Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Aug 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-185 From Set 100): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 exp Tooth demineralization/ 22524 2 demineralization.mp. 1607 3 caries.mp. 15186 4 caires.mp. 1 5 craies.mp. 0 6 careis.mp. 4 7 carise.mp. 0 8 (teeth adj3 cavit:).mp. 420 9 (tooth adj3 cavit:).mp. 216 10 (dental adj3 cavit:).mp. 275 11 (dentin adj3 cavit:).mp. 251 12 (enamel adj3 cavit:).mp. 180 13 (teeth adj3 decay:).mp. 367 14 (tooth adj3 decay:).mp. 319 15 (dental adj3 decay:).mp. 246 16 (dentin adj3 decay:).mp. 12 17 (enamel adj3 decay:).mp. 20 18 (active adj decay).mp. 9 19 (rampant adj3 decay:).mp. 14 20 (recurrent adj3 decay:).mp. 30 21 (white adj spot:).mp. 504 22 carious.mp. 2063 23 cariology.ti,ab. 56 24 (non-cavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 15 25 (noncavitated adj3 lesion:).mp. 2 26 Tooth remineralization/ 469 27 (dental adj3 fissure:).mp. 98 28 (tooth adj3 fissure:).mp. 50 29 (teeth adj3 fissure:).mp. 97 30 caries-free.mp. 596 31 cariesfree.mp. 17 32 Cariogenic agents/ 728 33 precavit:.mp. 8 34 (filled adj3 teeth).mp. 505 35 (filled adj3 tooth).mp. 115 36 (oral adj fissure:).mp. 6 37 (tooth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 28 38 (teeth adj3 remineraliz:).mp. 24 39 dft.mp. 407 40 dfs.mp. 1240 41 dmf:.mp. 6343 42 cariogeni:.mp. 1777 43 or/1-42 32060 44 Sweetening agents/ 1675 45 exp Oligosaccharides/ 41781 46 exp Monosaccharides/ 104653 47 exp Carbonated beverages/ 436 48 Rehydration solutions/ 578 49 sugar:.mp. 38544 50 sucrose:.mp. 34367 51 disaccharide:.mp. 7089 52 monosaccharide:.mp. 8999 53 fructose:.mp. 19685 54 glucose:.mp. 199476 55 HFCS.mp. 63 56 "corn syrup:".mp. 92 57 sweet:.mp. 6020 58 confection:.mp. 277 59 honey:.mp. 3000 60 candy.mp. 629 61 candies.mp. 81 62 "sports drink:".mp. 42 63 maltose:.mp. 5020 64 polysaccharide:.mp. 31394 65 oligosaccharide:.mp. 19066 66 trisaccharide:.mp. 2475 67 hexose:.mp. 10688 68 fucose:.mp. 6371 69 galactose:.mp. 20531 70 mannose:.mp. 14265 71 rhamnose:.mp. 1866 72 sorbose:.mp. 442 73 exp Dietary carbohydrates/ 14087 74 or/44-73 357853 75 random:.mp. 216766 76 Odds ratio/ 11087 77 cohort:.mp. 49176 78 (case$1 adj control:).mp. 19668 79 risk:.mp. 407626 80 (odds adj ratio:).mp. 18411 81 causa:.mp. 39412 82 predispos:.mp. 29522 83 randomized controlled trial.pt. 130891 84 controlled clinical trial.pt. 53555 85 exp risk/ 223805 86 practice guideline.pt. 4605 87 exp epidemiologic studies/ 527882 88 follow-up.mp. 208245 89 (panel adj stud:).mp. 299 90 randomized controlled trial.mp. 3661 91 controlled clinical trial.mp. 2649 92 practice guideline.mp. 337 93 et.fs. 1103001 94 or/75-93 2078784 95 43 and 74 3076 96 limit 95 to (human and english language and yr=1980-2000) 1243 97 limit 96 to (preschool child < 2 to 5 years > or child < 6 814 to 12 years > or adolescence < 13 to 18 years > or adult < 19 to 44 years > or middle age < 45 to 64 years > or "aged < 65 and over >" or "aged, < 80 and over >") 98 94 and 97 485 99 "85198509".ui. 1 100 98 or 99 485 101 from 100 keep 1-300 300 102 from 100 keep 301-485 185 *************************** <1> UI - 90122370 AU - Anonymous TI - 'Dietary sugars and human disease': conclusions and recommendations. SO - British Dental Journal 1990 Jan 20;168(2):46 <2> UI - 90122369 AU - Anonymous TI - Sugars and caries link [editorial]. SO - British Dental Journal 1990 Jan 20;168(2):45 <3> UI - 90148856 AU - Mellor A TI - 'Well hidden sugar' [letter; comment]. CM - Comment on: Br Dent J 1989 Nov 11;167(9):303 SO - British Dental Journal 1990 Jan 6;168(1):5 <4> UI - 91328899 AU - Steinberg D AU - Sgan-Cohen HD AU - Stabholz A AU - Pizanty S AU - Segal R AU - Sela MN IN - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. TI - The anticariogenic activity of glycyrrhizin: preliminary clinical trials. SO - Israel Journal of Dental Sciences 1989 Oct;2(3):153-7 AB - A clinical trial to test the compound glycyrrhizin, the sweet component of licorice, was conducted on 21 dental students. A split-mouth technique of glycyrrhizin application was used. Subjects were instructed to discontinue all oral hygiene procedures, but no dietary modifications were imposed. After 3 days a highly significant reduction in plaque was detected in the upper central incisors on the experimental sides compared with the control sides of students' mouths. Comparing all teeth, less plaque was found on experimental sides than on control sides of the mouths. This difference demonstrated a tendency towards statistical significance. After 4 days the quantitative differences between the two halves of the mouths (less plaque on experimental sides) were greater than after 3 days. This pilot study might indicate the potential of glycyrrhizin in controlling dental plaque. <5> UI - 90148836 AU - Sharp JF TI - Well hidden sugar [letter] [see comments]. CM - Comment in: Br Dent J 1989 Dec 9-23;167(11):369, Comment in: Br Dent J 1990 Jan 6;168(1):5 SO - British Dental Journal 1989 Nov 11;167(9):303 <6> UI - 90162262 AU - Shapira J AU - Mann J AU - Tamari I AU - Mester R AU - Knobler H AU - Yoeli Y AU - Newbrun E TI - Oral health status and dental needs of an autistic population of children and young adults. SO - Special Care in Dentistry 1989 Mar-Apr;9(2):38-41 AB - Behavior of patients with autistic syndrome makes delivery of oral hygiene and dental treatment a problem. In this study, the oral health and needs of two groups of patients with autism were evaluated: noninstitutionalized children with a mean age of 11 and institutionalized adults with a mean age of 22. The latter group had severe periodontal problems; almost half required periodontal surgery. Many of the children also needed periodontal treatment. Adults were found to have lower decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores than functionally independent Israeli persons of the same age. This finding was surprising because institutionalized adults are predisposed to development of dental caries; they frequently consume sweets, have poor oral hygiene, and do not use fluoride. Noninstitutionalized children with autism had caries rates that were similar to rates of functionally independent peers. <7> UI - 90107251 AU - Abrams RA AU - Ayers CS AU - Weinstein LB TI - Salivary testing to reduce sugar consumption in school children. SO - Clinical Preventive Dentistry 1989 Jul-Aug;11(4):12-7 AB - A total of 423 elementary and middle school children participated in a project to see if it would be possible to reduce their sugar consumption. Children tested their salivary lactobacillus colony count and buffering capacity in their health/science class, and they used this information to measure their caries risk. Because the lactobacillus colony count is a good indicator of a person's recent sugar consumption, any change in sugar consumption will produce a change in the lactobacillus colony count. Children's saliva was tested four times, and an intensive dietary counseling program was provided in the classroom. Results showed that lactobacillus counts went down, and the children reduced their sugar consumption. <8> UI - 90089245 AU - Mian I TI - Well hidden sugar' [letter; comment]. CM - Comment on: Br Dent J 1989 Nov 11;167(9):303 SO - British Dental Journal 1989 Dec 9-23;167(11):369 <9> UI - 90115591 AU - Shaw L AU - Glenwright HD IN - Department of Children's Dentistry, University of Birmingham Dental School, UK. TI - The role of medications in dental caries formation: need for sugar-free medication for children. [Review] [14 refs] SO - Pediatrician 1989;16(3-4):153-5 AB - Most paediatric medicines are prescribed in a liquid form that includes sugar in the formulation. Accumulating evidence, on a clinical and experimental basis, shows a significant association between the intake of sucrose-based medication and an increased incidence of dental caries. Many of the children on long-term medication for chronic medical problems are particularly at risk from the consequences of developing dental caries; dental disease, sepsis or treatment procedures can put the general health or even life of the child at risk. The need to use sucrose in medications should be reassessed; medicines containing sugar should be labelled accordingly; and medical and dental professionals should be aware of potential problems related to sucrose-based medications. [References: 14] <10> UI - 90071474 AU - Bjarnason S AU - Finnbogason SY AU - Noren JG IN - Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. TI - Sugar consumption and caries experience in 12- and 13-year-old Icelandic children. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1989 Oct;47(5):315-21 AB - Dietary habits with regard to sugar consumption and caries experience were studied in a group of 275 Icelandic children aged 12 and 13 years. The pattern of meals and sugar-containing food intake frequency were assessed by means of a dietary questionnaire. All dental examinations were performed by one examiner, using standardized methods and diagnostic criteria. Only 75% of the children had three regular meals daily. Breakfast and lunch were the most frequently omitted meals. Sweet buns were consumed by 32% of the children with meals and by 58% between meals, whereas soft drinks were consumed by 42% and 46%, respectively. Eighty-three per cent of the children reported eating sweets daily. The most popular products included confectionery, buns, cakes, and soft drinks, which constituted 53% of the intake with meals and 68% of that between meals. A higher caries incidence was associated with frequent intake of buns and cakes with meals and confectionery. <11> UI - 90029693 AU - Kleinberg I TI - The other side of confection use and dental caries. [Review] [16 refs] SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1989 Oct;55(10):837-8 <12> UI - 90037886 AU - Frencken JE AU - Rugarabamu P AU - Mulder J IN - Institute of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. TI - The effect of sugar cane chewing on the development of dental caries. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1989 Jun;68(6):1102-4 AB - In Tanzania, the effect of sugar cane chewing on the development of caries was investigated. Two groups were selected; those who had easy access to sugar cane (sugar cane cutters) and those who did not (sisal plant workers). These groups had a similar socio-economic background, had similar levels of fluoride in drinking water, consumed similar amounts of refined sugar per day, but had a significant difference in number of pieces of sugar cane chewed per day. The caries prevalence in both groups was low compared with that in adult populations in Western countries. Sugar cane cutters had significantly higher mean DMT/S scores than sisal plant workers. Analysis of Variance revealed a weakly significant effect of sugar cane chewing on the caries scores (p = 0.02 from DMT and p = 0.05 for DMS). Results of the study suggest that sugar cane chewing in large quantities over a long period has a caries-promoting effect in populations with a low caries prevalence, and further, that sugar sales figures reported for such populations are of questionable reliability. <13> UI - 89359232 AU - Sundstrom F AU - Hafstrom-Bjorkman U AU - Strom J AU - Angmar-Mansson B AU - Frostell G AU - Takazoe I IN - Department of Cariology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden. TI - Evaluation of a model for short-term clinical testing of cariogenicity. SO - Journal de Biologie Buccale 1989 Jun;17(2):115-20 AB - Conventional mirror and probe examination and laser fluorescence were used to score caries-like alterations on the buccal surfaces of posterior teeth in 60 panelists, allotted to one of three groups. All subjects refrained from oral hygiene for five days. In one group each subject consumed 12 sucrose candies daily between meals and in the second group each subject similarly consumed 12 palatinose (isomaltulose) candies. The third group served as a control. At the end of the experimental period the tooth surfaces reexamined. Conventional and laser fluorescence scoring techniques showed an increase in the number of caries-like alterations for all groups, but there were no significant differences between the groups. For all groups, the laser method gave significantly greater scores throughout. The findings imply that certain aspects of the early development of enamel caries in subjects regularly using fluorides must be considered in the design of a short-term cariogenicity test. It is concluded that sensitive quantitative methods for the registration of caries are necessary in such tests. <14> UI - 89352149 AU - Wilson RF AU - Ashley FP TI - Identification of caries risk in schoolchildren: salivary buffering capacity and bacterial counts, sugar intake and caries experience as predictors of 2-year and 3-year caries increment. SO - British Dental Journal 1989 Aug 5;167(3):99-102 AB - Six variables which are capable of measurement at the chairside were assessed for their ability to identify children who would experience high caries increments during the subsequent 2 or 3-year period. The predictor variables measured in 84 urban schoolchildren, aged 11-12 years at baseline, were: baseline caries experience, salivary buffering power, counts of salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, and two estimates of between-meal sugar intake. All the predictor variables showed statistically significant correlations with either 2-year or 3-year caries increment. Approximately 25% of subjects were identified as high risk individuals on the basis of a 2-year DFS increment of 5 and above, or a 3-year increment of 8 and above. None of the predictor variables achieved the target predictive value of 80%, either individually or in combination. The combination of Streptococcus mutans counts and buffering capacity measurements at baseline correctly identified low risk during the 3-year period in 78% of individuals (specificity), but only identified 12 out of 19 individuals (63%) at high risk (sensitivity), giving a predictive value of 75%. The predictive value for baseline caries experience was 66%. The results of the present study indicate that the salivary diagnostic tests have potential, but need further development before they can be used with confidence in clinical practice. <15> UI - 89357001 AU - Rodriguez-Contreras Pelayo R AU - Delgado Rodriguez M AU - Galvez Vargas R IN - Department of Preventive Medicine School of Medicine University of Granada, (Spain). TI - Prevalence of dental caries in school children of the province of Granada (Spain). SO - European Journal of Epidemiology 1989 Jun;5(2):193-8 AB - A sample of 3,347 students between 5 and 14 years of age was selected from the entire student population in the province of Granada (Spain) to study the prevalence of dental caries and several risk factors for the disease. Decay was ascertained in the study population by means of the following indices: df, DMF, and DMFS. Risk factors considered were the level of oral hygiene, number of between-meal sugar-containing food, and flouride concentration in drinking water. The indices mentioned showed a clear relationship to the age of the participants in the study. The level of oral hygiene did not show a clear association with dental caries measured through the df and DMF indices. Curiously, a higher correlation was noted between the disease in deciduous teeth and fluoride concentration than between the disease in permanent teeth and the latter factor. <16> UI - 89348219 AU - Palmer CA TI - Diet and nutrition: crucial factors in the dental health of children. [Review] [95 refs] SO - World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics 1989;58:131-59 <17> UI - 89332630 AU - Vidal OP AU - Schroder U IN - Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Lund, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Dental health status in Latin-American preschool children in Malmo. