Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Sep 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-128 From Set 60): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 exp Infant, low birth weight/ 12055 2 ((low: or normal) adj3 (birthweight or birth-weight or 10689 (birth adj weight))).mp. 3 (small adj3 (gestational adj age)).mp. 2061 4 Labor, premature/ 7368 5 (premature adj3 birth).mp. 1521 6 Nutrition/ 19130 7 Pregnancy/ 419563 8 6 and 7 1948 9 ((maternal or mother: or pregnan:) adj3 (nutrition or 11246 diet:)).mp. 10 or/1-5,8-9 35442 11 exp Tooth demineralization/ 22604 12 demineralization.mp. 1614 13 caries.mp. 15267 14 caires.mp. 1 15 craies.mp. 0 16 careis.mp. 4 17 carise.mp. 0 18 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 422 19 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 217 20 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 276 21 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 254 22 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 182 23 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 374 24 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 321 25 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 249 26 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 12 27 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 20 28 (active adj decay).mp. 9 29 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 14 30 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 30 31 (white adj spot:).mp. 507 32 carious.mp. 2073 33 cariology.ti,ab. 56 34 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 15 35 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 2 36 Tooth remineralization/ 472 37 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 98 38 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 50 39 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 97 40 caries-free.mp. 602 41 cariesfree.mp. 17 42 Cariogenic agents/ 728 43 precavit:.mp. 8 44 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 510 45 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 116 46 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 6 47 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 28 48 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 24 49 dft.mp. 411 50 dfs.mp. 1246 51 dmf:.mp. 6389 52 cariogeni:.mp. 1783 53 or/11-52 32194 54 exp Amelogenesis imperfecta/ 1238 55 ((deform: or malform: or defect: or disturb:) adj3 435 enamel).mp. 56 (enamel: adj5 (hypoplasia: or hypomineral: or 517 dysplasia:)).mp. 57 or/54-56 1610 58 53 or 57 33497 59 10 and 58 159 60 limit 59 to english language 128 61 from 60 keep 1-128 128 *************************** <1> UI 20257262 AU Mahomed K. Gulmezoglu AM. IN Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe. kmahomed@healthnet.zw TI Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy. [Review] [1 refs] SO Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [computer file]. (2):CD000179, 2000. AB BACKGROUND: Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) contributes to the development of the central nervous system and may influence brain development and cognitive function. It may also prevent dental caries and protect the placental vascular bed. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy and labour. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of pyridoxine administration compared to a control group. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality was assessed and data were extracted by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: One trial involving 371 women was included. Pyridoxine supplementation either as oral capsules (odds ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0. 41 to 0.95) or lozenges (odds ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0. 22-0.51) was associated with decreased incidence of dental decay in pregnant women. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to evaluate pyridoxine supplementation during pregnancy, although the results of one trial suggest that it may have a beneficial effect on dental decay. [References: 1] <2> UI 20227030 AU Mattila ML. Rautava P. Sillanpaa M. Paunio P. IN Dept. of Child Neurology, University of Turku, Public Health Center, Finland. TI Caries in five-year-old children and associations with family-related factors. SO Journal of Dental Research. 79(3):875-81, 2000 Mar. AB It is generally understood that the teeth of pre-school-aged children are healthy, but the improvement in the dmft index has halted in the industrialized countries. Those few children who have caries have more of it than before. Little is known of the family-related factors which are associated with this polarization of caries. A representative population-based sample consisted of 1443 mothers expecting their first child. The children were followed at well-baby clinics and public dental health clinics for over five years. The objective was to study the prevalence of dental caries and its predictors in five-year-old children and to assess children's own dental health habits and the meaning of family-related factors in dental health. The findings were based on questionnaire data from parents and on clinical dental examinations of the five-year-old children as completed by 101 public health dentists. In firstborn five-year-old children, dental health was found to be good in 72%, fair in 20%, and poor in 8% of the cases. The final multivariate analysis illustrated that the dmft index > 0 was independently associated with the mother's irregular toothbrushing (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.5), annual occurrence of several carious teeth in the father (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.9-3.6), daily sugar consumption at the age of 18 months (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.1), occurrence of child's headaches (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.5-8.8), parents' cohabitation (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.5-7.6), rural domicile (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2-4.5), and mother's young age (OR 5.0; 95% CI 1.3-19.8). The findings indicated that attention should be paid not only to the child's dental health care but also to that of the whole family. Parents should be supported in their upbringing efforts and encouraged to improve their children's dental health habits. In everyday life, parents function as role models for their children, and therefore, parents' own dental hygiene habits are very meaningful. <3> UI 20205076 AU Kowash MB. Pinfield A. Smith J. Curzon ME. IN Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds. TI Effectiveness on oral health of a long-term health education programme for mothers with young children. SO British Dental Journal. 188(4):201-5, 2000 Feb 26. AB AIM: To determine the effect of dental health education (DHE) on caries incidence in infants, through regular home visits by trained DH Educators over a period of 3 years. METHOD: A randomly selected cohort of 228 children born between 1st January and 30th September 1995, in a low socioeconomic/high caries suburb of Leeds (UK) were divided into the following groups: A) DHE focused on diet; B) DHE focused on oral hygiene instruction (OHI) using fluoride toothpaste; and C) DHE by a combined diet and OHI message. DHE was given using an interview and counselling for at least 15 minutes at home every 3 months for the first 2 years and twice a year in the third year of the study. A fourth group D was given diet and OHI, at home, once a year only. All children and mothers were examined for caries and oral hygiene. A fifth group E (control) received no DHE and were never visited but examined at 3 years of age only. RESULTS: In the groups of children visited regularly only two developed caries and three had gingivitis (all in group A). In group E, however, 33% of children had caries and nine (16%) had gingivitis. The differences in caries levels and caries risk factors between study and control groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Mothers of the study groups also showed an improvement in their own levels of gingivitis, debris and calculus scores by the second and third examinations (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Regular home visits to mothers with infants, commencing at or soon after the time of the eruption of the first deciduous teeth, was shown to be effective in preventing the occurrence of nursing caries. <4> UI 20146906 AU Horowitz HS. TI The role of dietary fluoride supplements in caries prevention. SO Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 59(4):205-10, 1999 Fall. AB Nearly all dental researchers and public health authorities agree that fluoride supplements are highly effective in reducing dental caries in primary and permanent teeth, that benefits to all teeth are greater when administration begins at 2 years of age or younger, that both preeruptive and posteruptive exposure is important in imparting cariostatic benefits, that effectiveness is neither enhanced nor reduced by their being combined with vitamins, and that benefits to the offspring of pregnant women who take supplements are uncertain. Several studies show that fluoride supplements delivered in school-based programs effectively reduce dental caries, and benefits are greater to teeth that receive preeruptive exposure in addition to posteruptive exposure. Many parents who, for a variety of reasons, did not administer fluoride supplements at home will enroll their children in school-based fluoride tablet programs. Effectiveness of fluoride supplements today is undoubtedly smaller than observed previously because of dilution and diffusion effects from other fluoride sources; nevertheless, they still have the same potential efficacy. It is apparent that the current ADA dosage schedule is too high and requires modification; however, the availability of this known-to-be-effective regimen should not be eliminated or restricted. <5> UI 99234852 AU MacLennan WJ. IN Geriatric Medicine Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. TI History of arthritis and bone rarefaction evidence from paleopathology onwards. SO Scottish Medical Journal. 44(1):18-20, 1999 Feb. AB Review of medical and archaeological papers reveals that osteoarthritis has been common in humans and hominids since Paleolithic times. In the British Isles, there was a particularly high prevalence in remains from Romano-British and Saxon burials suggesting that, whatever genetic factors there may have been, there was an extremely high level of physical activity. The prevalence of the condition was lower in late Medieval times; and, in at least one study of subjects from the 18th and 19th centuries, lower than in the current population. In early times, there was a reduction in bone density when there was a change from hunter gathering to agriculture which may have resulted from a change physical activity. Severe cases of osteoporosis have been identified from individual skeletons dated to the Bronze Age. In the Early Medieval period of Nubia there was progressive bone loss in women. Multiple pregnancy, prolonged lactation and dietary deficiency may have been factors. Though women from the 18th and 19th centuries experienced post-menopausal bone loss, this was not as severe as in the present day. <6> UI 99319181 AU Mattila ML. Paunio P. Rautava P. Ojanlatva A. Sillanpaa M. IN Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Finland. TI Changes in dental health and dental health habits from 3 to 5 years of age. SO Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 58(4):270-4, 1998 Fall. AB OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine how dental health and dental health habits change from 3 to 5 years of age and to consider whether preventive dental health care helped in preventing or halting caries in children. METHODS: The study included 67 maternity health care clinics, 72 well-baby clinics, and 69 dental health care clinics. Of the 1,292 newborn children, 1,003 (90.8%) were included in this study. RESULTS: Preventive dental health care contributed to dental caries being halted in only 13.2 percent of those children who had enamel caries at 3 years of age. The dmft index did not increase in 22.6 percent of those children who had dentinal caries at 3 years of age. For all others, the disease became more severe. Toothbrushing habits of 3-year-old children were very consistent over the two years studied. Children were at a risk for caries when their mothers had nine years of basic education, when they already had plaque and caries at 3 years of age, and when the frequency of eating sweets increased the most during the two-year study period. CONCLUSIONS: Among 3-year-old children, plaque is an indicator of caries risk and therefore should be a key element in health education. Those children who already have evidence of caries at 3 years of age should be the target of preventive dental services because of their increased risk. <7> UI 98452119 AU al-Tamimi S. Petersen PE. IN University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department for Community Dentistry, Denmark. TI Oral health situation of schoolchildren, mothers and schoolteachers in Saudi Arabia. SO International Dental Journal. 48(3):180-6, 1998 Jun. AB Studies of children, mothers, and schoolteachers were carried out in the Madina City, Saudi Arabia. The clinical examinations of dental caries in 6 year-olds (n = 240) showed a mean dmft score of 6.4 and 2.9 DMFT was found among 12 year-olds (n = 240). Questionnaires to the mothers demonstrated poor oral hygiene habits of the children and the consumption of sugar was extraordinarily frequent. Annual visits to the dentist was reported for 45 per cent of the children and 51 per cent of the mothers. The level of dental knowledge of the mothers (n = 460) was diffuse whereas the attitudes towards prevention were positive. Self-administered questionnaires to teachers (n = 120) revealed positive attitudes towards school-based oral health promotion. There is an urgent need for implementation of systematic oral health programmes for children in Saudi Arabia. <8> UI 99007518 AU Ismail AI. IN Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. TI The role of early dietary habits in dental caries development. [Review] [48 refs] SO Special Care in Dentistry. 18(1):40-5, 1998 Jan-Feb. AB Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a serious dental condition that occurs during the first three years of life and is associated with the early intake of sugary foods, drinks, or snacks. There is now evidence that early malnutrition episodes could lead to delay in the eruption of primary teeth and possibly to increased caries prevalence. Significant correlations are present between the intakes of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during infancy and several years later in life. Infants' dietary intake is also significantly correlated with the dietary intake of their mothers. Supplementing milk with vitamins during the first several years of life leads to reduction in the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia, a condition that may be associated with future development of dental caries. There are equivocal findings concerning the value of using dietary habits to predict caries incidence during the first three years of life. There is a need for development of educational, nutritional, and prevention programs targeting mothers and infants and for research on effective methods to prevent Early Childhood Caries. [References: 48] <9> UI 98335822 AU Redmo Emanuelsson IM. Wang XM. IN Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. Ing-Mari.Redmo:Emanuelsson@ODcariol.lu.se TI Demonstration of identical strains of mutans streptococci within Chinese families by genotyping. SO European Journal of Oral Sciences. 