous molars exhibiting approximal white spot lesions. Sections were "linked" to a plastic tooth restored with a GIC to simulate the abutting surfaces of adjacent teeth. Lesions were photographed in water under polarized light initially and after one- and two-week exposures to artificial saliva. The photographs were digitized, lesion body outlined, and the area corresponding to the body of the lesion was determined to provide a comparison over time. Sixty-two percent of the sections showed a quantitative reduction in lesion body size by an average of 43% after the first week and an additional 14% reduction after the second week. All but two sections demonstrated a qualitative change thereby illustrating that a reduction in pore volume size of the lesion body had also occurred. Therefore, fluoride released from a GIC has the potential to enhance remineralization of the early carious lesion in vitro. The greatest remineralization occurred during the first week of artificial saliva exposure. <64> UI - 97370854 AU - Tam LE AU - Chan GP AU - Yim D IN - University of Toronto, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ontario, Canada. TI - In vitro caries inhibition effects by conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations. SO - Operative Dentistry 1997 Jan-Feb;22(1):4-14 AB - The ability of a material to inhibit recurrent caries formation is an important clinical therapeutic property. The objectives of this study were to develop an initial anticariogenicity profile (from fluoride release, to fluoride uptake, to resistance to an artificial caries challenge), testing the ability of conventional versus resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations to resist decay, and to study the effect of using intermediary dentin bonding agent components on the development of surface and wall carious lesions adjacent to a resin-modified glass-ionomer restoration. Cumulative fluoride release was measured from the immersion of disk-shaped specimens into deionized distilled water for 24 hours, 1, 2, 4, and 10 weeks. For the fluoride uptake and artificial caries test, standardized restorations were placed along the cementoenamel junction of extracted human molars. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to determine the depth of fluoride uptake into the adjacent axial dentin from the restoration after 1 and 10 weeks. For the artificial caries test, the teeth were immersed into an acidified gelatin gel, pH 4.0, for 10 weeks. The development of recurrent decay was assessed using polarizing light microscopy. Statistical analyses were conducted using ANOVA and Fishers' LSD test (P < or = 0.05). There was generally greater fluoride release and uptake from the conventional glass ionomers, equivalent or less from the resin-modified glass ionomers, and none from the resin composite restorations. The use of an acid conditioner and primer from a dentin bonding system significantly increased the depth of fluoride uptake at 1 week. The additional use of an intermediary adhesive resin layer, however, significantly decreased the depth of fluoride uptake. The maximum depth of fluoride uptake into dentin was 300 microns at 10 weeks. Both conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations imparted resistance to dentin against the development of recurrent wall carious lesions in vitro. This was attributed to material fluoride release and uptake. <65> UI - 97295420 AU - Peutzfeldt A IN - Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. apz@odont.ku.dk TI - Resin composites in dentistry: the monomer systems. [Review] [181 refs] SO - European Journal of Oral Sciences 1997 Apr;105(2):97-116 AB - The present review outlines the history of monomers used in resin composites, motivates further development, and highlights recent and ongoing research reported in the field of dental monomer systems. The monomer systems of most present-day resin composites are based on BisGMA, developed some 40 years ago, or derivatives of BisGMA. In the remaining resin composites, urethane monomers or oligomers are used as the basis of the monomer system. The main deficiencies of current resin composites are polymerization shrinkage and insufficient wear resistance under high masticatory forces. Both factors are highly influenced by the monomer system, and considerable efforts are being made around the world to reduce or eliminate these undesirable properties. The use of fluoride-releasing monomer systems, some of which are under investigation, has been suggested to mitigate the negative effects of marginal gaps formed in consequence of polymerization shrinkage. The very crux of the problem has also been approached with the synthesis of potentially low-shrinking/non-shrinking resin composites involving ring opening or cyclopolymerizable monomers. By the use of additives with a supposed chain transfer a