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1989;13(3):103-9 AB - Seventy-three 3-6-year-old preschool children from Latin-American countries living in Malmo were examined in order to evaluate their oral health status. The children had on average 3.5 dmf teeth and 4.9 dmf surfaces. Forty-one per cent were caries-free. Oral hygiene was satisfactory in 25% of the children. Regarding dietary habits, 41% of the children had more than two unsuitable intakes per day. Night-time use of a nursing bottle with sugar-containing beverage was reported for 30%. The mean dmfs values differed significantly between children with and without S. mutans and lactobacilli in their saliva. Oral health status deviated markedly from the total group of 3-6-year-olds in Malmo, which might be explained by differences in cultural background and the ability to speak and understand Swedish. In conclusion, the Latin-American preschool children and their families should be regarded as a risk group for caries and gingivitis and consequently be subjected to special preventive dental care. <18> UI - 89337573 AU - Petersen PE IN - Institute for Community Dentistry, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. TI - Guttman scale analysis of dental health attitudes and knowledge. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1989 Aug;17(4):170-2 AB - Indexes on attitudes and knowledge are very often used in community dentistry research. However, such indexes are seldom evaluated with respect to validity. In the social sciences, complicated and advanced scaling methods are widely used. One of the methods, The Guttman scaling, is a means of analyzing the underlying characteristics of several items in order to determine whether the scale is unidimensional and cumulative. The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate two Guttman scales: 1) attitudes to prevention of dental diseases and 2) knowledge about sugar and caries. The scales were evaluated on the basis of survey data on health behavior, dental attitudes and knowledge among parents of Danish children 6 years of age. A total of 193 parents (71% of original sample) responded to a postal questionnaire including questions on attitudes to prevention of dental diseases and knowledge about sugar and caries. In the analyses, the scales were evaluated according to standard criteria of scalability: Coefficient of Reproducibility, Minimal Marginal Reproducibility, and Coefficient of Scalability. The analyses showed that unidimensional and cumulative scale was indicated for attitudes to prevention while the scale on knowledge about sugar and caries failed on the criteria of validity. In community dentistry, future studies ought to be more concerned with the construction and testing of scaling models in order to provide valid analyses of dental health attitudes and knowledge. <19> UI - 89256037 AU - Moran J AU - Addy M AU - Newcombe R IN - Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. TI - Comparison of the effect of toothpastes containing enzymes or antimicrobial compounds with a conventional fluoride toothpaste on the development of plaque and gingivitis. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1989 May;16(5):295-9 AB - Many toothpastes have been formulated over recent years to contain antimicrobial compounds with the aim of preventing or reducing plaque, calculus, gingival inflammation or dental caries. For many, if not all of these toothpastes, it has yet to be proven whether they are significantly better at reducing plaque and gingivitis than conventional toothpastes, for which no such therapeutic effects have been claimed. This 12-day, incomplete block designed, cross-over study compared the development of plaque and gingivitis following rinsing with toothpaste slurries containing the following active ingredients: (1) hexetidine/zinc citrate, (2) 0.2% triclosan, (3) amyloglucosidase/glucose oxidase, (4) sodium fluoride/sodium monofluorophosphate (NaF, MFP). By the 8th day of the study, a significant difference in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and GI was found between the groups. By day 12, however, no significant difference in plaque index and gingival inflammation was found between the 4 toothpastes, although plaque area was significantly reduced with the hexetidine/zinc citrate paste when compared to the conventional fluoride paste. It was concluded that the active ingredients added to the toothpastes evaluated in this study provided little or no more additional benefit to oral hygiene and gingival health than could be achieved with a conventional fluoride toothpaste. <20> UI - 89256215 AU - Lahti S AU - Tuutti H AU - Honkala E IN - Department of Community Dentistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI - The relationship of parental dental anxiety and child's caries status. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1989 May-Jun;56(3):191-5 AB - The objective was to determine whether parental dental anxiety is associated with the caries status of their children. A higher level of dental anxiety was found among caries-active children, probably due to their more negative experiences in treatment. Also, fathers from the lower socioeconomic group who had a high level of dental anxiety had children with lower df-scores. <21> UI - 89256204 AU - McNulty JA AU - Fos PJ IN - Tulane University Medical Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Applied Health Sciences. TI - The study of caries prevalence in children in a developing country. [Review] [23 refs] SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1989 Mar-Apr;56(2):129-36 AB - This study has shown that prevalence of dental caries in a rural section of a developing country is related to age, socioeconomic status, and specific location. Caries prevalence is also directly correlated with family consumption of sugar. No correlation could be found, however, with regard to sex. Further study should be conducted on the relationship of individual practices (sugar consumption and hygiene) to caries-prevalence. In particular, data could be collected on practices in the communities where the school surveys were conducted in order to define the factors underlying the high prevalence of caries in some and lower prevalence in the others. The fluoride levels in the drinking water and the possible effect of hypoplasia on caries-prevalence in primary teeth are topics for further research. The latter condition should be investigated to determine the cause of its high prevalence, which might be an important consideration in future dental health interventions. Dental health education should be directed as soon as possible to communities, such as those in this study, where dental caries prevalence and sugar consumption are still low. It is usually more successful to encourage the adoption of new behaviors and attitudes or redirect them in a similar direction than to ask people to give up a valued behavior. In this situation, it would be preferable to encourage continuation and effective use of traditional hygiene methods and the current low levels of sugar consumption than to wait until sugar consumption is likely to become entrenched at high levels and traditional hygiene practices abandoned. [References: 23] <22> UI - 89282759 AU - Rekola M TI - Correlation between caries incidence and frequency of chewing gum sweetened with sucrose or xylitol. SO - Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1989;85(1):21-4 AB - The effect on caries incidence of the daily consumption of chewing gum sweetened with sucrose or xylitol was measured in 100 subjects included in the 1-year chewing gum study (Scheinin et al. 1975, Turku sugar Studies XVIII). The subjects were divided retrospectively into groups consuming 2-8 chewing gum pieces per day and their caries incidence was compared. With chewing gum sweetened with sucrose, the caries incidence increased in relation to the daily consumption of gum. In contrast, chewing gum sweetened with xylitol reduced the incidence of caries with increasing consumption. <23> UI - 89222276 AU - Gaare D AU - Joelimar FA AU - Ouderaa FV AU - Rolla G IN - Dept. of Pedodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway. TI - A cross-sectional study of DMFT and CPITN scores in a group of Indonesian soldiers. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1989 Feb;97(1):20-4 AB - A cross-sectional clinical study showed that the prevalence of caries among Indonesian soldiers was low, compared with that found in corresponding Western populations. Also, the progression of caries was very slow, and caries was limited almost exclusively to the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. Among officers, the prevalence of caries was lower than it was among other ranks of the same age. The low general prevalence of caries among Indonesian soldiers may be related to diet. Rice was the major source of carbohydrate for the soldiers, and their sucrose consumption was 10 kg per person per year. Their drinking water contained a low concentration of fluoride (0.1 ppm). In spite of massive accumulations of calculus, the periodontal health of young soldiers (less than 26 yr) was also good. Among those in higher age groups, however, periodontal health had deteriorated, but even in a group aged 40-46 yr, no teeth had been lost as a result of periodontal disease. Among officers, periodontal health was better than it was amongst other ranks of corresponding age. The officers had been accustomed to brushing their teeth regularly, whereas the other ranks had not. It thus appears that toothbrushing may help to preserve periodontal health, even when large amounts of calculus are present on the teeth and there is no opportunity for it to be removed regularly by a dentist. <24> UI - 89234835 AU - Jenkins GN AU - Edgar WM IN - Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, University of Newcastle, England. TI - The effect of daily gum-chewing on salivary flow rates in man. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1989 May;68(5):786-90 AB - Following reports of increased salivary gland size and increased function, induced by increased mastication in animals, the effects of long-term, frequent gum-chewing on resting and stimulated flow rates were studied in human volunteers in separate experiments in Newcastle upon Tyne and in Toronto. In both experiments, unstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rates were measured in student volunteers at intervals of one or two weeks over a baseline period. Approximately half of the subjects were then given sugarless gum to be chewed (four pieces per day) over the experimental period; controls refrained from vigorous mastication. During (and, in Newcastle, after) the experimental period, salivary flow rates were measured at intervals, as before. In Newcastle unstimulated, but not stimulated, flow rates increased in the gum-chewing group and were still elevated (compared with controls) eight weeks following the experiment. In Toronto, the mean results showed no effect of gum-chewing, but the seven gum-chewers among the 11 subjects with low baseline flow rates (less than 0.3 mL/min) showed a 43% rise in unstimulated flow rate (p approximately 0.05). The results suggest that increased mastication, in the form of gum-chewing, can increase unstimulated flow rates, especially in those with low salivary function. In addition to short-term beneficial effects of sugarless gum, these long-term effects indicate the possibility of a beneficial effect in caries prevention. <25> UI - 89228792 AU - Duggal MS AU - Curzon ME TI - An evaluation of the cariogenic potential of baby and infant fruit drinks. SO - British Dental Journal 1989 May 6;166(9):327, 329-30 AB - The cariogenic potential of a range of fruit drinks was assessed on the basis of plaque pH by the plaque harvesting method. In addition, the inherent pH and titratable acidity of each drink was analysed. The effects of so-called 'no sugar added' and 'sugar-free' drinks were compared with a standard 10% sucrose drink for their effect on plaque pH in vitro, on a group of volunteers, using the Cariogenic Potential Index (CPI). All drinks had a low inherent pH and some a high titratable acidity. All the drinks also depressed the plaque pH below 5.5 within 5 minutes of drinking and had a CPI equal to or greater than a standard 10% sucrose solution. <26> UI - 89203210 AU - Carlsson P IN - Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Distribution of mutans streptococci in populations with different levels of sugar consumption. [Review] [4 refs] SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1989 Apr;97(2):120-5 AB - The observations in the Vipeholm Study regarding sugar consumption and oral lactobacillus counts were reviewed in relation to recent data on the epidemiology of mutans streptococci. The mutans streptococci were not present in higher counts in a population with high level of sugar consumption compared to two populations with a low level. As expected, differences were found in the caries prevalence between the different populations. An association between bacterial count and dental caries status could be demonstrated at the low level of sugar consumption and caries prevalence. Strains of mutans streptococci isolated in a population with extremely low caries prevalence were shown to be cariogenic in the hamster model. It is apparent that the observations made in the Vipeholm Study and the present finding have similarities, although different bacteria are studied. It was concluded that the difference in diet between the populations or groups were not sufficient to affect the counts of lactobacilli or mutans streptococci, but may have been sufficient to create the differences in caries prevalence. [References: 4] <27> UI - 89203207 AU - Newbrun E IN - Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0512. TI - Frequent sugar intake--then and now: interpretation of the main results. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1989 Apr;97(2):103-9 AB - The Vipeholm Study is a unique diet-caries interventional study that has earned its place as a citation classic. One of the findings, that quantity of sugar consumed at meals in a non-sticky form had little influence on caries rate, has often been misinterpreted, as it is based on an institutional population under supervised dietary control. The other main finding, that sugary foods consumed in a sticky form at high frequency between meals are highly cariogenic, is generally accepted. Although the Vipeholm Study has been criticized on ethical grounds, relatively fewer teeth were extracted for caries than are currently extracted in an adult population. The results of two modern studies in Northumberland, UK, and Michigan, USA, on the relationship between dietary habits and caries increments in children have been compared with the Vipeholm findings. Currently the correlations between dietary habits and caries increments are low because of the low caries increments and relatively small differences in dietary patterns in non-interventional conditions. High frequency of snacking is uncommon and use of topical fluoride agents (dentifrices, rinses) is widespread. However, for the caries-susceptible person, between-meal consumption of sugary foods is still a risk factor. <28> UI - 89203214 AU - Saxen L AU - Jousimies-Somer H AU - Kaisla A AU - Kanervo A AU - Summanen P AU - Sipila I IN - Department of Periodontology, University of Helsinki, Finland. TI - Subgingival microflora, dental and periodontal conditions in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1989 Apr;97(2):150-8 AB - Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a rare autosomally recessive disease which leads to severe hypoglycemia. The fructose-free diet of these patients apparently influences dental health. Half of the patients are free of caries, but there are no reports on their periodontal condition nor on the composition of their subgingival microflora. Therefore 18 patient with HFI were examined for the following parameters: radiographic bone loss, caries rate, gingival bleeding, occurrence of calculus, pocket depths, salivary flow rate, buffer capacity and pH from paraffin wax-stimulated saliva. Salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli were also enumerated. Specific antibody titers from whole saliva and serum to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans gamma 4, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga ochracea were determined with ELISA. Finally the subgingival plaque was analyzed by culture. Altogether 196 anaerobic or microaerophilic isolates representing 29 different species were obtained from the HFI patients and 164 isolates of 26 species from the controls. The frequency of Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, and Wolinella recta in the HFI patients was significantly high The DMF-induces were lower in the study group than in the controls and so was the occurrence of S. mutans and lactobacilli in the saliva. Of the periodontal parameters examined, the only difference found was an increased incidence of gingival bleeding and calculus formation in the HFI patients. The results suggest that in the HFI patients the common gingival bleeding is associated with the more frequent occurrence of Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, and Wolinella recta. <29> UI - 89161095 AU - Broderick E AU - Mabry J AU - Robertson D AU - Thompson J IN - Area Dental Services Branch, Oklahoma City Area Indian Health Service, Oklahoma City. TI - Baby bottle tooth decay in Native American children in Head Start centers. SO - Public Health Reports 1989 Jan-Feb;104(1):50-4 AB - Baby bottle tooth decay is a unique pattern of dental caries (tooth decay) affecting the dentition of young children. It is associated with the practice of putting the child to sleep with a nursing bottle filled with liquid that contains sugar. Practitioners who treat Native American children have noted that this population suffers from a high prevalence of the condition. In order to establish specific program priorities and treatment needs for this segment of the Native American population, additional information is required on both prevalence and severity of baby bottle tooth decay. In this survey, an overall prevalence of 70 percent was observed when Navajo and Cherokee Head Start students ages 4-5 years were examined. Of the children affected by baby bottle tooth decay, 87 percent displayed the most severe manifestation of the disease. The prevalence of this disease in these Native American children appears to be substantially higher than in other populations. Further study is needed to identify the factors contributing to this difference in prevalence and to identify effective measures for reducing the occurrence of baby bottle tooth decay among Native Americans. <30> UI - 89162266 AU - Bjarnason S IN - Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Odontology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. TI - On dental health in Icelandic children. Observations during a clinical dentifrice trial. SO - Swedish Dental Journal - Supplement 1989;57:1-40 AB - Dental health and the relative caries preventive effect of different fluoride dentifrice formulations were assessed in an Icelandic child population. For a cross sectional study 1370 children, aged 11 and 12 years were examined for caries and periodontal conditions employing standardized methods. Longitudinal data were obtained from 1161 children, participating in a three-year dentifrice trial. Randomly selected subgroups were employed to study salivary levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, consumption of high-sucrose products and enamel fluoride content in relation to caries experience. Relative caries preventive effect of anticalculus agents (HEBP and AHBP) and lowered fluoride concentration (250 ppm) in dentifrices were evaluated in a three-year double blind randomized clinical trial. At the baseline examination a comparatively high mean caries prevalence (DFS 9.9) was registered. Longitudinal observations showed a mean caries increment of 10.5 surfaces during a three-year period. Simultaneously an improvement of gingival health was observed. A majority of children harbored mutans streptococci (98%) and lactobacilli (92%). High numbers of either microorganism were associated with high caries prevalence. S. sobrinus carriers were more frequent among children with high numbers of CFU per ml saliva. The consumption of sugar-containing products was generally frequent. Higher caries increment was associated with consumption of sweets and bakery products during mealtimes. The fluoride content of surface enamel was comparatively low, reflecting scarce post eruptive exposure. Dentifrice, containing 250 ppm fluoride showed significantly lower caries preventive effect compared to 1000 ppm sodium fluoride and MFP formulations. Addition of anticalculus agents (biphosphonates) had no negative effect on reducing caries increment. These studies show that dental caries constitutes a major health problem among Icelandic children, where high sugar consumption and comparatively low exposure to fluoride appear to play major roles. The use of fluoride dentifrice has not been able to limit caries development. <31> UI - 89136504 AU - Birkhed D AU - Sundin B AU - Westin SI IN - Department of Cariology, University of Lund, School of Dentistry, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Per capita consumption of sugar-containing products and dental caries in Sweden from 1960 to 1985. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1989 Feb;17(1):41-3 AB - The aim of the present report was to analyze sugar consumption in relation to dental caries in Sweden from 1960 to 1985. Sugar consumption is based on official statistics from the National Swedish Agricultural Board and is expressed in grams per person and day. Over this quarter-century total sugar consumption decreased approximately 5%, from 116 to 110 g/person/day. A shift occurred from direct consumption to indirect (sugar used by the food industry), the former decreasing from 76 to 50 and the latter rising from 40 to 60 g/person/day. Available epidemiologic data on dental caries in children from the National Swedish Board of Health and Welfare indicate that the frequency of caries decreased dramatically from 1960 to 1985, though comparable data were difficult to obtain for the whole 25-yr period. The conclusion from this study is that these changes in caries prevalence in Sweden cannot be attributed to a corresponding decrease in the per capita consumption of sugar and sugar-containing products. On the contrary, the intake of some products traditionally related to dental caries, such as candy and soft drinks, increased during 1960-1985. <32> UI - 89152218 AU - Petersen PE IN - Institute for Community Dentistry and Graduate Studies, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. TI - Evaluation of a dental preventive program for Danish chocolate workers. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1989 Apr;17(2):53-9 AB - The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a preventive dental program at two Danish chocolate factories. The program was undertaken within the setting of an occupational health service in order to control oral occupational diseases. Eighty-nine persons (80%), 19-61 yr of age, participated in a 2-yr follow-up study. Preventive care was offered to the workers by a dental hygienist. Clinical prophylaxis was given at four visits the first year and two visits the second year. Health education was based on active involvement of the participants and safety committee or safety group members in order to stimulate self-care activities at the factories. The outcome of the program was evaluated by clinical recordings of visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding (GB), calculus index (CI), and DMFS. Data on dental conditions were recorded at baseline, after 12, and after 24 months. Questionnaires were completed by the workers each time in order to obtain data on dental knowledge, attitudes, dental health behavior, social network activities, and perceptions of the process. The results showed improvement in dental health in terms of stepwise reductions in VPI, GB, CI, and DS. For example, mean GB decreased from 36% of the teeth scored at baseline to 9% at 24 months and mean DS decreased from 2.3 to 0.7. Positive developments of dental health behavior were observed. The proportion of workers reporting daily toothbrushing at work increased from 6% to 24% during the program and the proportion of workers using dental floss regularly increased from 24% to 47%. However, the changes in dental knowledge and attitudes were rather diffuse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <33> UI - 89105934 AU - Kenny DJ AU - Somaya P TI - Sugar load of oral liquid medications on chronically ill children. SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1989 Jan;55(1):43-6 AB - Children with congenital disorders or chronic illnesses receive additional sugar from oral liquid medications. The purpose of this study was to determine the history of oral liquid medication usage and the incidence of dental caries from birth until about 36 months of age in a population of 20 such children. A pattern appeared in the frequency and dispensing characteristics of the 44 different drugs used for these children. Parents gave daily doses of syrupy medications and elixirs 3-4 times a day and at least two of these doses were given just before or during a designated nap or bedtime. Parental concerns for the more serious medical condition naturally overrode the consideration of sound dental hygiene practices. In this study, diseased, extracted and filled primary teeth def(t) were recorded and the medicinal sugar load at the time of examination was calculated as well as the cumulative medicinal sugar load from birth. Average age on examination was 31 months and the median number of def(t) was eight. The mean total amount of additional sugar from oral liquid medications was 8,696 g and the maximum sugar consumed by one child was over 20 kg. Physicians currently have no choice but to prescribe certain medications that contain 30 to 70 per cent sugar for patients who are already at higher than usual risk for dental caries due to chronic illness. <34> UI - 91313435 AU - Nik-Hussein NN AU - Razak IA AU - Karim MN IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. TI - An analysis of sugar content of commonly used pediatric liquid medicines--its relevance to dentistry. SO - Singapore Dental Journal 1988 Dec;13(1):24-6 AB - The sugar content of twenty-four liquid medicines commonly prescribed for infants and young children were measured and the type of sugars present were also identified in four randomly selected samples. All the liquid medicines tested contained sugar, in the range of 29.4% to 61.2%. Sucrose appeared to be the most commonly used sugar. Whilst it is agreed that sucrose makes the medicine more acceptable to children, its continual use by the pharmaceutical industry should be discontinued due to its harmful effect on the dental health of children, particularly those taking these syrup-based medicines on prolonged basis. Sugar-free alternatives such as sorbitol or saccharin should be used instead. <35> UI - 90194248 AU - Coogan MM AU - Jones RL AU - Meyer DH AU - Viljoen HW TI - Starch and dental caries. SO - Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 1988 Nov;43(11):515-9 <36> UI - 89134553 AU - Harding M TI - 'A third study of caries in preschool aged children in Camden'. SO - British Dental Journal 1988 Sep 24;165(6):202 <37> UI - 89108639 AU - Winter GB IN - Institute of Dental Surgery, Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK. TI - Prediction of high caries risk--diet, hygiene and medication. [Review] [52 refs] SO - International Dental Journal 1988 Dec;38(4):227-30 AB - Despite the considerable reduction in the prevalence of dental caries in children in most industrialized societies, there remains a minority with relatively high levels of disease. The part played by diet, hygiene and medication in the incidence of caries in this susceptible group of the child population is reviewed. Methods are suggested by which these parameters may be assessed and utilized in the prediction of high caries risk children in population groups. Supplementary evidence by means of special tests will be required to support these observations and identify the remainder at risk. [References: 52] <38> UI - 89113229 AU - Roberts GJ TI - Do sugar-based medications really cause caries? [letter]. SO - Practitioner 1988 Feb 8;232(1442):90 <39> UI - 89077903 AU - Albrecht M AU - Banoczy J AU - Tamas G Jr IN - Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary. TI - Dental and oral symptoms of diabetes mellitus. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Dec;16(6):378-80 AB - Dental and oral examinations of 1360 patients with diabetes mellitus showed higher DMFT mean values with fewer carious teeth and more filled and extracted teeth than the controls. PI mean values were higher in diabetics than in the controls, the difference being statistically significant, and showed a positive correlation with age, but no correlation with the length of time since the disease was established. No correlation was found between the severity of gingivitis and changes in blood glucose levels. The sucrose-free diet of diabetics does not seem to reduce caries prevalence. The increased DMFT index is explained by the fact that, due to periodontitis, diabetics lose more teeth sooner than do healthy people. <40> UI - 89077902 AU - Soderholm G AU - Birkhed D IN - Department of Periodontology, University of Lund, School of Dentistry, Malmo, Sweden. TI - Caries predicting factors in adult patients participating in a dental health program. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Dec;16(6):374-7 AB - The main purpose was to study various factors with respect to predicting dental caries. From a population of 442 employees at a shipyard, 68 patients with an average age of 56 yr were selected for the present investigation. They were examined once a year during a 2-yr period with respect to: 1) number of new caries lesions, and 2) a series of caries related factors, i.e., DMFS, oral hygiene status, dietary habits, numbers of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in saliva, and secretion rate and buffer effect of saliva. The median values of all studied variables as found at the baseline examination were more favorable in the caries inactive (n = 30) than in the caries active group (n = 38), but only DMFS (P less than 0.001), dietary score (P less than 0.05), and number of S. mutans in saliva (P less than 0.05) differed significantly between the two groups. Number of S. mutans showed the highest sensitivity value, followed by dietary score. The main conclusion from this study is, however, that in spite of a relationship between caries activity and unfavorable values, especially for DMFS, dietary score, and number of S. mutans in saliva, it would have been difficult to predict the caries active patients on an individual level. <41> UI - 89077898 AU - Grytten J AU - Rossow I AU - Holst D AU - Steele L IN - Institute of Community Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway. TI - Longitudinal study of dental health behaviors and other caries predictors in early childhood. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1988 Dec;16(6):356-9 AB - This longitudinal study of 231 preschoolchildren from a medium sized Norwegian town had three aims: firstly, to examine the children's early dental behavior, secondly to study the variation of dental health behavior according to mother's education, mother's dental health, and her dental attendance pattern, and thirdly to identify any behavioral or social predictors of dental caries in 36-month-old children. Data were collected at health centers, using precoded questionnaires and examinations, when the children were 6, 18, and 36 months old. Data about the mothers were collected at the maternity ward. At 36 months of age, 80% of the children were caries free. Favorable dental behaviors were related to toothbrushing and use of fluorides. These behaviors were so well established and consistent at all ages that they can be regarded as norms for this community. The most unfavorable and inconsistent behavior was related to sugar consumption. Dental health education could be most usefully applied to this area, where the greatest potential for improvement in behavior exists. A relationship was found between the children's caries experience and the number of missing teeth of the mother, her dental attendance pattern and her level of education. None of the social or behavioral variables tested had a strong enough association with caries experience to justify their use as caries predictors in this age group. <42> UI - 89035072 AU - Burt BA AU - Eklund SA AU - Morgan KJ AU - Larkin FE AU - Guire KE AU - Brown LO AU - Weintraub JA IN - School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029. TI - The effects of sugars intake and frequency of ingestion on dental caries increment in a three-year longitudinal study. [Review] [80 refs] SO - Journal of Dental Research 1988 Nov;67(11):1422-9 AB - A three-year longitudinal study was carried out with a group of children, initially aged 11-15, residing in non-fluoridated rural communities in south-central Michigan. This report analyzes the relation between caries increment and consumption of sugars from all sources to see if accepted relationships have changed with the caries decline in the United States. There were 499 children who provided three or more 24-hour dietary recall interviews, and who received dental examinations at baseline and after three years. Caries increment averaged 2.91 DMFS over the three years, with 81% of new lesions on pit-and-fissure surfaces. Consumption of sugars from all sources averaged 156 g per day for males and 127 g per day for females, an average of 52 kg per person per year. Sugars constituted one-quarter of total caloric intake for both boys and girls, and the average number of eating occasions per day was 4.3. Children who consumed a higher proportion of their total energy intake as sugars had a higher increment of approximal caries, though there was little relation to pit-and-fissure caries. The average number of daily eating occasions was not related to caries increment, nor was the average number of sugary snacks (defined as foods with 15% or more of sugars) consumed between meals, but the average consumption of between-meal sugars was related to the approximal caries increment. When children were categorized by high caries increment compared with no caries increment, a tendency toward more frequent snacks was seen in the high-caries children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) [References: 80] <43> UI - 88331580 AU - Isokangas P AU - Alanen P AU - Tiekso J AU - Makinen KK IN - Ylivieska Health Center, Finland. TI - Xylitol chewing gum in caries prevention: a field study in children. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1988 Aug;117(2):315-20 AB - As the prevalence of dental caries decreases in industrialized nations like the United States, it simultaneously increases in developing nations and Third World countries. The decrease in the West is attributed to increased use of fluorides, but the increase in developing countries has been explained by an increase in the consumption of sugar. As this information continues to propel researchers to find sucrose substitutes, xylitol has been singled out as a proposed sucrose replacement. The question tackled by this study was: Can the daily use of chewing gum containing xylitol increase the efficacy of the existing caries-preventive measures now regularly used for 11- to 15-year-old children in most industrialized western countries? <44> UI - 88314320 AU - Honkala E AU - Kannas L AU - Rimpela M AU - Wold B AU - Aaro LE AU - Gilles P TI - Dental health habits in Austria, England, Finland and Norway. SO - International Dental Journal 1988 Jun;38(2):131-8 AB - Individually, people can prevent dental caries by sugar restriction and periodontal disease by toothbrushing. The aim of this study was to determine the toothbrushing frequency and consumption of sweets and soft drinks in some European countries. The data were obtained during the winter of 1983-84 from schoolchildren aged 11.5, 13.5 and 15.5 in Austria, England, Finland and Norway. Except for England, the samples were nationally representative. The questionnaires were completed at school. Dental health habits apparently were best in Norway, as the toothbrushing frequency was highest and the consumption of sweets and soft drinks was lowest. The toothbrushing frequency of boys was lowest in Finland. The consumption of sweets and soft drinks was very high in Austria and England. Such international comparisons should be used when evaluating and directing national programmes of preventive dentistry. <45> UI - 88310959 AU - Seppa L AU - Pollanen L AU - Hausen H IN - Department of Dentistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. TI - Streptococcus mutans counts obtained by a dip-slide method in relation to caries frequency, sucrose intake and flow rate of saliva. SO - Caries Research 1988;22(4):226-9 AB - The level of Streptococcus mutans in saliva was determined by a dip-slide method in 841 13-year-old children in order to identify children with high caries risk. For each child, the flow rate of saliva was determined. Caries scores were obtained from Public Dental Health records. A sucrose intake score was calculated based on self-reported frequency of intake of six types of sugary products. As S. mutans counts increased, there was a significant trend of increased DMFS and DS scores. No linear correlation was observed between reported intake of sucrose and S. mutans counts, but the children with the highest counts (class 3) tended to have significantly higher sucrose intake than the rest of the children. The flow rate of saliva decreased significantly as S. mutans increased. <46> UI - 88320316 AU - Aaltonen AS TI - Caries development in children in relation to the levels of salivary lactobacilli in their mothers. SO - Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1988;84(3):153-60 <47> UI - 88283580 AU - Yamamoto T IN - Kishiwada Tokushukai Hospital, Osaka, Japan. TI - A case of active acromegaly with reduced height and type 1 renal tubular acidosis. SO - Endocrinologia Japonica 1988 Feb;35(1):165-70 AB - A 41-year-old man with acromegaly was suffering from chronic, progressive backache and aware of reduction in his body height. Endocrine studies revealed increased glucose non-suppressible serum growth hormone (GH) and serum prolactin (PRL). Pituitary microadenoma was detected by a computerized axial tomogram and subsequently resected by trans-sphenoidal adenomectomy. The tumor proved to be a mixed GH- and PRL-secreting adenoma by electron microscopy and immunoperoxidase staining. Concurrent investigation of backache and reduced height disclosed markedly reduced radiodensity of the spinal bones, bilateral nephrocalcinosis, and hypercalciuria, which were ascribed to renal tubular acidosis (RTA) demonstrated by reduced urinary excretion of acids and insufficient reduction of urinary pH following oral administration of ammonium chloride. From the analogy to certain endocrinopathies, it appears likely that enhanced calcium metabolism and resultant hypercalciuria due to excess GH and PRL have led to the development of RTA, which further enhanced calciuria. Such enhanced calcium metabolism and consequent hypercalicuria conceivably led to accelerated demineralization of the spine and resulted in the reduced height of this patient in his early forties. <48> UI - 88223301 AU - Smits MT AU - Arends J IN - University Dental School, Groningen, The Netherlands. TI - Influence of extraoral xylitol and sucrose dippings on enamel demineralization in vivo. SO - Caries Research 1988;22(3):160-5 AB - This paper describes the effect of xylitol on demineralized enamel in plaque-free and plaque-covered conditions in vivo. Fissure-like plaque retention grooves were created in 66 human enamel blocks and demineralized in vitro. The blocks were mounted in a prosthesis of 11 participants, who used a 2.5% xylitol, a 2.5% sucrose solution or water extraorally in a randomized cross-over design, for three periods of 16 days. The participants submerged the prosthesis twice a day in the solution during 5 min. Mineral loss and lesion depth were measured before and after the in vivo experiment, using quantitative microradiography and polarized light microscopy. Lesion depth at the surface enamel was +/- 45 microns, at the wall of the grooves +/- 30 microns and at the bottom of the grooves +/- 50 microns before the experiment. After 16 days the lesion depth at the wall of the grooves was +/- 40 microns and at the bottom of the grooves +/- 75 microns. In the grooves no differences were found between the xylitol, the sucrose and the water treatment. At the surface enamel a significant reduction of enamel demineralization was found after the xylitol dippings. The lesion depth at the surface enamel increased 17 microns after the sucrose treatment and 7 microns after the xylitol treatment. The mineral loss after the sucrose and the water treatment were both approximately three times higher than the mineral loss after the xylitol treatment. <49> UI - 88126848 AU - Karjalainen S AU - Le Bell Y AU - Karhuvaara L IN - Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Salivary parameters and efficiency of dietary instructions to reduce sugar intake among 7-8-year-old schoolchildren. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1988 Feb;96(1):22-9 AB - The efficiency of dietary instructions was tested in a group of 7-8-year-old schoolchildren. The instructions were given in the presence of the child's mother either verbally (control group n = 14) or both verbally and written (test group n = 12). For this purpose the salivary status of the first grade pupils (n = 79) of a primary school in Turku was screened. Salivary flow, buffer capacity, sucrase activity, lactobacillus, yeast and S. mutans counts were determined. Children whose salivary lactobacillus count was over 10(4) CFU/ml (n = 32) were selected for the present study. The efficiency of the dietary instructions was measured as a reduction of salivary lactobacilli. There were no differences in the number of children with reduced LB counts or in the caries increment of 1 yr between the test and the control groups. However, children who succeeded in reducing the number of salivary lactobacilli (42%) within 4 wk revealed a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower caries increment after 1 yr than the rest of the subjects. We concluded that children whose lactobacillus counts were reduced by the dietary instructions developed significantly less caries than children whose lactobacillus counts remained high after the instruction. No additional effect on lactobacillus counts and caries increment could be demonstrated by supplementing the verbal dietary counseling with written instructions. <50> UI - 88107239 AU - Glenwright HD AU - Shaw L AU - Cooke C TI - Sugar-free prescriptions [letter]. SO - British Dental Journal 1988 Jan 9;164(1):6 <51> UI - 88080364 AU - Kandelman D AU - Bar A AU - Hefti A TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field study in French Polynesia. I. Baseline prevalence and 32-month caries increment. SO - Caries Research 1988;22(1):55-62 <52> UI - 90020329 AU - Steyn NP AU - Albertse EC AU - van Wyk Kotze TJ AU - van Wyk CW AU - van Eck M TI - Sucrose consumption and dental caries in twelve-year-old children of all ethnic groups residing in Cape Town. SO - Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 1987 Feb;42(2):43-9 <53> UI - 88050385 AU - Silver DH TI - A longitudinal study of infant feeding practice, diet and caries, related to social class in children aged 3 and 8-10 years [published erratum appears in Br Dent J 1988 Jan 9;164(1):21]. SO - British Dental Journal 1987 Nov 7;163(9):296-300 <54> UI - 88049043 AU - Aaltonen AS AU - Tenovuo J AU - Lehtonen OP IN - Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland. TI - Increased dental caries activity in pre-school children with low baseline levels of serum IgG antibodies against the bacterial species Streptococcus mutans. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1987;32(1):55-60 AB - The caries increment was followed for two years in 33 children, aged 2.6-4.9 years at the start of the investigation. This was analysed in relation to Streptococcus mutans counts in dental plaque and serum IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against Strep. mutans 10449 (serotype c). Furthermore, related factors, sugar, fluoride consumption and oral hygiene, were analysed. Large numbers of Strep. mutans in dental plaque were significantly associated with high caries incidence. Children with dental caries at the first examination and an increasing incidence of caries throughout the study period had significantly lower serum IgG antibodies against Strep. mutans (p = 0.006) than those whose caries activity was decreasing or who were caries-free at the beginning of the follow-up. The protective effect of specific serum IgG antibodies was most pronounced on the approximal surfaces of deciduous molars. Specific IgA or IgM antibodies were not associated with the development of caries. <55> UI - 88039887 AU - Schein B IN - Universidad Tecnologica de Mexico, Mexico City. TI - Caries in pulpless teeth: a single case experiment. SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 1987 Nov;64(5):627-9 <56> UI - 88039782 AU - Hackett AF AU - Rugg-Gunn AJ AU - Appleton DR IN - Department of Child Health, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne. TI - Sugars consumption of Northumbrian children aged 11-14 years. [Review] [14 refs] SO - Nutrition & Health 1987;5(1-2):19-23 AB - In order to investigate the relationships between diet and tooth decay the authors recently completed the first longitudinal study of diet and dental caries increment in children. 405 children initially aged 11.5 years each recorded their intake of foods and drinks for a total of 15 days over a period of 2 years. This is a review of some of the findings. [References: 14] <57> UI - 88002182 AU - Rugg-Gunn AJ AU - Hackett AF AU - Appleton DR TI - Relative cariogenicity of starch and sugars in a 2-year longitudinal study of 405 English schoolchildren. SO - Caries Research 1987;21(5):464-73 <58> UI - 87309246 AU - Ryberg M AU - Moller C AU - Ericson T TI - Effect of beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists on saliva proteins and dental caries in asthmatic children. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1987 Aug;66(8):1404-6 AB - Twenty-four children, from 10 to 20 years old, with asthma treated with beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists were matched with healthy controls of the same age, sex, and social background. Stimulated whole and parotid saliva was collected, and decayed and filled tooth surfaces as well as oral hygiene habits were recorded. The dietary and sugar intake was carefully checked by a four-day dietary record. The asthmatic children had a 26% lower (p less than 0.05) value for secretion rate of whole saliva. Seventy percent of the children with Streptococcus mutans counts greater than 2 X 10(5) colony-forming units/mL of whole saliva belonged to the asthmatic group (p less than 0.05). The concentrations of total protein and amylase in parotid saliva were significantly lower for the asthmatic children. The concentrations of potassium, salivary peroxidase, bacteria-aggregating glycoproteins, and secretory IgA were not affected, but the secretion rate of parotid saliva was 36% lower in the asthma group (p less than 0.05). Oral hygiene and dietary habits did not differ between the groups. The asthmatic children had higher DFS scores, but these were not significantly different from those of the healthy controls (p = 0.07). We suggest that subjects with asthma treated with beta 2-receptor agonists should receive special prophylactic attention. <59> UI - 87309131 AU - Silva MF AU - Burgess RC AU - Sandham HJ TI - Effects of cheese extract and its fractions on enamel demineralization in vitro and in vivo in humans. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1987 Oct;66(10):1527-32 AB - In order to isolate and identify the most active anti-cariogenic components(s) of aqueous cheese extract (CE), we separated it into low (LMW) (MW less than 500), medium (MMW) (500 less than MW less than 10,000), and high (HMW) (MW greater than 10,000) molecular weight fractions by means of the Amicon ultrafiltration system. These fractions were then tested in vitro with a bacterial system containing S. mutans, adapted from that of Turtola (1977). The LMW fraction reduced the demineralization caused by the fermentation of sucrose by 96% (p less than 0.001) as compared with the water control; this was not significantly different from a 50% concentration of the CE. The MMW and HMW fractions reduced demineralization by 36 and 42%, respectively. The concentrations of acid-soluble calcium and phosphorus in CE, LMW, MMW, and HMW were 1509 and 462, 991 and 310, 231 and 7, and 162 and 3 micrograms/mL, respectively. A solution containing the same levels of calcium and phosphorus as CE was somewhat more effective in reducing demineralization in vitro than was CE itself (p less than 0.01). In vivo, the addition of these same calcium and phosphorus levels to a 10% sucrose solution reduced its cariogenicity by 67% (p less than 0.001), as judged by the intra-oral cariogenicity test (ICT). Plaque calcium and phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher in the ICT plaque samples subjected to the sucrose-Ca,P solution (p less than 0.01) than in the sucrose control. The resting pH, minimum pH, and shape of the pH curves produced by the sucrose control and sucrose-Ca,P were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <60> UI - 87309118 AU - Silva MF AU - Burgess RC AU - Sandham HJ AU - Jenkins GN TI - Effects of water-soluble components of cheese on experimental caries in humans. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1987 Jan;66(1):38-41 AB - The effect of water-soluble components of extra-old Cheddar cheese on experimental caries was tested by means of the seven-day intraoral cariogenicity test (ICT). Two bovine enamel blocks were placed in each buccal flange of the dental appliances of five volunteers. One side of each appliance (experimental) was dipped in a 25% water extract of the cheese for five min, while the other side (control) was dipped in de-ionized water. Immediately thereafter, the appliance was returned to the subject's mouth, and two 60-second rinses with 10% sucrose were performed. These procedures were repeated six times per day. The cheese-extract dippings reduced the cariogenicity of the sucrose by an average of 55.7% (p less than 0.01), as assessed by enamel microhardness. Neither the mean resting pH nor the mean minimum pH in response to sucrose was significantly different between the experimental and control sides. The concentration of calcium was significantly higher in plaque from the experimental side (32.44 micrograms/mg) as compared with the control side (19.36 micrograms/mg, p less than 0.01). The concentration of plaque phosphorus was higher on the experimental side (12.90 micrograms/mg) than on the control side (9.61 micrograms/mg); however, the difference was not statistically significant. These results show that cheese has one or more water-soluble components which reduce experimental caries in human subjects. <61> UI - 87309101 AU - Cleaton-Jones P AU - Richardson BD AU - Sreebny LM AU - Fatti P AU - Walker AR TI - The relationship between the intake frequency and the total consumption of sucrose among four South African ethnic groups. SO - ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1987 Jul-Aug;54(4):251-4 AB - Frequency of intake of sucrose and its total consumption have been implicated as major causative factors in the pathogenesis of dental caries. In the absence of contrary information, it seems that the figure of five sugar exposures per day is a prudent one for the practitioner to recommend to young patients. <62> UI - 87302857 AU - Holund U TI - Relationship between diet-related behavior and caries in a group of 14-year-old Danish children. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1987 Aug;15(4):184-7 AB - Dietary factors related to dental caries may be both biological and behavioral. In the present study the relative contribution of a number of behavioral characteristics is analyzed in order to differentiate between caries-active (CA) and caries-inactive (CI) children. The study group comprised 49 CA and 55 CI 14-yr-old Danish children, constituting the dichotomous dependent variable. Several variables related to the social and cultural context in which food and snack consumption takes place were studied. Subsequently, their relative contributions to the discriminant function (CA vs. CI) were estimated using discriminant analysis. The three strongest discriminating variables were "weekly milk consumption" (-0.726), "packed lunch from home" (0.554), and "weekly consumption of candy in DKK" (0.306) as measured by standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients. These variables may be indicative of the impact of the social environment on dietary habits, pointing to the need for incorporating the social network as reinforcing agent in dietary counseling if dietary behavior is to be changed. <63> UI - 87278798 AU - Milen A TI - Role of social class in caries occurrence in primary teeth. SO - International Journal of Epidemiology 1987 Jun;16(2):252-6 AB - The independent effect of social class on (A) the risk of having any caries (deft greater than or equal to 1) and on (B) the risk of having a few caries defects (deft greater than or equal to 3) in primary teeth was studied. The data, which were representative for all Finnish children of this age group, were collected by questionnaires from health centres and homes for 1637 children aged 2.5 to 7.5 years. The response rate was 83%. According to logistic regression analyses, children in the upper social class were clearly at lower risk of having caries than were children in the middle social class, independent of the child's age or sex, reported frequency of toothbrushing, consumption of sugar or use of fluoride tablets. In contrast, children in the lower social class had a higher risk of caries, which was independent of the reported dental health behaviour of the children. The results indicate that the differences among social classes in caries occurrence could not be eliminated by changes in dental health habits. Basic and applied research is needed to identify the relevant factors in socioeconomic status related to caries occurrence so that the differences in dental health between preschool children in different social classes can be reduced. <64> UI - 87177717 AU - Stecksen-Blicks C TI - Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans in saliva, diet and caries increment in 8- and 13-year-old children. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1987 Feb;95(1):18-26 AB - The aim of this paper was to evaluate the correlation between some dietary factors and prevalence of lactobacilli and S. mutans in saliva in randomly selected groups of 8- and 13-yr-old children. The relation between these parameters and caries increment over a 1-yr period was also studied. In general there was a weak correlation between the number of these bacteria in saliva and total intake of sugar, sucrose intake and meal frequency. However, the probability of finding low total sugar intake, low sucrose intake and a low meal frequency was highest when there was a low prevalence of both bacteria and finding high total sugar, high sucrose and high meal frequency when there was a high prevalence of both bacteria. It was also shown that knowledge of sugar intake and meal frequency provided some supplement to bacterial tests in the selection of caries-risk patients. <65> UI - 87138422 AU - Maizels A AU - Sheiham A TI - A new measure of teeth-cleaning efficiency and periodontal disease. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1987 Feb;14(2):105-9 AB - This paper presents a new measure of teeth-cleaning efficiency based on information from a random sample of 400 factory employees and a separate (non-random) sample of some 400 skilled manual workers and their wives. Regression analysis showed that only 1/3 of the variance in calculus levels in the random sample was explained by age, frequency of visits to a dentist, socioeconomic group and smoking habits (other variables tested--gender, date of last dental visit, frequency of teeth-brushing and sugar consumption--were not significant). The corresponding regression for the skilled manual sample gave a broadly similar result, though the proportion of explained variance (1/5) was lower than for the random sample. These results indicated the presence of one or more additional factors, of which teeth-cleaning efficiency is likely to be the most important. A new measure of cleaning efficiency was then constructed by expressing the actual calculus level as a proportion of the level estimated from the regression equation, and deducting this proportion from unity. If this new measure is, indeed, a genuine indicator of teeth-cleaning efficiency, then one should expect it to be an important element in an explanation of the level of periodontal disease, but not of dental caries (which is a resultant essentially of dietary habits). This hypothesis was tested and confirmed by multiple regression analysis. Though the new measure of teeth cleaning efficiency is essentially experimental, and has yet to be validated by clinical testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <66> UI - 87197552 AU - Narinder AU - Tewari A AU - Chawla HS TI - Intercomparison of sugar and dental caries relationship in urban and rural children. SO - Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry 1986 Mar;4(1):52-60 <67> UI - 87118213 AU - Rekola M TI - A planimetric evaluation of approximal caries progression during one year of consuming sucrose and xylitol chewing gums. SO - Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1986;82(4):213-8 <68> UI - 87093935 AU - Bergman B AU - Ericson G TI - Cross-sectional study of patients treated with removable partial dentures with special reference to the caries situation. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1986 Oct;94(5):436-42 AB - Thirty-four patients provided with removable partial dentures (RPDs) were reexamined after 3 yr. Caries that had developed during the period were analyzed with regard to the following potential caries risk factors: Lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, flow rate and buffer pH of paraffin stimulated saliva, oral hygiene and daily sucrose intake. Of 436 initially intact surfaces 31 (7.1%) had decayed and/or were restored during the 3-yr period. Caries recurred in 26 (6.2%) out of 422 initially restored surfaces during the same period. The development of new or recurrent caries had no correlation to whether or not the surfaces affected were in contact with the RPDs. No single caries risk factor seemed to be sufficiently closely correlated to the number of caries lesions developed to be used alone in the selection of patients at risk. When the sum of assumed negative factors was used a correlation was found for the group as a whole between the number of negative factors and the development of caries. However predicting the development of caries in any individual case seems to be more complicated. <69> UI - 87058397 AU - Ismail AI TI - Food cariogenicity in Americans aged from 9 to 29 years assessed in a national cross-sectional survey, 1971-74. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1986 Dec;65(12):1435-40 AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the probability of having high DMFT scores and reported consumption of eight food groups. The sample included Americans (aged from 9 to 29 years) examined during the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1971 and 1974. Analysis was restricted to comparing those individuals having DMFT scores equal to or above the 80th percentile of the DMFT distribution with those having scores equal to or below the 20th percentile of the distribution. The strongest discriminator between the low- and high-DMFT groups was the between-meal consumption of table sugars and syrups. The between-meal consumption of sugary desserts was also significantly associated with high DMFT scores. Foods to which table sugars are usually added before consumption, such as coffee, chocolate, and tea drinks, were associated with high DMFT scores in the bivariate analysis. When the same-day consumption of table sugars and syrups was accounted for, the associations became nonsignificant. The reported consumption of breakfast cereals, bread, fruit juices, ice cream, and nuts and crackers was not associated with high DMFT scores, perhaps because they were consumed only infrequently. <70> UI - 87034371 AU - Ravald N AU - Hamp SE AU - Birkhed D TI - Long-term evaluation of root surface caries in periodontally treated patients. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1986 Sep;13(8):758-67 AB - Caries development on exposed root surfaces was evaluated in 31 patients who had been subjected to surgical and/or nonsurgical periodontal treatment 8 years earlier due to advanced chronic periodontitis. Besides assessments for evaluation of the periodontal treatment, a number of examinations and tests were carried out in order to assess variables presumed to influence the root surface caries development. Both statistical and graphical analyses were carried out to test differences between groups of subjects and to evaluate the variables studied as possible risk factors for root surface caries. The variables studied were: salivary lactobacillus count, salivary Streptococcus mutans count, plaque score, salivary secretion rate, salivary buffer effect, oral sugar clearance time, dietary habits and the age of the subject. The final results support previous findings from an initial 4-year period that root surface caries occurs, though to a minor extent, in this patient category demonstrating good or excellent periodontal conditions after periodontal treatment. A positive correlation was found between the baseline and final root surface caries scores. After the second 4-year period, the salivary counts of S. mutans and lactobacilli, the plaque score and the dietary habits differed significantly between groups of subjects who had developed 0 or greater than 5 new DFS %. Root surface caries was far more prevalent when risk values of the variables studied were present than when they were absent. The important variables in this respect differed considerably between the subjects. No single variable was found to be discriminative in all subjects. <71> UI - 87023995 AU - Okafor LA AU - Nonnoo DC AU - Ojehanon PI AU - Aikhionbare O TI - Oral and dental complications of sickle cell disease in Nigerians. SO - Angiology 1986 Sep;37(9):672-5 AB - A clinical evaluation of the oral and dental complications of sickle cell disease in Nigerians was carried out in 37 consecutive patients with homozygous sickle cell disease Hb-SS (Sicklers) compared to a control group of 24 persons with normal haemoglobin Hb-AA (control group) matched for age and sex. The significant abnormalities found in sicklers included intrinsic opacity of the teeth in 67.5% of sicklers compared to 28.83% in the control group; malocclusion of the teeth with over-jet and over-bite in 35% of sicklers compared to 16.66% in the control group; dental caries is present in 35.13% of sicklers which was less than its occurrence in 54% of the control group due to widespread avoidance of sweets by most local sicklers. Diastemata (gaps between the teeth) was present in approximately equal frequency in sicklers (27%) and control group (25%). In view of the aesthetic and medical implications of these abnormalities, it is recommended that sicklers should receive regular dental check-up with a view to ameliorating or preventing these complications by prophylactic measures including the use of orthodontic appliances such as braces, etc. The above findings are discussed in relation to the other complications of sickler cell disease in other organs of the body. <72> UI - 87009134 AU - Lim LP AU - Tay FB AU - Waite IM AU - Cornick DE TI - A comparison of 4 techniques for clinical detection of early plaque formed during different dietary regimes. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1986 Aug;13(7):658-65 AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of 4 clinical techniques used in detecting early plaque during a period of dietary sucrose restriction and during a period of sucrose supplementation. The accumulation of plaque during experimental periods of 3 h, 6 h and 18 h was recorded in a group of 38 dental personnel for the 1st part of the study, and in a group of 32 for the 2nd part. Plaque levels were assessed using a caries probe, a plaque detection probe, erythrosin and a 2-tone disclosing agent. There was a progressive increase in plaque over the period of the study, with significant variation between the detection methods used and the sites being assessed. Plaque formed more rapidly interdentially and on the posterior teeth. 3 h after the teeth had been thoroughly cleaned, plaque was detectable on over 12% of sites for the sucrose-restricted diet and on up to 23% of sites for the sucrose-supplemented diet. After 18 h of plaque formation, the proportion of plaque-covered surfaces had increased to between 52% and 73%. For minimal amounts of plaque, the disclosing solutions were found to be the most sensitive assessment techniques. However, for moderate and abundant plaque deposits, the techniques using the probes resulted in a greater degree of differentiation in the proportional measurements of plaque. Overall, the plaque probe was found to be as sensitive or better than the other techniques under most conditions and was favoured on clinical grounds, as it aided access to the interdental areas and provided a contrasting colour at the tip to enable plaque to be detected with greater ease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <73> UI - 86299447 AU - Stecksen-Blicks C AU - Gustafsson L TI - Impact of oral hygiene and use of fluorides on caries increment in children during one year. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Aug;14(4):185-9 AB - The aim of this study was to assess the modifying effect of oral hygiene, and the use of fluorides on caries increment in children when frequency of meals, intake of sugars and prevalence of lactobacilli and S. mutans in the saliva were known. In 8- and 13-yr-olds it was possible to show that children with a low caries increment (0-2 surfaces) had lower mean values for frequency of meals, daily sucrose consumption and prevalence of lactobacilli and S. mutans in the saliva than children with a high caries increment (greater than or equal to 3 surfaces). There were higher mean values in the low caries-increment groups for toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoridated toothpaste and NaF-mouthrinse. Gingival bleeding index (GBI %) was used as an objective measure of oral hygiene and revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups in both age groups (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01) with the highest scores recorded in the high caries-increment groups. Using as discriminating variables number of meals/day, daily consumption of sucrose and other sugars and number of lactobacilli and S. mutans in the saliva, 77% of the 8-yr-olds and 70% of the 13-yr-olds were correctly classified with regard to net caries increment. If GBJ %, tooth-brushing frequency, use of fluoridated toothpaste and NaF-mouthrinse were included in the analysis another 4% of the 8-yr-olds and 11% of the 13-yr-olds could be correctly classified. <74> UI - 86315628 AU - Tenovuo J AU - Alanen P AU - Larjava H AU - Viikari J AU - Lehtonen OP TI - Oral health of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. SO - Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1986 Aug;94(4):338-46 AB - Oral health, the amount of salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, and the flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of paraffin-stimulated whole saliva were analyzed in 35 adult diabetic patients and their age- and sex-matched non-diabetic, clinically healthy controls. All patients had insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) with a mean (+/- SD) duration of 14.0 +/- 9.1 yr. The prevalence of dental caries was as high in the diabetic group as in the controls but the past caries experience was remarkably lower in those individuals whose diabetes had started at a very early age (less than or equal to 7 yr). In agreement with the clinical data, the salivary levels of cariogenic microorganisms were of the same order of magnitude in both study groups. However, the relative proportion of S. mutans from the total cultivable aerobic microflora was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in diabetics compared to the controls. The other studied salivary parameters did not differ between the groups. Remarkable individual differences were observed in the correlation between glucose levels of blood and whole saliva among diabetics. In spite of the noncariogenic dietary habits, the adult diabetic patients seem to be at least as susceptible to dental caries as non-diabetics, probably due to the leakage of glucose from blood into the oral cavity. <75> UI - 86286325 AU - Dwyer J TI - Promoting good nutrition for today and the year 2000. SO - Pediatric Clinics of North America 1986 Aug;33(4):799-822 AB - Present evidence and recommendations for promoting health and preventing disease by diet are summarized in this article. Progression studies relating to these issues over the past 6 years and relevant documents dealing with these and other public health measures are reviewed. <76> UI - 86242947 AU - Midda M TI - Tribute to a dental martyr [letter]. SO - British Dental Journal 1986 May 10;160(9):313 <77> UI - 86263790 AU - Linke HA TI - Sugar alcohols and dental health. [Review] [85 refs] SO - World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics 1986;47:134-62 <78> UI - 86239094 AU - Walker AR TI - Diet and dental caries: a sceptical view. SO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986 Jun;43(6):969-71 <79> UI - 86217579 AU - Lane BJ AU - Sellen V TI - Bottle caries: a nursing responsibility. SO - Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique 1986 Mar-Apr;77(2):128-30 <80> UI - 86197191 AU - Anonymous TI - Eating for fitness. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1986;Spec No:13-5 <81> UI - 86163071 AU - Wikner S TI - An attempt to motivate improved sugar discipline in a 12-year-old high caries-risk group. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1986 Feb;14(1):5-7 AB - Twelve-yr-old high caries-risk children were identified by a low buffer capacity and high lactobacillus counts in stimulated saliva. A defined and standardized counselling technic was used, by which the children were recommended to reduce their sugar consumption. Seven weeks later the lactobacillus count in saliva was reduced to an acceptable level in 79%. The caries increment decreased by 66% over 1 yr. <82> UI - 86161538 AU - Silva MF AU - Jenkins GN AU - Burgess RC AU - Sandham HJ TI - Effects of cheese on experimental caries in human subjects. SO - Caries Research 1986;20(3):263-9 <83> UI - 86148597 AU - Roberts G TI - Child nutrition. Keeping caries at bay. SO - Nursing Times 1986 Jan 29-Feb 4;82(5):48-50 <84> UI - 86112799 AU - Tehrani A AU - Goulet D AU - Brudevold F AU - Attarzadeh F TI - Enamel demineralization and the length of intra-oral exposure to different concentrations of glucose or sucrose. SO - Journal of Dental Research 1986 Feb;65(2):139-45 AB - Six subjects wore intra-oral devices carrying eight bovine enamel blocks which were covered with a layer of S. mutans. They rinsed their mouths for five sec, one min, or multiples of one min with a 5 or 10% glucose (G) solution. Demineralization was measured after 45 min by determining the change in iodide permeability (delta Ip) of the enamel. In addition, saliva samples, taken at intervals during the test, were analyzed for G, and the time of clearance (tc) was calculated. Demineralization scores (delta Ip) were consistently greater from the 10% than from the 5% G solution. Both solutions produced an increase in delta Ip with an increase in the rinsing time (tr). The G remaining in saliva after the rinse did not significantly affect delta Ip. The delta Ip scores showed good correlation with the final pH of the S. mutants cell mass, r = -0.77. For each rinse solution, the scores also showed good correlations with tr (r = 0.87 and 0.79) and much weaker correlations with tr + tc (r = 0.44 and 0.53). Continuous in vitro exposure to 1, 5, or 10% solutions of sucrose (S) in saliva for 30 min or more caused a linear increase in delta Ip with time with no concentration effects. A linear increase was also observed in vivo when a one-minute mouth-rinse with 10% solution of S was administered every 30 min. The findings indicate that significant demineralization may occur while carbohydrate foods are consumed, and that brushing the teeth or rinsing the mouth after meals may not be as effective against caries as is generally believed. <85> UI - 87031279 AU - Ruzzene LM AU - Zana P AU - Naik KC TI - Caries prediction. SO - Diastema 1985;13:6-7, 9-12, 15 <86> UI - 86295427 AU - Haq ME AU - Begum K AU - Muttalib MA AU - Shahidullah M TI - Prevalence of caries in urban children and its relation to feeding pattern. SO - Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 1985 Dec;11(2):55-63 <87> UI - 86126045 AU - Scheinin A AU - Banoczy J AU - Szoke J AU - Esztari I AU - Pienihakkinen K AU - Scheinin U AU - Tiekso J AU - Zimmermann P AU - Hadas E TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. I. Three-year caries activity in institutionalized children. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1985 Dec;43(6):327-47 AB - The aim of this 3-year field study was to assess the value of partial substitution of sucrose with peroral xylitol (14-20 g/day) as a caries-preventive measure (X group) in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment procedures solely (C group). An F dentifrice was used unsupervised in the X and F groups, the former containing 10% xylitol. The C group used customary, predominantly F-free dentifrices distributed by the local health authorities. The final material consisted of 689 institutionalized children (6-11 years). Caries was scored yearly in duplicate by two continuously calibrated teams. At base line the X group had a significantly higher caries prevalence than the F and C groups. The 3-year DMFS increment was 4.2 in the X group, 6.5 in the F group, and 7.7 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSx, 4.9; RSF, 6.6; and RSC, 8.6. It is concluded that dietary xylitol in solid sweets resulted in a lower increment of caries than obtained in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001, covariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants). <88> UI - 86126049 AU - Szoke J AU - Pienihakkinen K AU - Esztari I AU - Banoczy J AU - Scheinin A TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. V. Three-year development of oral hygiene. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1985 Dec;43(6):371-6 AB - The oral hygiene conditions were evaluated within a 3-year field study aimed at assessing the cariostatic value of partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol (X group) in comparison with systemic fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment only (C group). Parallel to caries and further associated studies the visible plaque index, based on the total number of permanent and deciduous teeth, was determined longitudinally at annual examinations in 688 institutionalized children, initially 6 to 11 years old. The observations were analyzed with regard to sex, age, experimental grouping, and total development. The oral hygiene conditions were generally poor. At the base-line examination only 26% of the children had acceptable oral hygiene; at the end this level was reached by 42%. A definite improvement was measured only in the X group, in which the final values differed significantly (p less than 0.001) from the base-line values and also from the end situation in the F and C groups. It is concluded that the development was influenced by several factors, such as different snacking habits and access to sweets, the study per se, and xylitol-induced effects. <89> UI - 86126048 AU - Banoczy J AU - Orsos M AU - Pienihakkinen K AU - Scheinin A TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. IV. Saliva levels of Streptococcus mutans. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1985 Dec;43(6):367-70 AB - Salivary Streptococcus mutans was quantified to detect possible age-, sex-, and group-dependent differences at the end of a 3-year field study assessing the value of partial substitution of sucrose with xylitol (X group) in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment solely (C group). The material of this substudy consisted of 390 institutionalized children aged 9-14 years. S. mutans was determined through the spatula technique and grouped into categories 0, less than 10(5), 10(5)-10(6), and and greater than 10(6) CFU/ml saliva. Zero to less than 10(5) values included more than 80% of the subjects of the X group. The cross-sectional comparison between groups showed lower S. mutans values in the X group than in the F and C groups. These differences between groups were highly significant. S. mutans was not dependent on age or sex. <90> UI - 86126051 AU - Scheinin A AU - Pienihakkinen K AU - Tiekso J AU - Banoczy J AU - Szoke J AU - Esztari I AU - Zimmermann P AU - Hadas E TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. VII. Two-year caries incidence in 976 institutionalized children. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1985 Dec;43(6):381-7 AB - The aim was to assess caries increment as influenced by partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol (X group) over a 2-year period in comparison with systemic fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment only (C group). The study differed from the 3-year field study of the same series primarily in that existing base-line differences were eliminated because the protocol required that all the new subjects entering the institutions in the 1st year were to be included for a 2-year trial. During this period the number of dropouts was 243 (19.9% of all subjects), the final material consisting of 976 children (6-12 years old). The 2-year DMFS increment was 3.8 in the X group, 4.8 in the F group, and 6.0 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSX, 4.5; RSF, 5.5; and RSC, 7.5. The xylitol regimen resulted in a lower increment of caries than measured in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001; convariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants. <91> UI - 86126044 AU - Scheinin A AU - Banoczy J TI - Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. An overview. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1985 Dec;43(6):321-5 <92> UI - 86117618 AU - Scheer B TI - Caries in children--the dietary factor. SO - Middle East Dentistry & Oral Health 1985 Summer;(3):20-2 <93> UI - 86115052 AU - Burt BA TI - The future of the caries decline. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1985 Fall;45(4):261-9 AB - Dental caries declined in prevalence and severity among schoolchildren in the United States during the 1970s, although it still remains a problem in some areas. The decline could have started well before the 1970s, even though it was only recently identified. Caries should continue to decline as long as fluoride use remains around current levels. Use of fluoride toothpaste seems to be increasing. Sugar consumption is stable, although sucrose consumption as a proportion of total sugar consumption is declining. Increased tooth retention is thought to increase the risk of root caries in older persons, but the continued use of fluoride toothpaste should minimize any such increase. The main growth area for fluoride use may be in toothpastes. Monitoring caries trends in the future will require good data on the epidemiology of caries in young and middle-aged adults. <94> UI - 86107174 AU - Sheiham A AU - Maizels J AU - Cushing A AU - Holmes J TI - Dental attendance and dental status. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1985 Dec;13(6):304-9 AB - This article examines the relationship between differences in dental attendance patterns and variations in dental status. A sample of 336 dentate men and 110 dentate women were selected at random from employees of two industrial plants in N.W. England in 1980. They were given a dental examination and asked about visits to the dentist. Regression analysis showed that while the more frequent the dental visits, the lower the rate of tooth loss and the fewer the number of teeth with active decay, the higher, however, the average number of fillings. There were significant differences, moreover, between manual and non-manual workers, the former being more likely to lose their teeth and the latter to have their teeth filled, at each given age and frequency of dental visit. Though the more frequent dental attenders had the advantage over the less frequent of having, on average, a higher number of functioning teeth, restored or otherwise sound, they also had the disadvantage of having higher levels of treated disease and thus of disease experience. The results suggest that while frequent dental visits help to postpone tooth loss and to maintain dental function, they do not apparently help to prevent the onset of further disease. <95> UI - 86097381 AU - Persson LA AU - Holm AK AU - Arvidsson S AU - Samuelson G TI - Infant feeding and dental caries--a longitudinal study of Swedish children. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1985;9(5):201-6 AB - The aim of the study was to compare dietary habits in children at the age of 12 months with the caries status at the age of 3. In 312 children, residing in 3 different parts of Sweden, a dietary study was carried out at 12 mo. of age, and in 275 (88%) a caries examination was performed at the age of 3. At 12 months of age, higher education of the mother was positively correlated with consumption of bread, vegetables, fruit and meat and negatively with frequency of sucrose-rich foods. At the age of 3, caries was diagnosed in 16% of the children. The prevalence of cavities was related to the level of education of the mother in all 3 areas, cavities being most numerous in children whose mother had received a shorter education. A discriminant analysis showed that the equation discriminating the two a priori defined groups, one with and one without caries at the age of 3, contained a number of sucrose-rich foods. The 3-year-old children with caries had generally consumed cakes, butter, bread and sweet soups more frequently at the age of 12 months than the children in the non-caries group. The analysis thus indicated that - on the group level at least - a dietary pattern, which may be casually linked with future dental caries development, was already established at the age of 12 months. Dietary counselling, when the child is 12-18 mo. of age and based upon information about the dietary habits of the child could thus be of value to prevent caries in the preschool child. <96> UI - 86052806 AU - Hodge H AU - Buchanan M AU - Jones J AU - O'Donnell P TI - The evaluation of the infant dental health education programme developed in Sefton. SO - Community Dental Health 1985 Sep;2(3):175-85 <97> UI - 86060408 AU - Makinen KK AU - Soderling E AU - Hurttia H AU - Lehtonen OP AU - Luukkala E TI - Biochemical, microbiologic, and clinical comparisons between two dentifrices that contain different mixtures of sugar alcohols. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1985 Nov;111(5):745-51 AB - It has been customary to think that in a dentifrice only a few of its ingredients would be active and have clinically significant effects on dental caries, oral hygiene, and the levels of caries-inducive microorganisms or harmful plaque metabolic products. Therefore, most of the emphasis has been placed on the type of fluorine compounds, abrasives, or similar dentifrice ingredients. This study shows that such common dentifrice components as the humectants, which contribute to the texture, rheologic characteristics, and shelf life of the product, also may affect the type of dental plaque grown on the tooth surfaces between toothbrushings or during long-term neglect of toothbrushing or of oral hygiene. Commonly used humectants include sorbitol, a sugar alcohol of the hexitol type, which is used often in sugarless candies. This study showed that when sorbitol in a dentifrice was replaced by xylitol, a sugar alcohol of the pentitol type, the dental plaque of human subjects contained more ammonia and significantly less bacterial polysaccharides. It is accepted generally that ammonia neutralizes plaque acids and that bacterial polysaccharides are involved in promoting caries. Xylitol-containing dentifrice also reduced the saliva levels of S mutans. The results further indicated that if sorbitol and xylitol could be compared in a short-term dentifrice study that relied on subjective and coarse plaque determinations only, no differences between those dentifrices would be found necessarily. To demonstrate the differences between the experimental dentifrices used in this study, it was necessary to analyze specific plaque components and the salivary levels of S mutans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <98> UI - 86027425 AU - Sims W TI - Streptococcus mutans and vaccines for dental caries: a personal commentary and critique. SO - Community Dental Health 1985 Jun;2(2):129-47 <99> UI - 86027431 AU - McIntyre J AU - Wight C AU - Blinkhorn AS TI - A reassessment of Lothian Health Board's dental health education programme for primary school children. SO - Community Dental Health 1985 Jun;2(2):99-108 <100> UI - 86029043 AU - Alanen P AU - Tiekso J AU - Paunio I TI - Effect of war-time dietary changes on dental health of Finns 40 years later. SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1985 Oct;13(5):281-4 AB - During the Second World War the incidence of dental caries diminished due to reduced sugar consumption. It is possible that this reduction was more permanent in those age cohorts whose teeth erupted during the war because the teeth had an opportunity to mature before the caries attack. The aim of our study was to establish whether this reduction could still be demonstrated 40 yr after the war. The material consisted of consecutive age cohorts born in 1922-48 from the large Mini-Finland Oral Health Survey representing Finnish adults aged 30 yr or over in 1979. The results showed a systematic difference in the number of caries free premolars and second molars between the age cohort born in 1931-33 and the younger and older age groups in favor of the group 1931-33, indicating that the first years after eruption may have had a long-term effect on the health of the teeth. <101> UI - 86032373 AU - Scheinin A TI - Field studies on sugar substitutes. SO - International Dental Journal 1985 Sep;35(3):195-200 AB - Four field studies assessing the caries preventive value of partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol or a mixture of xylitol and sorbitol were recently conducted. The trials (in Thailand, Hungary and two in French Polynesia) had certain common features, i.e. protocols approved by the WHO; low intake of polyol(s); non-randomized young study populations, differing baseline caries prevalences between groups; and planned duration of 32-36 months. Analysis of the findings was facilitated through the use of rates to measure caries increments expressed as DMF teeth and surface counts in relation to the numbers of teeth at risk. Irrespective of baseline differences, all studies revealed, in comparison to known methods, that partial substitution of sucrose was associated with a preventive effect. <102> UI - 86017500 AU - Corbin SB AU - Kleinman DV AU - Lane JM TI - New opportunities for enhancing oral health: moving toward the 1990 objectives for the nation. SO - Public Health Reports 1985 Sep-Oct;100(5):515-24 AB - In July 1983, the Assistant Secretary for Health reviewed progress toward achievement of a dozen national objectives in fluoridation and dental health. These 12 objectives, classified under the categories of improved oral health status, reduced risk factors, increased public and professional awareness, improved services and protection, and improved surveillance-evaluation systems, hold promise for improved oral health in this country. It is noteworthy that the objective that 40 percent of 9-year-old children be caries-free in their permanent dentition has been accomplished (51 percent of 9-year-olds were caries-free according to a 1979-80 National Institute of Dental Research study). Still, dental caries is highly prevalent among teenaged children, and gingival and periodontal conditions are highly prevalent among children and adults. A number of highly effective methods are available for preventing dental decay in children as well as adults; they include community or school water fluoridation, the use of multiple forms of supplemental fluorides, avoidance of frequent consumption of foods that are high in sugar content, and the use of adhesive pit and fissure sealants. Personal use and professional provision of these methods in appropriate combinations can contribute significantly to future improvements in oral health. Meticulous personal oral hygiene practices combined with periodic professional care are the currently available means of protecting periodontal health. Through increased collaboration among various governmental, academic, and corporate entities, as well as active participation by individuals, the achievement of a number of these objectives becomes feasible to the benefit of national productivity, health care financing, and the quality of life for Americans. <103> UI - 86024982 AU - Harper DS AU - Osborn JC AU - Hefferren JJ AU - Muller TP TI - Dental cariogenic evaluation of foods using human plaque pH and an experimental rat-caries model. SO - Archives of Oral Biology 1985;30(6):455-60 AB - Five well-characterized foods were used to compare two systems for estimating the cariogenic potential of food: human plaque-acidity using interdental metallic touch electrodes, and cariogenicity testing in rats. Both systems identified the same food as the least cariogenic or acidogenic food and identified the same three foods as being both cariogenic in rats and acidogenic in man, although the ranking of these foods differed. The systems differed in their assessment of potato chips, a food high in cooked starch and low in free sugars. The results confirmed that non-acidogenic foods are non-cariogenic, but that foods acidogenic in man may exhibit a greater range of cariogenicity in rats. Data from both human plaque pH studies and rat caries models may permit better assessment of cariogenic potential of foods containing fermentable carbohydrates. <104> UI - 86016696 AU - Kolehmainen L TI - Effect of individual instructions on sugar consumption among 13-15 year olds. SO - Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1985;81(3):142-50 <105> UI - 85281749 AU - Hobson P TI - Sugar based medicines and dental disease. SO - Community Dental Health 1985 Mar;2(1):57-62 <106> UI - 85260049 AU - Larmas M TI - Simple tests for caries susceptibility. SO - International Dental Journal 1985 Jun;35(2):109-17 AB - Two major problems dominate today's clinical cariology: although it has been known for centuries that sugar harms teeth this still does not often impinge on personal behaviour; the development of clinical caries is so slow that any snapshot of the present situation does not necessarily predict future caries incidence. Some simple tests have been developed for overcoming these problems in a causally directed diagnostic and therapeutic system of providing dental care. Routine measurement of stimulated salivary flow collected over 5 min objectively reveals the hyposalivation or xerostomic patients and directs them toward careful dental and medical examinations as well as to intensified preventive measures. Measurement of the pH and buffering capacity of the saliva related to a knowledge of the present caries prevalence gives an indication of the caries susceptibility of the patient. A high salivary lactobacillus count reveals in most cases a high frequency of sugar intake (or removable dentures and/or open carious lesions), and a salivary yeast infection is an indicator of reduced salivary flow and removable dentures. Both these microbiological shifts are shown by caries active patients. Using modern dip-slide techniques salivary aciduric lactobacilli and yeasts are easily cultured, and thus the development of new caries lesions may be predicted. Such cultures can also be used in the motivation phases of patient management. These simple tests help the modern dentist to evaluate the risk of future caries development, and to strengthen the motivation in patients to adopt healthy dietary habits. <107> UI - 85235207 AU - Anonymous TI - Eating for fitness. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 1985;Spec No:15-7 <108> UI - 85226054 AU - Levine RS TI - The scientific basis of dental health education. A Health Education Council Policy Document. SO - British Dental Journal 1985 Mar 23;158(6):223-6 <109> UI - 85199538 AU - Hobson P TI - The effects of sugar-based medicines on the dental health of sick children [letter]. SO - British Dental Journal 1985 Feb 9;158(3):82 <110> UI - 85206367 AU - Luoma H TI - Fluoride in sugar. SO - International Dental Journal 1985 Mar;35(1):43-9 AB - Results of caries model studies in vitro and in animals suggest that the tooth-protective potential of fluoride may be best utilized if fluoride is brought to the local caries milieu at the moment of each caries attack. Two clinical trials performed so far indicate that a reduction in caries increment of about 40 per cent can be obtained within 3 years through small (0.5-1.0 mg) daily intakes of fluoride when it is incorporated in highly cariogenic sucrose products or in tablets having a sucrose base. When incorporated in sucrose products, fluoride caused a complete arrest of caries during the third year. There was substantial accumulation of the supplemental fluoride in surface and subsurface enamel beneath the plaque fermenting the F-supplemented sucrose. This may be one of the preventive mechanisms involved. In plaque fluid, the supplemental fluoride, together with fluoride released from the plaque material and by the action of acid on the surface enamel of high fluoride content, may strongly reduce further enamel dissolution and promote its remineralization. Further metabolism of the plaque bacteria including their acid production may also be inhibited. Among the many advantages of using this principle are that: the supplemental fluoride in sugar automatically seeks the caries risk subjects who use sugary products; the amount of fluoride needed per kg of sugar may remain low and thus the risk of excessive intake of fluoride may also be low; the technical process is low in cost and easily performed; and the products are easily distributed nationwide. Furthermore, non-fluoridated sugary products may still be distributed to those who may continue to prefer them. <111> UI - 85219281 AU - Bergendal B AU - Hamp SE TI - Dietary pattern and dental caries in 19-year-old adolescents subjected to preventive measures focused on oral hygiene and/or fluorides. SO - Swedish Dental Journal 1985;9(1):1-7 AB - Dietary habits and dental caries were analysed in 95 19-year-old Swedish adolescents who had been subjected to different preventive measures during their late teens. A 24-hour recall was used and showed that the intakes of milk and milk products, meat, fish and eggs accorded with recommended norms but not those of vegetables, fruits and berries, and potatoes and root vegetables. Only 6% of the subjects had eaten the recommended three principal meals during the day tested. At the end of the trial, only weak or moderate correlations were found between snacks, including sucrose snacks, and selected clinical variables. Subjects who did not develop new carious lesions during the experimental 2 years had fewer risk factors, defined as the most negative values (quartile limit) for sucrose snack consumption, tooth cleaning score, lactobacillus count, saliva secretion rate and saliva buffer capacity, than those who developed one or more new lesions. During the experimental period, with an overall low caries incidence, no single factor tested for presumed risk was found to be the discriminating factor for occurrence of dental caries. <112> UI - 85131868 AU - Zambon JJ TI - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease. [Review] [163 refs] SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1985 Jan;12(1):1-20 AB - Recent evidence implicates Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis. This paper reviews the morphological, biochemical and serological charcteristics of A. actinomycetemcomitans, evidence incriminating it as a periodontopathogen, its importance in human nonoral infections, and virulence factors which may be involved in the pathogenesis of A. actinomycetemcomitans infections. A. actinomycetemcomitans is a non-motile, gram-negative, capnophilic, fermentative coccobacillus which closely resembles several Haemophilus species but which does not require X or V growth factors. The organism has been categorized into 10 biotypes based on the variable fermentation of dextrin, maltose, mannitol, and xylose and into 3 serotypes on the basis of heat stable, cell surface antigens. A. actinomycetemcomitans' primary human ecologic niche is th