106(3):788-94, 1998 Jun. AB The aim of this study was to investigate the intra-familial distribution of mutans streptococci in some Chinese families. Eighteen families consisting of mother, father and a 3-yr-old child without any older siblings participated. Clinical examination and interview were performed to obtain information about level of mutans streptococci in saliva, caries prevalence scored by DMFT or deft, general health, diet regimens, breast-feeding time, principal caretaker of the child and the parents' profession. At the same appointment, two pooled plaque samples from each subject were collected with the tips of sterile tooth picks. From these plaque samples, mutans streptococci were isolated on MSB-agar plates and identified by serotyping. Pure isolates were obtained from all subjects of 11 families. These isolates were genotyped using restriction endonuclease HaeIII. The results showed that in 4 families the mothers shared genotype with the child, and in 3 families it was the father and the child who harboured a similar genotype. In 2 families, all subjects harboured an identical genotype. Further, the spouses in one parental pair showed an identical genotype, and, finally, in one family all subjects harboured their unique genotypes. None of the investigated factors could explain the differences in the intra-familial distribution of mutans streptococci. The pattern of similar genotypes in these Chinese families differs from that reported for western families. <10> UI 98334277 AU Horowitz HS. TI Research issues in early childhood caries [see comments]. [Review] [89 refs] CM Comment in: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998 ;26(1 Suppl):82-3 SO Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 26(1 Suppl):67-81, 1998. AB Research is needed to establish what nomenclature and case definition for early childhood caries (ECC) are most relevant to health care professionals and to the public. Profiles or indexes for predicting the prevalence of ECC in communities should be developed on the basis of the socioeconomic factors, immigrant status and ethnic/racial backgrounds of populations. Future research should target risk factors of ECC, particularly prenatal and perinatal histories, nutritional status and microbiologic factors. Determining the relation of malnutrition of infants and young children, low birthweight, complicated pregnancies and traumatic births with the development of enamel linear hypoplasia deserves research attention. Factors that affect how and when infants and young children are colonized by mutans streptococci also need further study. The evaluation of chemotherapeutic preventive agents will likely yield more fruitful interventions for prevention than trying to change behaviors. Research in young children to prevent ECC, however, has particular ethical considerations. Withholding treatments or administering placebos to vulnerable subjects is not acceptable. Consequently, future clinical research likely will determine the relative rather than the absolute effectiveness of preventive regimens; the former requires large sample sizes and may necessitate multi-center studies. Human studies may be hampered by problems of recruitment, compliance and transiency of subjects. Because federal support for research on dental caries has declined in recent years, a special initiative that focuses specifically on ECC may be necessary to obtain adequate funding for research on the disease. [References: 89] <11> UI 98389928 AU Dasanayake AP. IN Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham. USA. Ananda@epi.soph.uab.edu TI Poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman as a risk factor for low birth weight. SO Annals of Periodontology. 3(1):206-12, 1998 Jul. AB In both developed and developing countries, low birth weight (LBW) has a tremendous impact on both the health care system and the individual families affected. This warrants the continuous search for risk factors for LBW that are amenable to prevention. Can poor oral health of the pregnant woman be one such factor? In a 1:1 matched case-control study (N = 55 pairs), we evaluated the hypothesis that poor oral health of the pregnant woman is a risk factor for LBW. The effect of periodontal and dental caries status of the woman at the time of delivery on the birth weight of the infant was evaluated by using conditional logistic regression analyses, while controlling for known risk factors for LBW. Mothers of LBW infants were shorter, less educated, married to men of lower occupational class, had less healthy areas of gingiva and more areas with bleeding and calculus, and gained less weight during the pregnancy. Conditional logistic regression analyses indicated that mothers with more healthy areas of gingiva (OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.12 - 0.72) and those who were taller (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75 - 0.98) had a lower risk of giving birth to an LBW infant. Risk of LBW was higher in mothers who had no or late prenatal care (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.24 - 12.2). We conclude that poor periodontal health of the mother is a potential independent risk factor for LBW. <12> UI 98350379 AU Brambilla E. Felloni A. Gagliani M. Malerba A. Garcia-Godoy F. Strohmenger L. IN Department of Pedodontics, University of Milan, School of Dentistry, Italy. TI Caries prevention during pregnancy: results of a 30-month study [see comments]. CM Comment in: J Am Dent Assoc 1998 Oct;129(10):1372, 1374 SO Journal of the American Dental Association. 129(7):871-7, 1998 Jul. AB The purpose of this 30-month study was to explore the effectiveness of a caries-preventive regimen in lowering the salivary mutans streptococci level in pregnant women and, subsequently, in inhibiting the growth of these bacteria in their young children. Beginning at the end of the sixth month of pregnancy and continuing until delivery, subjects rinsed daily with 0.05 percent sodium fluoride and 0.12 percent chlorhexidine. The authors monitored the salivary mutans streptococci levels during the last six months of pregnancy and every six months thereafter for 24 months. They also measured bacterial levels in the children every six months until they reached age 24 months. The results show that treatment significantly reduced salivary mutans streptococci levels in mothers and delayed the colonization of bacteria in their children for about four months. <13> UI 98334280 AU Horowitz AM. IN National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6401, USA. Horowitza@de45.nidr.nih.gov TI Response to Weinstein: public health issues in early childhood caries [comment]. [Review] [21 refs] CM Comment on: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998 ;26(1 Suppl):84-90 SO Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 26(1 Suppl):91-5, 1998. AB Dr Weinstein's thoughtful overview of public health issues in early childhood caries (ECC) provides an excellent basis for further exploration. For public health to focus on a given problem several factors must be addressed: the disease must be widespread; the etiology or the prevention of the disease or condition must be known; this knowledge is not being applied; and resources for interventions must be available. Currently, appropriate data are not available for ECC and the problem is exacerbated because there is no case definition for the disease. Therefore it is difficult to make public health policy to address this disease. With the knowledge of case definition, prevalence, and efficacy of treatment, we are more likely to engender interest and funding for ECC. Studies in other countries have demonstrated that children who are malnourished, have low birth-weight or both, likely will have hypomineralized primary teeth and thus at risk of ECC. Low birth-weight infants (less than 2500 g) currently constitute over 7% of all US births. The impact of low birth-weight on oral health is not known. Weinstein favors the use of operator-applied preventive agents, yet little evidence is available on the safety and effectiveness of these agents among infants and young children. Further, they are unlikely to be cost-effective and they require frequent appointments, which is often difficult for poor families to manage. Community interventions hold the greatest promise for preventing ECC because larger numbers of people can be reached than in private practice clinical settings. [References: 21] <14> UI 98334275 AU Ismail AI. IN Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA. ismailai@umich.edu TI Prevention of early childhood caries. [Review] [96 refs] SO Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 26(1 Suppl):49-61, 1998. AB This paper reviews the methods used for the prevention of early childhood caries (ECC). The education of mothers or caregivers to promote healthy dietary habits in infants has been the main strategy used for the prevention of ECC. This review found that education has a modest impact on the development of ECC. While education should be promoted especially in high risk communities and population groups (low-income families and native populations), it should not be the only preventive strategy of ECC. Early screening for signs of caries development, starting from the first year of life, could identify infants and toddlers who are at risk of developing ECC and assist in providing information to parents about how to promote oral health and prevent the development of tooth decay. High risk children include those with early signs of ECC, poor oral hygiene, limited exposure to fluorides, and frequent exposure to sugary snacks and drinks. These children should be targeted with a professional preventive program that includes fluoride varnish application, fluoridated dentifrices, fluoride supplements, sealants, diet counseling, and chlorhexidine. Prevention of ECC also requires addressing the social and economic factors that face many families where ECC is endemic. [References: 96] <15> UI 98334274 AU Milgrom P. IN Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7475, USA. dfrc@u.washington.edu TI Response to Reisine & Douglass: psychosocial and behavioral issues in early childhood caries [comment]. [Review] [21 refs] CM Comment on: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998 ;26(1 Suppl):32-44 SO Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 26(1 Suppl):45-8, 1998. AB The behaviors that are fundamental in early childhood caries are those that initiate and maintain the conditions for transmission of the cariogenic bacteria and block prevention of the disease in the presence of an unfavorable diet. These behaviors have not been the focus of interdisciplinary research involving clinicians, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and behavioral scientists. The current "health promotion product" is not selling. The problem is the "product", not the potential buyer. Evidence suggests that positive interactions with the dental care system do lead to mothers taking preventive steps. However, dentist's attitudes, knowledge, skills and experience with babies and toddlers are deficient. Primary prevention of early childhood caries will fail unless it begins in the prenatal period and addresses the health of both mother and child. [References: 21] <16> UI 98237093 AU Rugg-Gunn AJ. Al-Mohammadi SM. Butler TJ. IN Department of Child Dental Health, Newcastle University Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. a.j.rugg-gunn@ncl.ac.uk TI Malnutrition and developmental defects of enamel in 2- to 6-year-old Saudi boys. SO Caries Research. 32(3):181-92, 1998. AB Three hundred and ninety boys aged 2, 4 or 6 years from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, took part in a survey in 1993/94. The main aims of the study were first, to identify factors related to malnutrition in young children since a study of older children from the same area 1 year before had shown malnutrition to be strongly related to prevalence of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) of permanent teeth and, second, to identify factors related to the prevalence of developmental defects of primary teeth. Enamel defects were recorded by clinical examination of the buccal surfaces of all primary teeth by 1 examiner using the DDE index. A questionnaire to parents provided information on socio-economic status, illness in the mother and child, infant feeding, trauma to teeth and toothbrushing. A 24-hour dietary record, to estimate water and milk intake, and a 24-hour urine collection were obtained for each child twice. Nutritional status was calculated from height for age using WHO methods. Multiple regression analyses revealed four variables related (p<0.05) to malnourished status: low birth-weight, low volume of water drunk, child stopped breast- and bottle-feeding before 1 year of age, and low class urban or rural area of residence. Birth-weight was itself related to area of residence (p = 0.02), parental education (p = 0.02) and maternal illness during pregnancy (p = 0.06). Malnutrition (p<0.001), low birth-weight (p<0.001), childhood illness (p<0.001), brushing of child's teeth (p = 0.003) and swallowing toothpaste (p<0.001) were related to the prevalence of developmental defects of primary teeth. This study indicated several independent variables which may be related to the prevalence of enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth, but longitudinal studies are required to determine which are causes and which are markers of these developmental defects. <17> UI 98319086 AU Loesche WJ. IN University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Material Sciences, Ann Arbor 48109, USA. TI Association of the oral flora with important medical diseases. [Review] [37 refs] SO Current Opinion in Periodontology. 4:21-8, 1997. AB Recently, there have been case-control and epidemiologic investigations that strongly associate poor dental health with cardiovascular disease, preterm low birth weight infants, and early death from any cause. In a 7-year prospective study, dental disease was a significant predictor of coronary events leading to death after controlling for known coronary disease risk factors. Missing teeth displaces smoking as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in another study. Periodontal disease was seven times more likely to be associated with a preterm delivery of a low birth weight infant than mother's age, race, number of live births, and use of tobacco or alcohol. This review examines the role of asymptomatic bacteremia as possibly explaining these associations, focusing on the bacterial load on the teeth as mediated via oral hygiene. [References: 37] <18> UI 98176415 AU Wynn RL. IN Department of Oral-Craniofacial Biological Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland at Baltimore, USA. TI Dental considerations of patients taking appetite suppressants. [Review] [11 refs] SO General Dentistry. 45(4):324-8, 330-1, 1997 Jul-Aug. <19> UI 98145101 AU Antony U. Munshi AK. IN Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Karnataka, India. TI Sibling versus maternal S. mutans levels as related to dental caries. SO Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 21(2):145-50, 1997 Winter. AB Forty mothers with two or more children between 2-14 years in age were the subjects of this study. The number of CFU/ml of S. mutans in saliva of mothers and their children and their relationship to dental caries was assessed. The degree of infection seemed to reflect the caries experience of the mother with that of her children. A quantitative correlation was observed between the number of CFU/ml of S. mutans in the mother and their second child only. A significant correlation was also noted between the colony forming units per ml of Streptococcus mutans and DMFT scores of the children. <20> UI 97332837 AU Kreulen CM. de Soet HJ. Hogeveen R. Veerkamp JS. IN Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands. TI Streptococcus mutans in children using nursing bottles. SO ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 64(2):107-11, 1997 Mar-Apr. AB This study aimed at comparing S.mutans in pairs of children within families; both children used a sweetened nursing bottle beyond the dietary need, while one child was affected with nursing bottle caries (NBC), the other not. Seven families were selected. The children of a pair showed no dissimilarities as regards dietary habits. Mean patient-age was 3.7 yrs, controls 5.7 yrs. Saliva and plaque were sampled for CFU-counting and clonal (DNA) type-screening of S.mutans. The NBC-patients harbored significantly more S.mutans than the controls (mean 5.8 CFU/ml vs. 2.9 CFU/ml). While the controls were colonized with 2-5 clonal types of S.mutans, in the patients only one type was observed. The results were not consistent for NBC-risk assessment by CFU-counting. An inverse relationship between the number of clonal S.mutans types and NBC is suggested. <21> UI 97333467 AU Brook AH. Fearne JM. Smith JM. IN Department of Paediatric Dentistry, St Bartholomew's, London, UK. TI Environmental causes of enamel defects. SO Ciba Foundation Symposium. 205:212-21; discussion 221-5, 1997. AB A large number of causes of enamel defects, both environmental and genetic, have been described. However, many of these are derived from case histories and studies of individual conditions. What is needed now is a systematic investigation of the problem. The first requirement in exploring the aetiology further is the standardization of both the clinical diagnosis and the descriptive terminology. This has been provided by the Federation Dentaire Internationale Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Comparing studies using standardized methods, including this index, has highlighted areas for closer investigation. The total prevalence of enamel defects in a population needs to be established as a baseline for studies on aetiology. Sixty-eight per cent of 1518 school children in London have enamel defects in the permanent dentition, with 10.5% having 10 or more teeth affected and 14.6% having hypoplasia, i.e. missing enamel. These findings are in contrast to the 37% with hypoplasia found in a group of third to fifth century Romano-Britons from Dorset, England, suggesting further consideration of possible environmental and genetic differences between the two populations. An overall long-term study of dental development in low birth weight children has shown significantly more (P < 0.001) enamel defects related to major health problems during the neonatal period. By using standardized, reproducible criteria in prevalence studies to gain an overview of the problem and then studying specific groups or conditions, it is possible to identify general and specific factors in the aetiology of enamel defects and investigate further the varying role of genetic and environmental effects. <22> UI 97200476 AU Peretz B. Kafka I. IN Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. TI Baby bottle tooth decay and complications during pregnancy and delivery. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 19(1):34-6, 1997 Jan-Feb. AB The purpose of the study was to investigate an association between maternal and/or fetal complications during pregnancy and/or delivery and the occurrence of baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD) in the infant. The study population comprised 50 mothers of infants with BBTD (BBTD+ mothers): 50 mothers of aged-matched children with similar eating and bottle-use habits but without BBTD (BBTD-) served as comparisons. Interviews with the mothers focused on pregnancy complications (vaginal bleeding, premature uterine contractions, viral or bacterial infections, hospitalization, diabetes, or other causes of high-risk pregnancy), mode of delivery (normal or instrumental), fetal distress, gestational age, birth weight, and mother's age at delivery. Chi-square analysis and the Student's t-test were used to analyze the data. Pregnancy complications and instrument delivery/cesarean section were significantly higher in the BBTD+ group than in the controls (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0004, respectively). In the BBTD+ group, vaginal bleeding/premature uterine contractions were most frequent (50%), while in the BBTD- group high-risk pregnancy dominated (20%). Normal deliveries were more frequent in the BBTD+ mothers (68%) than in the comparisons (40%). Gestational age and baby's birth weight did not differ between the two groups. The mean age of the BBTD+ mothers was significantly lower than that of the controls (P = 0.013). The results suggest that babies born after maternal complications during pregnancy or babies who experience a traumatic birth must be considered to be at risk of developing BBTD when exposed to excessive bottle nursing. <23> UI 97200478 AU Lai PY. Seow WK. Tudehope DI. Rogers Y. IN University of Queensland Dental School, Brisbane, Australia. TI Enamel hypoplasia and dental caries in very-low birthweight children: a case-controlled, longitudinal study. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 19(1):42-9, 1997 Jan-Feb. AB This longitudinal study investigated the sequelae of enamel defects in a group of 25 white, very-low birthweight (VLBW), preterm children (mean birthweight 969 +/- 218 g, mean gestational age 27 +/- 1.9 weeks). Twenty-five race-, age-, and sex-matched, full-term normal birthweight (NBW) control children born at the same hospital, were selected randomly from hospital records. The children were examined at approximate ages of 30, 44, and 52 months. At all examinations, VLBW children had significantly higher prevalence of enamel hypoplasia than did the NBW children. At the last recall examination, 96% of VLBW group, and 45% of the NBW group had at least one tooth with enamel defect, with a mean of 7.6 +/- 4.9 affected teeth per VLBW child, and only 1.0 +/- 1.3 affected teeth per control child (P < 0.001). A significant association of enamel defects with dental caries was observed only in the VLBW group on the second and third examinations (P < 0.001). The defect identified to be most significantly associated with dental caries was a variant showing both enamel hypoplasia and opacity. In spite of a high prevalence of enamel defects, the overall prevalence of dental caries in the VLBW children was not significantly different from that of NBW controls at all three examinations (P < 0.1). Other caries risk factors such as levels of Streptococcus mutans infection, fluoride supplementation, plaque scores, toothbrushing frequency, and daily sugar exposures were examined but none was found to be related significantly to development of dental caries. <24> UI 97298387 AU Seow WK. IN Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland. TI Effects of preterm birth on oral growth and development. [Review] [33 refs] SO Australian Dental Journal. 42(2):85-91, 1997 Apr. AB Preterm and low birthweight children comprise approximately 6 per cent of all live births. They are prone to many serious medical problems during the neonatal period which may affect the development of oral tissues. The present paper reviews the results of this author's own decade of research into the oral development of preterm children in the light of current understanding of the field. Studies have shown a high prevalence of generalized enamel hypoplasia in the primary dentition of around 40-70 per cent in preterm children which is likely to be associated with low bone mineral stores. The clinical significance of enamel defects is poor aesthetics, and predisposition of the lesions to dental caries. Other dental defects observed in preterm children are localized enamel hypoplasia, crown dilacerations, and palatal distortions which are usually associated with traumatic laryngoscopy and prolonged endotracheal intubation. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that the rate of dental development, and dental eruption may be affected by preterm birth. Children with the lowest birthweight and shortest gestational ages have the lowest rates of dental development, particularly before six years of age. The results of these clinical studies may have significant implications in the dental management of preterm children. [References: 33] <25> UI 97274011 AU Whelton BD. Peterson DP. Moretti ES. Mauser RW. Bhattacharyya MH. IN Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Washington University, Cheney 99004-2431, USA. TI Kidney changes in multiparous, nulliparous and ovariectomized mice fed either a nutrient-sufficient or -deficient diet containing cadmium. SO Toxicology. 119(2):123-40, 1997 Apr 30. AB As a simulation of the etiological factors known for Itai-Itai disease, a syndrome characterized by renal dysfunction and osteomalacia in its Japanese victims, female mice were subjected to the individual and combined stresses of dietary Cd, nutrient-deficient diet, multiparity and ovariectomy. Renal function as affected by the etiological factors was periodically evaluated by determination of protein, amino acid, glucose and Cd concentrations in urine; periodic changes in skeletal Ca status were assessed relative to current renal function. Renal metabolism of Cd, Zn and Cu was also examined. At age 68 days, female mice were given nutrient-sufficient (+) or -deficient (-), purified diets containing either 0.25 (environmental), 5, or 50 ppm Cd as CdCl(2); the nutritional composition of (-) diet simulated that of food consumed by Japanese victims of Itai-Itai disease. At age 70 days, half of the females began a breeding regimen of six consecutive, 42-day rounds of pregnancy/lactation (PL mice); the remainder were maintained as virgin, non-pregnant controls (NP mice). Limited numbers of PL and NP mice were sacrificed at the end of each reproductive round. PL( + ) mice taken in a given round had successively borne litters in that round and all preceding ones. PL(-) females taken at the end of round (R)-1, -2 and -3 had successively borne litters through those rounds; those taken at the end of R-5 or R-6 had nonsuccessively borne litters in four of five or three of six rounds, respectively. At the conclusion of the 252-day reproductive period, remaining females entered the 392-day, post-reproductive phase of the experiment. At age 546 days (mid-R-12), PL females having successfully borne at least three litters were ovariectomized (OV) to mimic human menopause; at the same time, NP females were either ovariectomized or sham-operated (SO). After surgery, all females were maintained to age 714 days (mid-R-16), then sacrificed. Spot urine samples were taken from individual mice at the end of most reproductive rounds (R-2-->6), prior to surgery (mid-R-10), and prior to final sacrifice (late-R-15); samples were also collected via metabolism cages at the end of R-10. Food consumption, monitored on a weekly basis over the first nine rounds, was generally not significantly affected by dietary Cd level or nutrient deficiencies in females of the same reproductive status; consumption was increased about 2.5-fold in PL versus NP groups during the reproductive period and about 1.4-fold during the post-reproductive period. At each of the three dietary Cd levels and after all reproductive rounds, mean renal Cd concentrations were 1.2- to 5.6-fold higher in PL than NP mice. After six reproductive rounds, renal Cd concentrations in PL(+) and (-) groups exposed to 50 ppm Cd had reached 155 and 179 microg Cd/g kidney, respectively. Although these levels fell within a concentration range (145-200 microg Cd/g) where cadmium-induced renal dysfunction could be anticipated, no significant, Cd-dependent changes in mean urinary amino acid or protein concentrations were found. Moreover, among the same population, a 12% incidence of elevated urinary Cd (> or = 250 ng/ml) was noted, however none of the affected individuals exhibited depressed total calcium content (TCa) or calcium:dry weight ratios (Ca:DW) for femur. Such results suggested that the Cd-induced, skeletal demineralization observed in mice during the reproductive period (Bhattacharyya et al., Toxicology 1988a; 50: 193-204; Whelton et al., Toxicology 1994: 91: 235-251) likely occurred in the general absence of cadmium-induced renal dysfunction. By the end of the post-reproductive period, the incidence of elevated urinary Cd increased to 26% among ovariectomized females: of these, 89% with urinary Cd > or = 345 ng/ml exhibited decreases in TCa and/or Ca:DW values for femur or lumbar vertebrae that exceeded one S.D. of their group mean. Such results suggested that skeletal demineralization observed at <26> UI 97274010 AU Whelton BD. Peterson DP. Moretti ES. Dare H. Bhattacharyya MH. IN Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Washington University, Cheney 99004-2431, USA. TI Skeletal changes in multiparous, nulliparous and ovariectomized mice fed either a nutrient-sufficient or -deficient diet containing cadmium. SO Toxicology. 119(2):103-21, 1997 Apr 30. AB As a simulation of the etiological factors known for Itai-Itai disease, a syndrome characterized by osteomalacia and renal dysfunction in its Japanese victims, female mice were subjected to the individual and combined stresses of dietary cadmium, nutrient-deficient diet, multiparity and ovariectomy; the calcium-depleting effect of each factor was evaluated by determining Ca levels in femur and lumbar vertebrae. At age 68 days, female mice were given nutrient-sufficient (+) or -deficient (-), purified diets containing either 0.25 (environmental), 5, or 50 ppm Cd as CdCl2; the nutritional composition of (-) diet simulated that of food consumed by Japanese victims of Itai-Itai disease. At age 70 days, half of the females began a breeding regimen of six consecutive, 42-day rounds of pregnancy/lactation (PL mice); the remainder were maintained as virgin, non-pregnant controls (NP mice). Limited numbers of PL and NP mice were sacrificed at the end of each reproductive round. PL(+) mice taken at the end of round (R)-6 had successively borne litters in all six rounds, while PL(-) counterparts had nonsuccessively borne only three. At the conclusion of the 252-day reproductive period, remaining females entered the 392-day, post-reproductive phase of the experiment. At age 546 days (mid-R-12), PL females having successfully borne at least three litters were ovariectomized (OV) to mimic human menopause; at the same time, NP females were either ovariectomized or sham-operated (SO). After surgery, all females were maintained to age 714 days (mid-R-16), then sacrificed. During the post-reproductive period, food consumption by females of the same reproductive status was unaffected by elevated levels of Cd or nutrient-deficiencies in diet. However by R-16, Cd at 50 vs. 0.25 ppm had reduced body mass by 11% in both NP and PLOV females, femur and lumbar vertebral calcium content (TCa) by 20 and 25% in the respective groups, and femur and vertebral calcium/dry weight ratios (Ca/DW) by 12 and 11%. Alternative R-16 comparisons indicated that (-) diet also diminished skeletal Ca, but that the additional factors of (prior) multiparity and ovariectomy generated only small and non-significant effects. Comparison of skeletal status between the ends of the reproductive and post-reproductive periods indicated that (1) individual NP groups, regardless of Cd exposure, generally sustained small decreases in TCa and CaDW over time (consistent with aging), but PL groups without exception secured significant gains (consistent with cessation of multiparous activity), (2) skeletal integrity of PL groups was significantly more compromised by the combination of Itai etiological factors at the end of R-6 than R-16, and (3) among those factors, the most demineralizing over lifetime were chronic exposure to Cd followed by ingestion of (-) diet. Despite these findings, skeletal degeneration characteristic of the Itai-Itai syndrome was ultimately not duplicated in this mouse model suggesting that the full-blown disease required primary and profound skeletal demineralization secondarily supported and enhanced by renal dysfunction. <27> UI 97052901 AU Seow WK. IN Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. TI A study of the development of the permanent dentition in very low birthweight children. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 18(5):379-84, 1996 Sep-Oct. AB There have been no previous studies on dental maturation of prematurely born, very low birthweight (< 1500 g, VLBW) Caucasian children. This study investigated dental development and prevalence of enamel defects in a group of 55 VLBW children (mean age at dental examination 7.7 +/- 2.2 years, mean birthweight 1203 +/- 240 g, and mean gestational age 29.8 +/- 2.4 weeks) compared to 55 normal birthweight (NBW) children matched for race, sex, and age. Dental maturity was determined from panoramic radiographs. Overall, VLBW children experienced a delay in dental maturation of approximately 0.29 +/- 0.54 years compared with NBW children (P < 0.02). The VLBW children younger than 6 years of age showed the greatest delay of 0.31 +/- 0.68 years (P < 0.001). In contrast, children aged 9 years and older had no difference in their dental ages compared to controls (P > 0.01), showing that "catch-up" growth had occurred by age 9 years. Children of birthweight < 1000 g with gestational ages < 30 weeks showed the greatest lag period in dental maturation. Clinical examination also showed that VLBW children had a higher percentage of enamel defects in the permanent first molars (21% versus 11%, P < 0.02) and lateral incisors (12% versus 0%, P < 0.01). As the permanent teeth commence their mineralization of few mouths after premature birth, it is hypothesized that there is persistent systemic derangement sufficient to affect enamel formation postnatally for some time in VLBW children. <28> UI 97003238 AU Li Y. Navia JM. Bian JY. IN School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0008, USA. TI Caries experience in deciduous dentition of rural Chinese children 3-5 years old in relation to the presence or absence of enamel hypoplasia. SO Caries Research. 30(1):8-15, 1996. AB The association of enamel hypoplasia (EHP) with dental caries of the deciduous dentition was determined in 1,344 rural Chinese children aged 3-5 years. The degree of EHP was determined using a modified DDE Index. Number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth and tooth surfaces were determined for all subjects. Anthropometric assessment of body weight and height was done as an indirect measure of the nutritional status of the children. Results from the study showed that the prevalence of EHP was 22.3% in the total study population. The prevalence of dental caries was 82.3%. There was no difference in the caries experience between males and females. Significantly greater caries experience was observed among the children living in a low socioeconomic county and children with low height for age. Children with low birth weight showed a slightly higher percentage of caries than those born with normal birth weight. Children with enamel hypoplasia demonstrated a significantly higher caries experience than those who did not have such defects. The results of this study consistently support previous studies that found nutritional deficiency to have an important impact on tooth development and susceptibility to dental diseases. This study also indicates that the presence of enamel hypoplasia may be a predisposing factor for initiation and progression of dental caries, and a predictor of high caries susceptibility in a community, particularly if fluoride programs are not implemented. <29> UI 96414561 AU Musaiger AO. IN Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. TI Food habits of mothers and children in two regions of Oman. SO Nutrition & Health. 11(1):29-48, 1996. AB Several rapid assessment surveys were carried out during the period 1988-1991 to determine the food habit of preschool children, adolescent girls and mothers in Muscat (the capital) and southern region in Oman. Data were collected from health centers, hospitals and households. There have been differences in dietary habits between the people in the two regions. These differences were more evident in breastfeeding practices, meal patterns of adolescent girls and food frequency intake of mothers. Geographical location, occupation of inhabitants, cultural and ethnic factors may be responsible for the variation in dietary habits between the two regions. Several unsound food practices during pregnancy and puerperium were reported in both regions. In general, dietary patterns of mothers and children have changed dramatically during the past two decades. Duration of breastfeeding has declined and infant formula as well as commercial weaning foods were introduced at an early time of infants' lives. The trend of consumption of food for infants, adolescent girls and mothers is in the direction of unhealthier eating habits, as foods rich in fat, cholesterol, refined sugar and salt are commonly consumed. This food pattern may contribute to diet-related chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and dental caries. A nutrition education programme to promote a healthy diet and to correct unsound food beliefs and habits is urgently needed. <30> UI 96310333 AU Reid GM. Tervit HM. TI Sudden infant death syndrome: near-weightlessness and delayed neural transformation. [Review] [32 refs] SO Medical Hypotheses. 46(4):383-7, 1996 Apr. AB Dilation of the pulmonary arteries and increased pulmonary blood volume are recorded in sudden infant death syndrome and in infants living at low barometric pressures (high altitude). Low barometric pressure leads to chronic alveolar hypoxia (1,2). There is diversion and loss of body-fluid under conditions of microgravity (near-weightlessness) encountered in human space-travel and prolonged bedrest (3). The condition mimics shock and oligemia (4,5). The human neonate has underdeveloped postural mechanisms and low muscle-power. A transformation begins at about two months of age, which enables the human infant to adapt to the extrauterine environment (6). The neonate resembles the space traveller who, in a near-weightlessness antigravity environment, develops baroreceptor incompetence, visceral and venous congestion and oliguria. The low birthweight infant displays many of the disorders of the space traveller, viz. poor circulation, high blood-glucose, insulin resistance, weak muscles, slow gut absorption and bone demineralization (7-10). These conditions are virtually identical with the internal adjustments the body makes on lying down (negative gravity or near-weightlessness). We discuss the similarities of sudden infant death syndrome to low barometric pressure environment, orthostatic intolerance, the Pickwickian syndrome and X disease. [References: 32] <31> UI 96302879 AU Weinstein P. Oberg D. Domoto PK. Jeffcott E. Leroux B. TI A prospective study of the feeding and brushing practices of WIC mothers: six- and twelve-month data and ethnicity and familial variables. SO ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 63(2):113-7, 1996 Mar-Apr. AB This study, part of a project that provided a baby cup to WIC children in Washington State, reports the feeding and brushing behaviors at six and twelve months and the influence of cultural and familial variables. Results show there are large differences in feeding and brushing practices among ethnic groups, i.e., Asian mothers reported the greatest reliance on the bottle at twelve months. Marital status was related to feeding practices, i.e., single women were more likely to put the baby to bed with a bottle at six and twelve months and were more likely to use a cup at twelve months. The presence of additional children at home was related to infrequent brushing and lower rates of cup use at twelve months. Awareness of ethnic and familial variables such as marital status and number of children may be useful in formulating specific recommendations when counseling mothers and other caretakers. <32> UI 96212559 AU Seidler A. Hellenbrand W. Robra BP. Vieregge P. Nischan P. Joerg J. Oertel WH. Ulm G. Schneider E. IN Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Hannover Medical University, Germany. TI Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Germany. SO Neurology. 46(5):1275-84, 1996 May. AB In a case-control study, we investigated the possible etiologic relevance to Parkinson's disease (PD) of rural factors such as farming activity, pesticide exposures, well-water drinking, and animal contacts; toxicologic exposures such as wood preservatives, heavy metals, and solvents; general anesthesia; head trauma; and differences in the intrauterine environment. We recruited 380 patients in nine German clinics, 379 neighborhood control subjects, and 376 regional control subjects in the largest case-control study investigating such factors and collected data in structured personal interviews using conditional logistic regression to control for educational status and cigarette smoking. The latter was strongly inversely associated with PD. There were significantly elevated odds ratios (OR) for pesticide use, in particular, for organochlorines and alkylated phosphates, but no association was present between PD and other rural factors. A significantly elevated OR was present for exposure to wood preservatives. Subjective assessment by the probands indicated that exposure to some heavy metals, solvents, exhaust fumes, and carbon monoxide was significantly more frequent among patients than control subjects, but this was not confirmed by a parallel assessment of job histories according to a job exposure matrix. Patients had undergone general anesthesia and suffered severe head trauma more often than control subjects, but a dose-response gradient was not present. Patients reported a significantly larger number of amalgam-filled teeth before their illness than control subjects. The frequency of premature births and birth order did not differ between patients and control subjects. Patients reported significantly more relatives affected with PD than control subjects. These results support a role for environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of PD. <33> UI 97002522 AU Petersen PE. Danila I. Samoila A. IN Department of Community Dentistry and Graduate Studies, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. TI Oral health behavior, knowledge, and attitudes of children, mothers, and schoolteachers in Romania in 1993. SO Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 53(6):363-8, 1995 Dec. AB In Romania an increasing level of dental caries in children has been observed. The present study was undertaken to describe the oral health behavior of schoolchildren in the first grade, to assess the level of oral health knowledge and attitudes among the mothers, and to describe oral knowledge and attitudes to prevention among the schoolteachers. A total of 322 mothers of grade-1 children (response, 89%) and 97 schoolteachers (response, 86%) participated in the study. Data on mothers and children were collected through personal interviews, whereas the teachers responded to self-administered questionnaires. A significant proportion of the mothers knew about the causal factors in dental caries; however, relatively few were aware of the harmful effect of hidden sugar. Most of the mothers were aware of the importance of toothbrushing, but 33% also recommended the use of salt for prevention of periodontal disease. Of the children, 37% brushed their teeth at least twice a day; 26% had their teeth cleaned by their mothers every day. Sugar was mostly consumed in terms of milk with sugar, sugary breakfast cereals, biscuits, and sweets. The schoolteachers knew about the poor dental conditions in children and wanted to become involved in oral health education. Training of teachers should aim at improving their level of knowledge on oral health. The establishment of school-based oral health promotion programs in Romania is urgently needed. <34> UI 96204174 AU Roeters J. Burgersdijk R. Truin GJ. van 't Hof M. IN Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. TI Dental caries and its determinants in 2-to-5-year-old children. SO ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 62(6):401-8, 1995 Nov-Dec. <35> UI 96113471 AU Schou L. Uitenbroek D. IN Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. TI Social and behavioural indicators of caries experience in 5-year-old children. SO Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 23(5):276-81, 1995 Oct. <36> UI 96036325 AU Boraz RA. IN Dental Service, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160-7334, USA. TI XXXXY syndrome: report of case. SO Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 19(2):143-6, 1995 Winter. AB XXXXY Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by multiple anomalies including growth deficiency, hypogenitalism, craniofacial anomalies and dental problems. Some experts feel this syndrome is a derivative of Klinefelter's Syndrome and may be associated with advanced maternal age. The case of a seven year old male with XXXXY syndrome is presented. A dental rehabilitation involving outpatient surgery is described. <37> UI 95385059 AU Roeters FJ. van der Hoeven JS. Burgersdijk RC. Schaeken MJ. IN Department of Cariology and Endodontology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. TI Lactobacilli, mutants streptococci and dental caries: a longitudinal study in 2-year-old children up to the age of 5 years. SO Caries Research. 29(4):272-9, 1995. AB A 3-year cohort study was carried out in 252 pre-school children for early identification of caries-active individuals. During this period information was collected about the acquisition of mutants streptococci and lactobacilli from the age of 2 till 5 years old. At baseline mutants streptococci were detected in 43% of the children while the detection frequency of lactobacilli was low (11.5%). On an individual level, numbers of colony-forming units of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque and saliva varied largely during the study period. The correlations between the numbers of lactobacilli and mutants streptococci in the saliva of the mother and the saliva and plaque of the child were low and never exceeded r = 0.22. Very low correlations (< r = 0.22) were also found between the numbers of mutans streptococci or lactobacilli and the diet in terms of the number of sugar intakes. Nevertheless, in children older than 2.5 years correlations between the clinical caries score and lactobacilli in saliva (range 0.31-0.62) and mutans streptococci in plaque or saliva (range 0.24-0.46) were highly significant (p < 0.01). <38> UI 95300418 AU Wahlig TM. Georgieff MK. IN Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, USA. TI The effects of illness on neonatal metabolism and nutritional management. [Review] [77 refs] SO Clinics in Perinatology. 22(1):77-96, 1995 Mar. AB In summary, careful attention to nutrient delivery in the IUGR infant is important to prevent and treat neonatal metabolic derangements and to improve postnatal growth. Carbohydrates are the essential fuel in the first days of life, to prevent hypoglycemia. Subsequent delivery of protein and fat helps rectify reduced muscle and fat stores and promotes weight gain. Calcium supplementation to prevent further bone demineralization and iron supplementation to replete iron stores may be necessary. Of special interest is that the neurologic outcome of these infants appears linked to the rate of catch-up growth. The rate of postnatal head growth depends on many perinatal and neonatal risk factors, and is a strong predictor of early developmental outcome in low-birthweight infants. Insufficient energy delivery beyond 2 weeks postnatal age in SGA premature infants results in failure to initiate subsequent catch-up head growth, with consequently smaller head circumferences at 1-year follow-up. [References: 77] <39> UI 95233943 AU Li Y. Navia JM. Caufield PW. IN School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0007, USA. TI Colonization by mutans streptococci in the mouths of 3- and 4-year-old Chinese children with or without enamel hypoplasia. SO Archives of Oral Biology. 39(12):1057-62, 1994 Dec. AB This case-control study compared the prevalence and concentration of mutans streptococci (MS) in saliva between children with and without enamel hypoplasia (EHP). A total of 486 3- or 4-year-old Chinese children were initially screened for EHP, then distributed into two groups: 234 children diagnosed as having EHP were assigned to the case group; 252 who were free of EHP were included in the control group. The concentration of MS in saliva was assayed for each child. Nutritional status was deduced from body height and weight. Birth weight, prematurity, and nursing history were also determined. MS were found in 94.7% of the study population. The differences in MS concentrations were not associated with low birth weight, prematurity, length of breast feeding, or body height and weight. A statistically significant association existed between the presence of EHP and high counts of MS (p < 0.001). High MS counts were correlated with severity of enamel defects (p < 0.001). When the caries status of the children was controlled as the confounding factor in statistical analyses, the association between EHP and MS decreased but still remained significant (p = 0.025). This study shows that high MS counts are correlated with EHP, suggesting that irregularities in enamel surfaces could be a contributing factor that fosters the increased colonization of MS in the mouths of children. <40> UI 95069035 AU Bonucci E. Lozupone E. Silvestrini G. Favia A. Mocetti P. IN Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. TI Morphological studies of hypomineralized enamel of rat pups on calcium-deficient diet, and of its changes after return to normal diet. SO Anatomical Record. 239(4):379-95, 1994 Aug. AB BACKGROUND: Micro-hardness investigations have shown that rat pups nursed by mothers on a low calcium diet and weaned with the maternal calcium-deficient diet develop hypomineralized enamel. The inorganic and organic components of this enamel, their relationships, and their changes after return to normal diet have been studied by light and electron microscopy. METHODS: The maturation zone of incisor enamel has been studied in: (1) rats nursed for 20 days by mothers on a low calcium diet and weaned for 30 days with the same diet (E1 enamel); (2) rats that after the calcium-deficient diet were fed normal diet for 10 days (E2 enamel); and (3) rats nursed for 20 days by mothers on a normal diet and weaned for 30 days with a normal diet (controls). RESULTS: The results showed that E1 enamel was hypomineralized, as noted by its Azure II-Methylene blue stainability in undecalcified sections, its light staining with the von Kossa method, and its ultrastructure. E1 crystallites, although present throughout the whole enamel, were thinner than those of E2 enamel, which were similar to those of controls. E1 interrod crystallites were thicker in the intermediate than in the dentinal zone and were thicker than rod crystallites. Organic matrix was present throughout the whole E1 enamel. Its organic components (crystal ghosts) had the same shape, arrangement, and organization as those of inorganic crystallites. Crystal ghosts were greatly reduced in E2 enamel and in controls. CONCLUSIONS: The results lead to the conclusions that: (1) E1 enamel is hypomineralized, and its degree of calcification is restored by return to a normal calcium diet; (2) intra- and interprismatic calcification occurs in a different way; (3) crystallite thickness is initially greater in dentinal than in the superficial zone and is reversed as crystallite growth is completed; and (4) loss of enamel proteins is necessary for completion of crystallite growth and not for crystallite formation. <41> UI 94360445 AU Whelton BD. Bhattacharyya MH. Peterson DP. Moretti ES. Toomey JM. Williams LL. IN Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004-2499. TI Skeletal changes in multiparous and nulliparous mice fed a nutrient-deficient diet containing cadmium. SO Toxicology. 91(3):235-51, 1994 Aug 12. AB Female mice were given nutrient-deficient, purified diets containing either 0.25 (environmental), 5, or 50 ppm Cd; the nutrient quality of each was patterned after deficiencies known to be present in food consumed by Japanese women who contracted Itai-Itai disease. One-half of the mice were bred for six consecutive, 42-day rounds of pregnancy/lactation (PL mice); remaining females were non-pregnant, virgin controls (NP mice). PL and NP mice were sacrificed at the end of rounds 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6. PL mice taken during the first three rounds were successively pregnant; those taken in later rounds experienced gestation/lactation either four (round 5) or three (round 6) non-successive times. No consistent round-by-round decreases in diet consumption or body weight occurred among NP mice during the 252 days of cadmium exposure, however a significant decrease in femur calcium content (11-17%) was observed in virgin groups exposed to 50 vs. 0.25 ppm Cd. Similar femur decalcification (14-20%) was observed in PL mice, however calcium loss at 50 ppm Cd paralleled decreases in food consumption (24%) and body weight (9-17%). Significant but smaller decreases in the calcium/dry weight (Ca/DW) ratio were found for NP and PL groups consuming 50 ppm dietary Cd. Over the 6-round experiment, exposure to cadmium was found to effect smaller decreases in both femur Ca content and Ca/DW ratio than either consumption of nutrient-deficient diet or multiparous experience. Demineralization results for PL mice provide evidence that the combination of chronic ingestion of cadmium in a nutrient-deficient diet and multiparous activity likely played a role in the etiology of Itai-Itai disease; results for NP mice additionally suggest that decalcification may have been initiated in human females at a time prior to the multiparous and menopausal stages of life. <42> UI 94379421 AU Fearne JM. Elliott JC. Wong FS. Davis GR. Boyde A. Jones SJ. IN Department of Child Dental Health, London Hospital Medical College, UK. TI Deciduous enamel defects in low-birth-weight children: correlated X-ray microtomographic and backscattered electron imaging study of hypoplasia and hypomineralization. SO Anatomy & Embryology. 189(5):375-81, 1994 May. AB Enamel does not remodel, and disturbances occurring during development may remain in the tooth as a permanent record of the upset. Mineralization in prenatal and postnatal deciduous enamel was studied in the shed deciduous incisors of low-birth-weight (LBW: < 2kg) children. The specific objective was to gain further insight into the mechanism of formation of developmental defects of enamel. Sections at a resolution of 22-40 microns were reconstructed using X-ray microtomography (microCT) giving absolute measurements of linear absorption coefficient for AgK alpha radiation. Detail to ca. 1 micron resolution was obtained using automated, digital backscattered electron (BSE) imaging of PMMA-embedded material. Matching the histograms of BSE and microCT images made possible the calibration of the mean atomic number-dependent signal in the BSE images. The comparison of abnormal, affected enamel regions and post-recovery, normal, unaffected regions could be made in the same teeth, since these zones were easily recognized from the distribution of hypoplasia and hypomineralization. The microCT values, converted to calculated mineral densities, ranged from 2.3 g cm-3 to 2.6 g cm-3 in LBW hypoplastic, and between 2.65 and 2.78 g cm-3 in control primary enamel and post-defect, post-natal LBW enamel. Hypoplasia with or without minimal hypomineralization indicated recovery of the ameloblasts in the maturation phase. Disturbance during late matrix formation and early maturation resulted in hypoplasia and hypomineralization. <43> UI 94323987 AU Wang C. Brown S. Bhattacharyya MH. IN Center for Mechanistic Biology and Biotechnology, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439-4833. TI Effect of cadmium on bone calcium and 45Ca in mouse dams on a calcium-deficient diet: evidence of Itai-Itai-like syndrome. SO Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology. 127(2):320-30, 1994 Aug. AB To test whether Cd exposure would increase Ca release from bone during pregnancy and lactation in relation to the etiological mechanism of Itai-Itai disease, virgin female mice with 45Ca prelabeled skeletons (15 microCi/mouse) were subjected to one round of pregnancy/lactation and were exposed to a Ca-deficient diet containing 0, 5, or 25 ppm Cd or 25 ppm Pb for 32 days, from conception until Lactation Day 14. A striking loss of 45Ca was found in the dam's total skeleton (-40%), right femur (-47%), and lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) (-75%) due only to pregnancy/lactation in conjunction with Ca deficiency. At both 5 and 25 ppm, Cd administered through food induced an additional significant 45Ca loss from the total skeleton (-25% at 5 ppm Cd, -30% at 25 ppm Cd) and right femur (39% at 5 ppm Cd, -32% at 25 ppm Cd) compared to 0 ppm animals. Almost all of the 45Ca lost from the dam's skeleton appeared in the pups, with 80% transferred via the dam's milk during lactation and only 20% transferred during gestation; a very small fraction of the dam's skeletal 45Ca was excreted. Considering stable Ca values, Cd exposure nearly doubled the loss of Ca from the dam's skeleton (-78 mg Ca/mouse at 0 ppm; -146 mg Ca/mouse at 5 and 25 ppm Cd). Paralleling 45Ca losses, a Ca-deficient diet in combination with pregnancy/lactation alone caused significant decreases in weight and mineral content of the right femur and lumbar vertebrae (dry weight, ash weight, ash/dry, Ca content, Ca/dry, and Ca/ash) (-8 to -52%). Cd at both 5 and 25 ppm showed additional decreases (-15 to -32%, Cd groups compared to 0 ppm animals). Responses were specific to Cd in that no significant effect occurred due to 32 days of Pb exposure (25 ppm). This experiment supports the view that Cd exposure in conjunction with Ca deficiency and pregnancy/lactation are key etiological factors of Itai-Itai disease and that Cd at both 5 and 25 ppm in conjunction with one round of gestation/lactation and Ca deficiency can induce an extreme demineralization characteristic of Itai-Itai-like syndrome. <44> UI 94319991 AU Gratrix D. Holloway PJ. IN Dept. Dental Public Health, Tameside General Hospital, UK. TI Factors of deprivation associated with dental caries in young children. SO Community Dental Health. 11(2):66-70, 1994 Jun. AB Quantitative and qualitative data were collected on the communities in the Tameside and Glossop Health Authority district served by the five primary schools with the highest prevalences of dental caries among their 5-year-old children and contrasted with similar information from communities served by five schools whose 5-year-old pupils had the lowest prevalences of caries. Quantitative data were collected from a variety of sources including the health and education authorities, and qualitative information was gathered by interviewing health and education personnel with special knowledge of the primary and pre-school children involved. It was found that communities with a high caries activity among their primary school children had lower proportions of babies of normal birth weight and uptake of poliomyelitis vaccination, while more children were born to single parent families. They also had lower percentages of private housing, homes with a car and households in social classes 1 and 2. The high caries schools had more children receiving clothing allowances and free school meals. The communities they served had higher Townsend mean deprivation Z scores and lower percentages of crime rates per household. The high caries communities tended to bottle feed their babies, wean them earlier, use infant feeding bottles longer and give babies fruit juices more regularly. The parents in the high caries communities were reported to have higher proportions of social and financial problems, were less likely to form parent-teacher associations, their children had poorer attendance and punctuality records, worse behaviour and greater consumption of confectionery after school.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <45> UI 94181349 AU Pohlandt F. IN Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Germany. TI Prevention of postnatal bone demineralization in very low-birth-weight infants by individually monitored supplementation with calcium and phosphorus. SO Pediatric Research. 35(1):125-9, 1994 Jan. AB Preterm infants are more prone to bone mineral deficiency the lower their birth weight. To achieve the intrauterine bone mineral accretion rate postnatally, 74 low-birth-weight infants (median birth weight, 980 g; range 430-1.580 g) were each supplemented enterally and/or parenterally with calcium and/or phosphorus in gradually increased amounts. The aim was to yield a simultaneous urinary excretion of Ca and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) at low concentrations (1-2 mmol/L) in spot urine specimens taken twice weekly. The hypothesis was that the intrauterine mineralization rate (4.5 mg cm-1/100 g weight gain) would be achieved postnatally in very low-birth-weight infants, if they were supplemented with enough Ca and/or Pi to effect at least a low (1-2 mmol/L) simultaneous urinary excretion of both ions, as compared with infants who do not excrete both ions and would accrete the bone minerals at a lower rate. The change in bone mineral content was measured by single photonabsorption densitometry and related to weight gain during periods of 2 to 6 wk. Infants who simultaneously excreted Ca (> 1.2 mmol/L) + Pi (> 0.4 mmol/L) in more than half of the urine samples retrospectively showed the highest bone mineral accretion, 5.1 mg cm-1/100 g weight gain, which was equivalent to the fetal mineralization rate (4.5). In this group the bone mineral status significantly contributed to the variance of the bone mineral accretion rate; severely demineralized infants showed a catch-up mineralization. A significantly lower rate (2.4) was observed in infants who excreted Ca+Pi in less than half of the urinary samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <46> UI 93147336 AU Fadavi S. Adeni S. Dziedzic K. Punwani I. Vidyasagar D. IN Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612. TI The oral effects of orotracheal intubation in prematurely born preschoolers. SO ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 59(6):420-4, 1992 Nov-Dec. AB This cross-sectional study of fifty-two prematurely-born children, ages two to five years, evaluated the long-term effects of oral intubation at birth on palatal architecture, crossbite malocclusion, and enamel structure. Seventy percent showed a high palatal vault, with palatal grooving in 25 percent; 36 percent had enamel defects in the maxillary primary incisors; and 17 percent had posterior crossbites. The mean palatal depth was 12.9 mm, as compared to 11.4 mm for a group of 45 nonintubated, normal healthy children (the difference was significant at alpha = 0.05). There are significant iatrogenic defects from prolonged neonatal intubation with this sample of preschoolers. <47> UI 92409455 AU Needleman HL. Allred E. Bellinger D. Leviton A. Rabinowitz M. Iverson K. IN Harvard School of Dental Medicine. TI Antecedents and correlates of hypoplastic enamel defects of primary incisors. [Review] [123 refs] SO Pediatric Dentistry. 14(3):158-66, 1992 May-Jun. AB Four hundred and fifty-five exfoliated primary incisors were obtained from children whose mothers provided information about a wide range of pre-, peri-, and postnatal characteristics of both the mother and child. These teeth then were examined for the presence of hypoplastic enamel defects (HED). The basic form of the null hypothesis tested was that children who had HED of a primary incisor did not differ from those who did not have such a defect. Of the primary incisors examined, 18.5% had HED (25.0% maxillary and 10.1% mandibular). The following items were found to be associated most strongly (P less than 0.003) with an increase in a child's risk of developing HED; 1) maternal antenatal history of smoking, higher prepregnancy weight, and failure to obtain prenatal care during the first trimester; 2) prematurity, low birth-weight and their associated correlates; and 3) postnatal measles infection. Left-handedness, maternal tea and Tylenol (McNeil Consumer Products Co., Fort Washington, PA) consumption, and failure to screen for undue lead burden were associated less prominently (P less than 0.05) with HED prevalence. Season of birth and serum and dentin lead levels were not related to the prevalence of HED. Many of these risk factors are also covariates of low socioeconomic status such as suboptimal nutrition and increased risk of infection. Additional investigation is needed to delineate the associations between specific pre- and perinatal nutritional and infectious factors, socioeconomic status, and HED development. [References: 123] <48> UI 92364949 AU Bhat M. Nelson KB. Cummins SK. Grether JK. IN Epidemiology and Oral Disease Prevention Program, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20816. TI Prevalence of developmental enamel defects in children with cerebral palsy. SO Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 21(6):241-4, 1992 Jul. AB Enamel defects observed in primary anterior teeth of 123 children with congenital cerebral palsy (CP) born 1983 through 1985 in four northern California counties were categorized using an adaptation of the Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Nineteen children (15%) had crowns or loss of tooth substance (LTS) due to attrition. Missing enamel (ME) including horizontal groove, was observed in 39 children (32%). Twenty-four children without ME (20%) had enamel pits, vertical grooves, or colored enamel opacities. Forty-one (33%) had clinically normal enamel. ME children did not differ significantly from those with normal enamel with respect to race, sex, singleton vs twin, severity or type of CP, or presence of dysmorphic features. ME children more often had shorter gestational ages than children with normal enamel. More ME children, even those who were not low in birth weight, were reported by parents to have required neonatal intensive care. <49> UI 92166058 AU Honkala E. Kolmakow S. Nyyssonen V. Kuzmina E. Vasina S. IN Department of Preventive Dentistry and Cariology, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI Background factors affecting dental caries in permanent teeth of Finnish and Soviet children. SO ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 59(1):28-33, 1992 Jan-Feb. AB The aim of this study was to analyze the association between some general background factors and caries experience in two groups of Finnish children (from Helsinki and Kuopio) and Soviet children (Moscow and Leningrad). A total of 1187 schoolchildren, ages seven, nine and twelve years, were examined and information about their health habits was gathered by questionnaire. Questions included use of sweets, cakes, soft drinks, sugar-sweetened coffee and tea, toothbrushing frequency and mother's education. Except for age, the factors that explain caries experience clearly differ in Finnish and Soviet children. <50> UI 93181323 AU Kopra DE. Davis EL. IN Yokota Air Force Base, Tokyo, Japan. TI Prevalence of oral defects among neonatally intubated 3- to 5- and 7- to 10-year old children. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 13(6):349-55, 1991 Nov-Dec. AB Greater prevalence of oral abnormalities was found in two groups of children (ages 3 to 5 and 7 to 10 years) who had been intubated neonatally and were of low birth-weight than in same-aged children of average birth-weight who had not been intubated at birth. These abnormalities included enamel defects, high vaulted and/or grooved palates, posterior crossbites, and palatal asymmetry. In addition, these children were judged to have poorer speech intelligibility and greater speech nasality than the comparison group children. Prematurity and intubation were confounded in this study, allowing the possibility that prematurity alone is the causal factor in these differential results. However, the finding of localized enamel defects among intubated 3- to 5-year-olds, and greater prevalence of high vaulted palates and palatal grooving among intubated subjects in both age groups, provide strong support for intubation as a cause of both the occurrence and duration of oral defects among neonatally intubated children. <51> UI 92319564 AU Grindefjord M. Dahllof G. Wikner S. Hojer B. Modeer T. IN Department of Pedodontics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. TI Prevalence of mutans streptococci in one-year-old children. SO Oral Microbiology & Immunology. 6(5):280-3, 1991 Oct. AB Colonization with mutans streptococci was studied in 1095 1-year-old children living in suburban Stockholm. During a scheduled vaccination appointment at a child health centre, a bacterial sample was obtained from the child's tongue and a structured questionnaire was completed by the accompanying parent. Six percent of the subjects were colonized with mutans streptococci. The variables most strongly correlated with presence of mutans streptococci were: non-Swedish background, consumption of sugar-containing beverages at night and total consumption of sugar-containing beverages. The results indicate that, by the age of 1 year, maternally influenced behaviour patterns such as dietary habits that may predispose to early colonization of mutans streptococci are already established. Such early colonization with mutans streptococci may predict high caries risk in the primary dentition. <52> UI 92086648 AU Aaltonen AS. IN Lohja District Health Centre, Finland. TI The frequency of mother-infant salivary close contacts and maternal caries activity affect caries occurrence in 4-year-old children. SO Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society. 87(3):373-82, 1991. AB Dental caries was investigated in 248 4-year-old children in the Lohja District Health Centre, Finland in relation to the postpartum caries incidence rate in their mothers and the frequency of salivary close contacts between mothers and babies when the latter were 7 months old. Dental caries occurred in 32% of the children. Frequent maternal consumption of sugar-containing foods and drinks was significantly associated with a high maternal caries incidence rate. The mothers who had frequent close contacts with their babies gave them significantly more sweet comforters than the mothers who did not have close contacts frequently. However, only 25% of the children (n = 44) who had frequent maternal close contacts and whose mothers had a high caries incidence rate had caries, although levels of risk factors (bottle feeding with juices, frequent consumption of refined foodstuffs, added sugar and sweets, infrequent toothbrushing) were highest for these children. Dental caries was significantly more frequent in children in whom maternal caries incidence was low and close contacts were frequent (n = 35, 40%) and in those in whom maternal caries incidence was high and close contacts were rare (n = 55, 45%) than in those in whom maternal caries incidence was low and close contacts rare (n = 68, 18%). The results of the study support the theory that maternal caries incidence and salivary contacts with a child are connected with caries infection and immunity. Variations in bacterial challenge via such factors before and during the eruption of teeth may modify caries development in the primary dentition. <53> UI 91360429 AU Das S. Das AK. Murphy RA. Worawongvasu R. IN University of Illinois at Chicago. TI Aspartame and dental caries in the rat. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 13(4):217-20, 1991 Jul-Aug. AB Aspartame (NutraSweet--The NutraSweet Co., Deerfield, IL) an artificial intense sweetener, was tested for its cariogenicity alone and in the presence of sucrose. Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Charles River Laboratories, Bloomington, MA) inoculated with Streptococcus mutans were fed basal diet 2000 with one of the following added: 50% sucrose; 30% sucrose; 30% sucrose + 0.15% aspartame; 0.30% aspartame; 0.15% aspartame and no addition. The animals were sacrificed after eight weeks. Caries was evaluated using Keyes' technique. It was found that the addition of 0.15% aspartame to 30% sucrose diet significantly reduced caries in comparison to rats fed only 30% sucrose diet. In animals fed aspartame only, there was no caries. The S. mutans counts were high in the animals receiving sucrose diets with and without aspartame. The animals receiving only aspartame had very low S. mutans counts. <54> UI 91274216 AU Seow WK. Perham S. IN University of Queensland Dental School, Brisbane, Australia. TI Enamel hypoplasia in prematurely-born children: a scanning electron microscopic study. SO Journal of Pedodontics. 14(4):235-9, 1990 Summer. AB Although the enamel defects of low birthweight prematurely-born children have been well investigated clinically the ultrastructure has not been studied in detail. Using scanning electron microscopy this investigation examined the enamel surface of 4 representative teeth from a group of exofoliated teeth from prematurely-born, very-low birthweight children compared to an equal number of control teeth from normal birthweight children. The results showed that all 4 teeth from the prematurely-born group had enamel defects at the ultrastructural level even though the defects were evident only macroscopically in 2 teeth. By contrast all the control teeth from normal children did not show abnormalities of surface structure. Thus this investigation further confirms that birth prematurity and low birthweight adversely affect the activities of ameloblasts. Previous clinical investigations have reported that prematurely-born children show high prevalences of enamel hypoplasia of around 20-100%. The etiological factors involved in the pathogenesis of enamel defects are unclear, but are likely to be related to many systemic illnesses occurring during the neonatal period. These include respiratory distress syndrome, hyperbilirubinemia, maternal diabetes as well as neonatal rickets. Furthermore, Seow et al. (1989) showed recently that deficiency of calcium and phosphate mineral in the neonatal period is related directly to enamel hypoplasia in very-low birthweight, prematurely born children. In addition to systemic factors, local factors such as laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation have also been implicated in the etiology of enamel hypoplasia in these children. While the enamel defects have been well studied at the clinical level, there is a paucity of information on the ultrastructural nature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <55> UI 91252380 AU Seow WK. Perham S. Young WG. Daley T. IN Dental School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. TI Dilaceration of a primary maxillary incisor associated with neonatal laryngoscopy. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 12(5):321-4, 1990 Sep-Oct. AB Neonatal laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation often are required for prematurely born, low birthweight children. Previous studies have shown that these procedures are associated with a high prevalence of enamel hypoplasia of the maxillary anterior teeth. The present case report, which describes dilaceration of a left maxillary primary central incisor probably resulting from laryngoscopy, strongly supports the hypothesis that irreversible trauma to the dentition may result from endotracheal intubation. <56> UI 91177031 AU Neu J. Valentine C. Meetze W. IN Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610. TI Scientifically-based strategies for nutrition of the high-risk low birth weight infant. [Review] [132 refs] SO European Journal of Pediatrics. 150(1):2-13, 1990 Nov. AB Technological advances in the intensive care of low birth weight (LBW) infants have resulted in major increases in their survival. New challenges in meeting their nutritional needs have emerged. Very low birth (VLBW) weight infants have very little body fat or glycogen reserves at birth, making them susceptible to starvation. If fed enterally, they require at least 120 calories/kg per day for growth. Numerous immaturities in the gastrointestinal tract and liver limit protein digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Several amino acids not considered essential to the older child or adult are essential to the VLBW infant. Supplying a high protein load with an inappropriate amino acid composition may lead to metabolic imbalances. The digestion and absorption of fats differs from the older child or adult. Lingual and gastric lipases are important, and the lack of bile acids limits fat absorption. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency causes problems when too much fat or fat of incorrect composition is provided. There are controversies regarding the most appropriate carbohydrate source, but research shows that lactose remains an important carbohydrate source for most of these infants. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus requirements pose questions in both enterally and parenterally nourished infants. Studies of iron usage suggest that VLBW infants fed either human milk or formula should receive iron supplements. Vitamin E may be helpful in preventing oxygen toxicity. Vitamin D deficiency contributes to bone demineralization and rickets. Controversy exists regarding the correlation between vitamin A nutrition and development of chronic lung disease. Guidelines have been developed for recommended intakes, but much needs to be learned to provide a sound scientific basis upon which to provide optimal nourishment for the high risk, LBW infant. [References: 132] <57> UI 90298096 AU Fearne JM. Bryan EM. Elliman AM. Brook AH. Williams DM. IN London Hospital Medical College, Dental Institute. TI Enamel defects in the primary dentition of children born weighing less than 2000 g. SO British Dental Journal. 168(11):433-7, 1990 Jun 9. AB The findings for enamel defects in the primary dentition of a group of low birthweight (LBW) children were related to their perinatal medical histories. Examination of 110 LBW children and 93 control children aged 5 years showed that significantly more of the LBW children (71%) had hypoplasia than controls (15%), but there was no difference in opacities alone (LBW 25%, control 26%). In the LBW group, defects were seen more often in children classified as ill during the perinatal period, who received ventilator support or intravenous alimentation and in those children born at less than 32 weeks gestation, compared to the LBW children without these perinatal problems. It is speculated that the high incidence and the cause of enamel defects in sick preterm infants may be due to oxygen deprivation and mineral substitute depletion. <58> UI 90329121 AU Bhat M. Nelson KB. TI Developmental enamel defects in primary teeth in children with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, or hearing defects: a review. [Review] [96 refs] SO Advances in Dental Research. 3(2):132-42, 1989 Sep. AB Developmental enamel defects in primary teeth have been found at least twice as frequently in children with cerebral palsy or mental retardation as in control children, and frequently also in children with sensori-neural hearing deficits. The developing tooth germ is sensitive to a range of systemic disturbances, some of which may also affect neurologic development. Because the enamel cannot recover once it is damaged, it may provide a repository of information on the timing and nature of insults potentially affecting other ectodermally derived structures, including the brain. This paper reviews the literature on developmental defects of enamel in primary teeth, asking whether these might be useful as biological markers of the timing and in some cases the nature of insults. Among systemic factors related to development of enamel that might also have implications for neurologic development are certain genetic disorders including tuberous sclerosis, premature birth, neonatal nutritional disturbances (especially hypocalcemia), viral infections (such as rubella and cytomegalovirus during gestation), thyroid disorders, and maternal diabetes. It is concluded that further research is warranted concerning whether developmental defects of dental enamel can be useful markers for the timing of intra-uterine or perinatal events associated with certain neurologic and sensory disorders of children. [References: 96] <59> UI 90310750 AU Seow WK. Masel JP. Weir C. Tudehope DI. TI Mineral deficiency in the pathogenesis of enamel hypoplasia in prematurely born, very low birthweight children. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 11(4):297-302, 1989 Dec. AB Although it is well known that enamel hypoplasia commonly is observed in prematurely born, very low birthweight (VLBW) children, its pathogenesis is not understood clearly. One likely mechanism may be related to mineral deficiency, which may be diagnosed as radiological demineralization of the long bones. In this study, we compared the cortical area of the humerus as measured from neonatal radiographs in 31 VLBW children with enamel hypoplasia and 14 VLBW children without enamel hypoplasia. The results showed that children with enamel hypoplasia had a lower mean cortical area of 10.1 +/- 1.9 mm2 compared with 13.9 +/- 1.4 mm2 in children without enamel hypoplasia (P less than 0.001). It was also found that intubated children with a lower cortical mass may be more predisposed to develop localized enamel hypoplasia caused by the laryngoscope (P less than 0.001). <60> UI 89256215 AU Lahti S. Tuutti H. Honkala E. IN Department of Community Dentistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI The relationship of parental dental anxiety and child's caries status. SO ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 56(3):191-5, 1989 May-Jun. AB The objective was to determine whether parental dental anxiety is associated with the caries status of their children. A higher level of dental anxiety was found among caries-active children, probably due to their more negative experiences in treatment. Also, fathers from the lower socioeconomic group who had a high level of dental anxiety had children with lower df-scores. <61> UI 89077898 AU Grytten J. Rossow I. Holst D. Steele L. IN Institute of Community Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway. TI Longitudinal study of dental health behaviors and other caries predictors in early childhood. SO Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 16(6):356-9, 1988 Dec. AB This longitudinal study of 231 preschoolchildren from a medium sized Norwegian town had three aims: firstly, to examine the children's early dental behavior, secondly to study the variation of dental health behavior according to mother's education, mother's dental health, and her dental attendance pattern, and thirdly to identify any behavioral or social predictors of dental caries in 36-month-old children. Data were collected at health centers, using precoded questionnaires and examinations, when the children were 6, 18, and 36 months old. Data about the mothers were collected at the maternity ward. At 36 months of age, 80% of the children were caries free. Favorable dental behaviors were related to toothbrushing and use of fluorides. These behaviors were so well established and consistent at all ages that they can be regarded as norms for this community. The most unfavorable and inconsistent behavior was related to sugar consumption. Dental health education could be most usefully applied to this area, where the greatest potential for improvement in behavior exists. A relationship was found between the children's caries experience and the number of missing teeth of the mother, her dental attendance pattern and her level of education. None of the social or behavioral variables tested had a strong enough association with caries experience to justify their use as caries predictors in this age group. <62> UI 89055511 AU Lamm CI. Norton KI. Murphy RJ. Wilkins IA. Rabinowitz JG. IN Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY. TI Congenital rickets associated with magnesium sulfate infusion for tocolysis. SO Journal of Pediatrics. 113(6):1078-82, 1988 Dec. AB The records of five neonates born to mothers treated with intravenously administered magnesium sulfate for tocolysis were retrospectively reviewed to assess the presence of radiographic, clinical, and biochemical abnormalities. Two infants had radiographic bony abnormalities; one had frank rachitic changes and dental enamel hypoplasia. One of these patients, as well as an additional infant, had transient hypocalcemia. We hypothesize that prolonged infusion of magnesium sulfate, especially when initiated during the second trimester, may lead to fetal parathyroid gland suppression with consequent abnormalities resembling rickets. <63> UI 88320316 AU Aaltonen AS. TI Caries development in children in relation to the levels of salivary lactobacilli in their mothers. SO Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society. 84(3):153-60, 1988. <64> UI 88254064 AU Cochran EB. Phelps SJ. Helms RA. IN Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis. TI Parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients [published erratum appears in Clin Pharm 1992 Sep;11(9):750]. [Review] [180 refs] SO Clinical Pharmacy. 7(5):351-66, 1988 May. AB Protein, calorie, fluid, fat, and micronutrient requirements of pediatric patients are reviewed, as are methods of nutritional assessment and complications associated with the use of parenteral nutrition in these patients. In general, preterm infants and neonates require greater per-kilogram amounts of protein, calories, fluid, and micronutrients than older children. In addition, preterm infants and neonates have deficiencies in enzymes that metabolize certain amino acids, making otherwise nonessential amino acids essential. These unique protein needs have been addressed in amino acid formulations designed specifically for this group of patients. Supplying the neonate with the calcium and phosphorus needed for bone growth can be difficult because of solubility limitations in parenteral nutrient solutions. The use of intravenous fat emulsion in infants with hyperbilirubinemia or pulmonary complications is controversial. However, only rarely does fat emulsion have to be completely withheld. Complications associated with parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients include infection, metabolic disorders (cholestasis, bone demineralization), and mechanical problems. Cholestasis induced by parenteral nutrition has been shown to be more common in low-birth-weight infants; however, the precise etiology is unknown and may be multifactorial. Basic requirements necessary to promote growth while pediatric patients are receiving parenteral nutrition have been determined. However, current studies are challenging what were thought to be standards of pediatric parenteral nutrition therapy. [References: 180] <65> UI 89183831 AU Seow WK. Humphrys C. Tudehope DI. TI Increased prevalence of developmental dental defects in low birth-weight, prematurely born children: a controlled study. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 9(3):221-5, 1987 Sep. <66> UI 87071917 AU Jontell M. Linde A. TI Nutritional aspects on tooth formation. [Review] [95 refs] SO World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics. 48:114-36, 1986. <67> UI 86241694 AU Seow WK. TI Oral complications of premature birth. SO Australian Dental Journal. 31(1):23-9, 1986 Feb. <68> UI 86196794 AU Myracle MR. McGahan JP. Goetzman BW. Adelman RD. TI Ultrasound diagnosis of renal calcification in infants on chronic furosemide therapy. SO Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 14(4):281-7, 1986 May. AB We describe seven infants who developed renal calcification and bone demineralization following furosemide therapy with average daily doses of as little as 0.75 mg/kg per day. Renal calcifications were present in all seven cases and were more readily detected with ultrasonography than with plain films. Renal calculi were seen in four patients, sonographically demonstrated as echogenic foci in the dependent portion of the collecting system, usually accompanied by acoustic shadowing. One patient developed nephrocalcinosis, sonographically observed as echogenic medullary pyramids plus punctate, shadowing parenchymal calcifications. In two patients the location of the calcification could not be determined. <69> UI 86197193 AU Anonymous. TI Guide to dental health. Parents: Questions and answers. SO Journal of the American Dental Association. Spec No:20-30, 1986. <70> UI 86197191 AU Anonymous. TI Eating for fitness. SO Journal of the American Dental Association. Spec No:13-5, 1986. <71> UI 86067386 AU Pimlott JF. Howley TP. Nikiforuk G. Fitzhardinge PM. TI Enamel defects in prematurely born, low birth-weight infants. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 7(3):218-23, 1985 Sep. <72> UI 85014350 AU Seow WK. Brown JP. Tudehope DA. O'Callaghan M. TI Dental defects in the deciduous dentition of premature infants with low birth weight and neonatal rickets. SO Pediatric Dentistry. 6(2):88-92, 1984 Jun. <73> UI 84265659 AU Anonymous. TI Diet, nutrition, and oral health: a rational approach for the dental practice. SO Journal of the American Dental Association. 109(1):20-32, 1984 Jul. <74> UI 84240696 AU Anonymous. TI Prevention in the dental office: results of a preventive dentistry survey. American Dental Association Health Foundation. SO Journal of the American Dental Association. 108(5):809, 811-2, 815 passim, 1984 May. <75> UI 84112226 AU Johnsen D. Krejci C. Hack M. Fanaroff A. TI Distribution of enamel defects and the association with respiratory distress in very low birthweight infants. SO Journal of Dental Research. 63(1):59-64, 1984 Jan. AB Although dental defects have long been observed among surviving pre-term infants, only few systematic studies address this problem. In a clinic limited to recall of infants of very low birthweight (less than 1.5 kg), enamel hypoplasia of primary incisors was found in 14/67 (21%) children, and enamel opacities were found in an additional 31% of the children. In contrast, enamel hypoplasia and opacities were found in 4% and 22%, respectively, of a control group of 46 normal birthweight children. The difference was significant (p less than 0.05) for the hypoplasia but not for the opacities. Primary incisor enamel hypoplasia was more commonly noted in maxillary central incisors than in lateral incisors (X2 = 28.0, p less than 0.01). Furthermore, hypoplasia was more common in maxillary incisors than in mandibular incisors (X2 = 48.4, p less than 0.01). In infants with dental defects, there was no significant correlation with pregnancy risk factors, gestational age, birthweight, septicemia, first-week caloric intake, serum bilirubin, or calcium. Infants with enamel hypoplasia were more likely, however, to have severe respiratory distress syndrome (X2 = 7.2, p less than 0.01), than infants with unaltered enamel. Central incisor edge involvement may indicate post-natal processes and/or a systemic disturbance extending back to the middle trimester of pregnancy. <76> UI 84299730 AU Sintes JL. TI Nutrition, tooth development and dental caries susceptibility. SO Revista Odontologica de Puerto Rico. 20(2):35-7, 1983 Oct-Dec. <77> UI 84226196 AU Lichton IJ. Bullard LR. Sherrell BU. TI A conspectus of research on nutritional status in Hawaii and western Samoa--1960-1980 with references to diseases in which diet has been implicated. [Review] [75 refs] SO World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics. 41:40-75, 1983. <78> UI 84177764 AU Sintes JL. Miller SA. TI Growth, development and dental caries in rats fed two experimental diets. SO Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion. 33(2):283-307, 1983 Jun. AB In order to determine the nutritional adequacy of diets MIT 200 and NIH 2000 on the growth and development of experimental animals, these two diets were fed to two groups of animals during three periods of development: 1) pregnancy; 2) lactation, and 3) post-weaning. These diets were compared with a diet that satisfied the requirements of the National Research Council for growth and maintenance. It was found that for the two experimental diets, growth was compromised due to a caloric deficit in both diets. In addition, NIH 2000 was deficient in other nutrients such as iron. Analysis of other parameters such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, salivary protein, saliva flow and weight of vital organs upon autopsy revealed a picture of iron deficiency in the NIH 2000 group. Caries formation can be precipitated by a mechanism influenced by a nutrient deficit. <79> UI 84165020 AU Walker AR. Dison E. Walker BF. TI Dental caries in South African rural black women who had large families and long lactations. SO Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. 86(6):201-5, 1983 Dec. AB A general recommendation for good bone and teeth formation is that a high intake of calcium is essential. Some consider that pregnancy and lactation, with associated calcium depletion, could aggravate caries development. South African black mothers in rural areas have habitually low calcium intakes, and usually several pregnancies and long periods of lactation. To learn whether high parity is detrimental to caries scores, investigations were made on a selected total of 521 black mothers, 250 aged 35-44 years, and 271 aged 45-54 years. Each group was sub-divided into those with small families (1-3 children) or large families (5 + children). The numbers involved were 122 and 133 mothers, and 128 and 138 mothers, respectively. Studies revealed: black mothers had very much lower mean caries scores than values reported for white mothers, who are accustomed, inter alia, to high calcium intakes, have few children, and often no or short lactation periods; black mothers of large compared with small families did not have significantly higher mean caries scores; and upper and lower thirds of black mothers respecting calcium intake, and sugar intake, did not have significantly different mean caries scores. Hence, in the context studied, it would seem that high parity has no obvious effect on caries scores. <80> UI 84100598 AU Noren JG. TI Enamel structure in deciduous teeth from low-birth-weight infants. SO Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 41(6):355-62, 1983 Dec. AB Ground sections of deciduous teeth from 64 infants with birth weights below 2000 g and from 43 healthy full-term infants were examined in polarized light and by microradiography. The deciduous enamel displayed various changes, which were more frequent and pronounced in the low-birth-weight group. The main findings were diffuse areas of increased porosity and distinct subsurface lesions in the postnatal enamel. Five teeth with enamel hypoplasia from the low-birth-weight group were also examined. The hypoplasias were all located along the neonatal line. The postnatal enamel seemed to be more susceptible to disturbances in the mineralization than the prenatal enamel. The subsurface lesions showed an arrest in the very late stages of enamel maturation, which frequently occurred in the cervical deciduous enamel. Enamel hypoplasia is considered to be a result of severe neonatal hypocalcemia. <81> UI 84094205 AU Anonymous. TI Relation of caries prevention in mothers to the infection of their children's mouths. SO Nutrition Reviews. 41(11):341-2, 1983 Nov. <82> UI 84073554 AU Jinabhai CC. Supersad V. Desai BN. TI Priority health problems of children in an urban community. SO South African Medical Journal. 64(24):929-33, 1983 Dec 3. AB A survey was conducted in an urban Indian community to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of health problems in children from birth up to 8 years of age. The prevalences of priority health problems in this age group were as follows: dental caries (90%), undernutrition (68,8%), failure to obtain measles immunization (57,2%) and skin infestations (14,9%). The significant epidemiological parameters investigated included family size, per capita family income, immunization and nutritional status. The influence of these factors upon health problems is considered. The availability and utilization of comprehensive health services were investigated. Problems associated with health screening as a method of determining health problems are discussed. <83> UI 84049530 AU Pinheiro M. Freire-Maia N. Chautard-Freire-Maia EA. Araujo LM. Liberman B. TI AREDYLD: a syndrome combining an acrorenal field defect, ectodermal dysplasia, lipoatrophic diabetes, and other manifestations. SO American Journal of Medical Genetics. 16(1):29-33, 1983 Sep. AB A daughter of second cousins is described as having lipoatrophic diabetes, unusual facial appearance, generalized hypotrichosis, two natal teeth with enamel dysplasia, eruption of four dysplastic deciduous teeth, absence of permanent dentition, low birth weight, short stature, lumbar scoliosis, renal alterations, aplasia of a breast and hypoplasia of the other, hypoplastic and hypopigmented areolae with diffuse limits, hyperostosis of the cranial vault, metacarpal hypoplasias, difficulty of grasping with the left hand, exertional dyspnea, absence of DIP extension and flexion creases, dermatoglyphic alterations, and other anomalies. Her sister, dead at 1 1/2 years, had had some manifestations of the condition; seven sibs are normal. It is more likely that the whole clinical picture represents a single syndrome rather than homozygosity of different autosomal-recessive genes. <84> UI 83136886 AU Domer JA. TI Nutrition in a private day care center. SO Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 82(3):290-3, 1983 Mar. AB The quality of food service and nutrition education at a private day care center concerned a registered dietitian who was also a graduate student in public health nutrition and the mother of a toddler enrolled at the center. As part of her information search, the dietitian discussed her concerns with an interdisciplinary team of public health nutritionists, a sanitarian, state dietary consultants, and North Carolina Office of Child Day Care Licensing staff. Through a study conducted at a day care center, the nutrition education of the staff and the children was improved. Sanitation was emphasized in the food preparation area, while basic nutrition education concerned with the prevention of childhood obesity, iron deficiency anemia, and dental caries was provided to the director, the teachers, and the children. Efforts are now being made at the state level to improve child day care nutrition standards. Recommendations are included for all phases of menu planning, food service, and nutrition education in child day care facilities. <85> UI 83096418 AU Mellander M. Noren JG. Freden H. Kjellmer I. TI Mineralization defects in deciduous teeth of low birthweight infants. SO Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 71(5):727-33, 1982 Sep. AB A group of 91 children with birthweights below 2000 g and 48 healthy full-term children, reference group, were examined for mineralization disturbances of the enamel of deciduous teeth. Perinatal data were collected retrospectively from obstetric and neonatal records. Within the low birthweight group, children with enamel hypoplasia had on the 5% level a significantly lower intake of breast milk during the first week of life than children without disturbances. The only perinatal complication associated with development of mineralization defects was IRDS. Infants with IRDS, however, had a significantly lower intake of breast milk during the first week of life than low birthweight without IRDS. A low frequency of enamel defects was found in the growth-retarded sub-group of the low birthweight infants. These infants had a significantly higher intake of breast milk during the first week compared to the AGA-group. A seasonal variation was found, with the highest prevalence of mineralization disturbances in infants born during winter months. It is concluded that the occurrence of mineralization defects of the deciduous teeth in LBW infants seems to be dependent upon the amount of breast milk given during the early neonatal period and also possibly in which season of the year they are born. <86> UI 83065757 AU Krey SH. TI Alternate dietary lifestyles. [Review] [16 refs] SO Primary Care; Clinics in Office Practice. 9(3):595-603, 1982 Sep. AB Various forms of vegetarian diets are discussed and evaluated for their nutritional adequacy. Health, philosophical, religious, ecological, and economic concerns are suggested as possible reasons for these alternate dietary lifestyles. Nutrients of specific concern ot the vegetarian are highlighted and suggestions given to help incorporate these in the diet, thereby avoiding marginal intakes. With judicious menu planning and careful thought to food selections, most vegetarian diets can supply excellent nutrition. Very restricted vegetarian diets or higher level macrobiotic diets may not be nutritionally complete, and individuals following these diets may benefit from special dietary counseling and dietary supplementation. Otherwise, these diets may place the adult as well as pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children at a nutritional risk. As vegetarian food habits are becoming more widespread, physicians and nutritionists must be knowledgeable about these alternate dietary lifestyles in order to counsel their patients appropriately, to understand the reasons for these eating habits, and to be supportive of the choice of diet. [References: 16] <87> UI 83065748 AU Hegsted DM. TI What is a healthful diet?. SO Primary Care; Clinics in Office Practice. 9(3):445-73, 1982 Sep. <88> UI 83032861 AU Chan GM. Ronald N. Slater P. Hollis J. Thomas MR. TI Decreased bone mineral status in lactating adolescent mothers. SO Journal of Pediatrics. 101(5):767-70, 1982 Nov. AB To determine the calcium and bone mineral status of lactating adolescents, we compared 12 lactating adolescents with 11 nonlactating adolescents, 11 lactating adults, and 11 nulliparous adolescent control subjects. At two and 16 weeks, there were no differences in maternal serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, or calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D). The bone mineral content at two weeks among the four groups was not different, but at 16 weeks the lactating adolescents' bone mineral content was lower than that in the other groups. The lactating adolescents' bone mineral content was decreased between two and 16 weeks (1.049 +/- 0.088 vs 0.887 +/- 0.054 gm/cm; P less than 0.02). Dietary intakes were similar among the groups for calories, protein, vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. However, only three of ten lactating adolescents met the recommended dietary allowance for calcium or phosphorus (1,600 mg/day), whereas eight of ten nonlactating adolescents, six of seven lactating adults, and seven of ten adolescents control subjects met the recommended dietary allowance for calcium or phosphorus (P less than 0.05). Our data suggest that during 16 weeks of lactation, the adolescent mother may be at risk for bone demineralization because of low dietary intakes of calcium or phosphorus. <89> UI 83005854 AU Pindborg JJ. TI Aetiology of developmental enamel defects not related to fluorosis. [Review] [61 refs] SO International Dental Journal. 32(2):123-34, 1982 Jun. AB The aetiological factors in enamel defects of a non-fluoride nature can be divided into systemic and local. The systemic factors comprise a variety of conditions: genetically determined, chromosomal anomalies, congenital defects, inborn errors of metabolism, neonatal disturbances, infectious diseases, neurological disturbances, endocrinopathies, nutritional deficiencies, nephropathies, enteropathies, liver diseases and intoxications. The genetically determined enamel defects include amelogenesis imperfecta, which may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as part of other disorders such as epidermolysis bullosa, pseudohypoparathyroidism and taurodontism. The congenital defects include heart disorders and unilateral facial hypoplasia and hypertrophy. Among the inborn errors of metabolism are: galactosaemia, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, erythropoietic porphyria and primary hyperoxaluria. Neonatal disturbances are important in the development of enamel hypoplasia, foremost among these are premature birth and hypocalcaemia. The latter causes postnatal hypoplasias, which, however, are never seen in breast-fed children. Haemolytic anaemia, mostly in conjunction with erythroblastosis foetalis, may cause enamel hypoplasia. In children with neurological disturbances a rather large number have enamel hypoplasias, and these changes may be a significant aid in neurological diagnosis. When the tetracyclines were introduced, many children had these drugs prescribed in the period when the teeth were undergoing mineralization. The result was a yellow-brown stain of the affected teeth. In recent years, however, there appears to have been a reduction in the incidence of tetracycline staining. As for local causes the most important are traumatic injuries and periapical osteitis of primary teeth. [References: 61] <90> UI 83019915 AU Chan GM. Slater P. Ronald N. Roberts CC. Thomas MR. Folland D. Jackson R. TI Bone mineral status of lactating mothers of different ages. SO American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 144(4):438-41, 1982 Oct 15. AB To determine the effect of age on the bone mineralization of lactating mothers, 48 healthy mothers were evaluated at 2 and 16 weeks post partum. All mothers were divided into three age groups: less than or equal to 18 years, 19 to 30 years, and greater than 31 years old. At 2 and 16 weeks post partum, blood was drawn for measurement of serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Bone mineral content was measured by photon absorptiometry. Dietary history was also recorded. At both 2 and 16 weeks, there were no differences in the serum values or bone mineral content among the three age groups. However, there was a decrease in the bone mineral content between the 2 and 16 weeks' values in the less than or equal to 18 years age group, 1.049 +/- 0.088 versus 0.895 +/- 0.051 gm/cm (p less than 0.05). Dietary intakes were similar among the three groups, but only one of seven mothers less than or equal to 18 years of age met the recommended dietary allowance for calcium or phosphorus, as compared to six of seven older mothers who met the recommended dietary allowance for calcium or phosphorus (p less than 0.01). We conclude that young lactating mothers less than or equal to 18 years old at risk for bone demineralization because of low dietary intakes of calcium or phosphorus. <91> UI 82231726 AU Blinkhorn AS. TI The caries experience and dietary habits of Edinburgh nursery school children. SO British Dental Journal. 152(7):227-30, 1982 Apr 6. <92> UI 82189736 AU Mahan DC. Fetter AW. TI Dietary Calcium and phosphorus levels for reproducing sows. SO Journal of Animal Science. 54(2):285-91, 1982 Feb. AB Thirty-six gilts were used to evaluate three dietary Ca/P levels over a three parity period on reproductive performance. Diets formulated to contain 14% protein with total Ca/P levels of .65/.50, .80/.60 or .90/.70%, respectively, were provided during both gestation and lactation. In each group, 10 gilts were bred and two remained unbred with diets fed at 1.8 kg/d during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. Nongravid gilts were fed 1.8 kg daily during the trial. Blood samples were collected at 60 and 100 d postcoitum and both blood and milk samples at 14 and 28 d postpartum. From each lactation and each sow group, three pigs were killed at birth and six pigs at 14 and 28 d postpartum. The rib was collected for bone ash analyses with the rib, humerus and femur collected from the progeny and examined for histopathologic lesions duri